481,945 research outputs found

    The Role of Land Certification in Reducing Gender Gaps in Productivity in Rural Ethiopia

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    The importance of providing secure land rights to smallholder farmers in developing countries is now widely recognized. In line with this, our paper analyzes the impact of land certification on boosting productivity of female-headed households in Ethiopia, which are believed to be systematically more tenure insecure than their male counterparts. Based on parametric and semi-parametric analyses, the impact of certification on plot-level productivity is positive and significant. However, certification has different impacts on male and female productivity: male-headed households gain significantly and women gain only modestly. Hence, the results indicate that, while certification is clearly beneficial to farm-level productivity, it does not necessarily lead to more gains for female-headed households.productivity, female-headed households, land certification

    Civic Contributions: Taxes Paid by Immigrants in the Washington, DC, Metropolitan Area

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    This report estimates the taxes paid by immigrants in the Washington, D.C., area in 1999-2000 and documents their demographics, household composition, income, and dispersal across jurisdictions in the region. The findings in this report are based mostly on analysis of 2000 U.S. Census data, because the census provides the most recent comprehensive data that allow disaggregation by country of origin groups and by many of the region's local jurisdictions. The demographic data in the report are updated through 2004 using the U.S. Current Population Survey. We calculate taxes at both the individual level (e.g., income and payroll taxes) and the household level (e.g., property taxes), but aggregate them up to the household level. Throughout the report we refer to households headed by immigrants (whether citizens, legal immigrants, or unauthorized migrants) as "immigrant households" and compare their incomes and tax payments to households headed by native-born U.S. citizens

    Tenure Insecurity, Transaction Costs in the Land Lease Market and their Implications for Gendered Productivity Differentials

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    This study sets out to assess the link between land leasing behavior and productivity differentials between male and female-headed households. A double-moral hazard model allows us to show that landlord's tenure insecurity leads to sub-optimal level of effort on tenant's part, via its impact on the likelihood of contract renewal. The landlord's enforcement ability is also shown to increase the optimal level of effort. The empirical findings support the hypothesis that female heads of households have higher tenant turnover and lower enforcement ability. The results, however, show that contract renewal is not strongly linked to productivity.productivity, female headed households, contract length, enforcement ability, Land Economics/Use, D2, Q12, Q15, C21, C7,

    Comparative Analysis of Expenditures of Male-Headed and Female-Headed Cassava-Based Farm Households in Umuahia Agricultural Zone of Abia State, Nigeria

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    The study analyzed expenditures of male-headed and female-headed cassava-based farm households in Umuahia Agricultural Zone of Abia State, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to: describe socio-economic characteristics of male-headed and female-headed cassava-based farm households in the study area; analyze budget share and expenditure elasticity in male-headed and female-headed cassava based farm households and analyze determinants of expenditure in male-headed and female-headed cassava-based farm households’ in the study area. Multi-stage random sampling technique was used in selection of 70 male-headed and 70 female-headed cassava-based farm households, from whom data were elicited using structured and pre-tested questionnaire that was self-administered. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, budget shares and expenditure elasticity analysis and Ordinary Least Square (OLS) multiple regression model, The budget shares and expenditure elasticity analysis revealed that Marginal Budget Share (MBS) was higher than the Average Budget Share (ABS) in expenditure items of shelter, health, clothing, education and utilities in male-headed cassava farm households. Similarly, the MBS was higher than the ABS for some expenditure items (shelter, health, education and utilities) in female-headed farm households. The result of OLS multiple regression estimation revealed that expenditures in male-headed cassava farm households were influenced by age, level of education attainment, household size and income. While, expenditures in female-headed cassava farm households were influenced by farm size, age, educational level and access to credit. Special recognition should be made in providing for clothing expenditure in both male-headed and female-headed households to alleviate poverty and improve the living standard of women in farm households. Keywords: Expenditure, Male-headed households, female-headed households, Cassava, Farmer

    Gender Analysis of Income Distribution among Rural Households: The Case of Sodo Zuria Woreda, Wolaita Zone, SNNPR

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    Despite  wide belief that income distributions were unequal among the female and male headed households in southern parts of Ethiopia in general and Soddo-Zuria Woreda in particular, very few studies have been conducted on gender analysis of income distribution  on rural area to empirically demonstrate both at regional and national levels. Therefore, this study intended to compute gender roles in crop production, level of income distribution among male headed and female headed households and identify major determinants of income among male headed and female headed households. This study uses data and information collected from of 154 households, of which 94 male headed and 60 female headed. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the households. The study employs Gini coefficient to estimate income distribution; and multiple linear and Quaintiles regression to identify determinants of income level among female-headed households and male-headed households. The key finding of the study is that gender was Significant at 1% probability level and had a positive influence on income. The result of this study reveal that income was more evenly distributed among the male headed households than the female-headed counterparts and participation of female headed households in crop production was less than male headed households. The results also show that annual income of male headed households was higher by 25.4 % than the income of female headed households.   By using t-statistics annual income of the total sample households was significantly affected by age of household, farm size, access to credit, technology, extension visit and access to off farm income activities. All significant variables are positively influenced on total income of total sampled households except age and access to credit. Only access credit, technology and off farm income significantly influenced the income of male-headed households.  Extension visit, technology and off farm income significantly and positively influenced income of the female-headed households. The findings of this study entail that policy makers should develop the extension system that increases number of extension visits to female headed   farmers. Efforts should be made to empower and initiate female headed households through various programs that improve their technology uptake and build their confidence to involve in other business activities and intensify their income. It is also suggested that the issue of rural financial service receive greater attention by government and service providing financial institutions. Keywords: Female-headed households, male-headed households, income distribution, Soddo-Zuria DOI: 10.7176/EJBM/12-31-04 Publication date: November 30th 202

    Food Security Level of Male Headed Households and Female Households

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    The purpose of this research was to determine the level of food security in both types of households, namely male headed households (RTKP) and female headed households (RTKW). The objective of this research are male headed households (RTKP) and female headed households (RTKW) ) in Jembatan Serong Community. The research methode uses a quantitative approach to survai research that is supported by qualitative data. The respondents were selected by applying simple random sampling technique. The results of this study showed that households in Jembatan Serong Community belong to the category of food security and food security inequality do not occur in RTKP and RTKW. Based on cross tabulation, the education of food administrators of RTKP and RTKW associated with the level of food security and income levels RTKP and RTKW associated with the level of food securit

    Gender analysis in empowering women-headed family in Mojosongo Village, Surakarta

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    This paper discusses the achievement for the level of equality in the women-headed family empowerment program in Kelurahan Mojosongo, Surakarta City. A woman is one of the population groups that are sustainable to poverty. Women experiencing poverty are women who become the head of the family. In Surakarta City, there are 11.502 women-headed families with a low welfare level. To resolve this problem, the Office of Women's Empowerment, Child Protection, and Community Empowerment (PPPAPM) of Surakarta made an innovation program by forming the Pekka (Women-Headed Family Empowerment) Forum in five poverty-stricken villages, one of which is Mojosongo. Kelurahan Mojosongo is a village that has the highest number of women-headed families, namely 727 people from five poverty-stricken villages. This study used gender analysis of the Longwe model to see the level of equality on women-headed family empowerment in Mojosongo, Surakarta City. The method used in this study was qualitative descriptive, and the data collection was obtained by observations, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study show that the level of equality in the women-headed family in Mojosongo only reached the second stage, namely access. Meanwhile, in the stages of awareness, participation and control have not been achieved. There are two implications of this study, namely practical and theoretical implications. For practical implications, the Surakarta City Government can use it as recommendations for empowerment programs, especially the women-headed family empowerment. The theoretical implications are expected to add to the research literature on gender analysis of the Longwe model in women's empowerment

    Determinants of Dietary Adequacy Among School Age Children in Guraghe Zone, Southern Ethiopia

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    Dietary diversity (DD) is a validated proxy indicator of micronutrient adequacy among different age groups including infants, children and women. This study assessed level of dietary adequacy and its associated factors among school age children in Guraghe Zone, Ethiopia. Survey was conducted among 769 children aged 6 to 12 years of with their care givers using multistage sampling method. Data were collected by using structured questionnaire containing the ten food groups for minimum dietary diversity for women and other parts. Adequate dietary diversity was categorized those children who consume at least five food groups. Bivariate and multivariable binary logistic regression with odds ratios (95% CI) was computed. Overall 769 children were included in the study, with a mean age of 8 years. The mean dietary diversity score was 4.9 (±1.42). About 444 (58.3%) had an inadequate dietary diversity. Those children from extended family size had 1.3 times to have inadequate DD level (AOR=1.3). Children from female headed households, did not attend formal education had 1.3 and 1.4 times higher odds of having an inadequate DD level (AOR=1.3 and 1.4). Similarly, children living with uneducated caregiver had six fold more likely to have an adequate DD level (AOR=6.7). The dietary diversity of children in the study area was below average. Household head, caregiver\u27s educational status, occupation of the household head, father/female headed household and family size were found to be associated with DD score. There should be awareness creation through existing Health extension platform and back yard vegetation should be improved

    Inequalities of Time Allocation among Male and Female Headed Household in Ibarapa East Local Government Area, Oyo State, Nigeria: The Welfare Implications

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    This study examines how male and female headed household in rural Area of Oyo state, Nigeria allocate their time to various activities in each day and the welfare implication. A time use survey was carried out among 240 headed households-174 male headed household and 66 female headed household using multistage random sampling from 10 villages. The objectives include the socio-economic characteristics of the respondent; the different activities people engage in during the day and the number of hours allocated; factors determining the number of hours allocated to each activity and gender disparity in time use. Analytical tools are descriptive statistics and regression model.Based on the findings for male headed household, the level of education and the number of hours allocated to paid work are statistically significant at 1%, for female headed household, level of education (1%) and secondary occupation (5%) are statistically significant. The more educated are able to manage their time more judiciously vis-à-vis a person with lower education. Male allocated more time to paid work and earn more while female headed household allocated more time to secondary occupation to make ends meet has the major economic supporter of their household and more time to unpaid work that has no financial compensation. Female headed operates smaller land holdings due to the challenge of social norms and values. Men enjoy leisure more than women because unpaid work (housework) has occupied their time. Based on the findings, unpaid work should not be gender biased, and FHH should be treated with passion under social norms and values. In addition, unpaid work should be monetized in System of National Account. Keywords: time use, male headed household, female headed household and welfare
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