Exploring Redditors’ Topics with Natural Language Processing

[EN] This paper examines how people in Reddit develop topics across threads in a given subreddit and how discussions concentrate on the topic in given threads with natural language processing (NLP) methods. By implementing an LDA topic model and TF-IDF models, this paper discovers people’s aggregated concerns are related to real-world issues and their discussions are concentrative considering the topics they discuss.Zhao, Y. (2022). Exploring Redditors’ Topics with Natural Language Processing. En 4th International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics (CARMA 2022). Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 25-32. https://doi.org/10.4995/CARMA2022.2022.15022253

Automatically Characterizing Product and Process Incentives in Collective Intelligence

Social media facilitate interaction and information dissemination among an unprecedented number of participants. Why do users contribute, and why do they contribute to a specific venue? Does the information they receive cover all relevant points of view, or is it biased? The substantial and increasing importance of online communication makes these questions more pressing, but also puts answers within reach of automated methods. I investigate scalable algorithms for understanding two classes of incentives which arise in collective intelligence processes. Product incentives exist when contributors have a stake in the information delivered to other users. I investigate product-relevant user behavior changes, algorithms for characterizing the topics and points of view presented in peer-produced content, and the results of a field experiment with a prediction market framework having associated product incentives. Process incentives exist when users find contributing to be intrinsically rewarding. Algorithms which are aware of process incentives predict the effect of feedback on where users will make contributions, and can learn about the structure of a conversation by observing when users choose to participate in it. Learning from large-scale social interactions allows us to monitor the quality of information and the health of venues, but also provides fresh insights into human behavior

The role of social media in HIV/AIDS communication: The relationship between perceived need and design utilities

Includes bibliographical references.This study aims to explore the role of social media in HIV/AIDS communication, by investigating the relationship between perceived need utilities of social media and the design utilities of the communication channel. Following the media richness theory (MRT) and channel expansion theory (CET), a model is proposed that suggests that need utilities drive social media utility. It is furthermore suggested that social media utility is positively associated with the design appropriateness of social media to create or consume HIV/AIDS content. The proposed model presents the interpersonal consumer expectations of message control, privacy, trust and endorsement as need utilities, while social media as a place to interact and a place to which to escape, are identified as social media utilities. As a high at-risk HIV- group, the research approach is outlined within the demographic segment of university students in the Western Cape, between the ages of 18 to 24 years. The constructs of social change (communication objective), social capital (product of communication) and social influence (targeted communication), are operationalised within a social media context to explore consumer motivations to interact or escape. The benefits and limitations of using social media for effective HIV/AIDS communication are also assessed, as these practically influence the perception of the role of a communication channel within a particular communication context. The research methodology firstly comprised of six qualitative focus group discussions, which assisted in the generation of the hypotheses and facilitated the formulation of the conceptual model. Secondly, data from 991 online surveys were analysed to quantitatively test the formulated hypotheses and gauge support for the proposed model. The results support the hypotheses and proposed model, by indicating that need utilities drive social media utility, which in turn drive design appropriateness. Furthermore, the results also reveal that the social media utility of being a place to interact is positively associated with the design appropriateness of social media for HIV/AIDS content creation and consumption. The perception of social media as a place to which to escape, however negatively affects the design appropriateness of social media for HIV/AIDS content creation and consumption. The study discusses the implications for health communication from an integrated marketing communications approach and puts forward recommendations for strategy development, as well as monitoring and evaluation. Lastly several recommendations are put forward for future research

News endorser influence in social media

Social networking sites have become an online realm where users are exposed to news about current affairs. People mainly encounter news incidentally because they are re-distributed by users whom they befriended or follow on social media platforms. In my dissertation project, I draw on shared reality theory in order to examine the question of how the relationship to the news endorser, the person who shares news content, determines social influence on opinion formation about shared news. The shared reality theory posits that people strive to achieve socially shared beliefs about any object and topic because of the fundamental epistemic need to establish what is real. Social verification of beliefs in interpersonal communication renders uncertain and ambiguous individual perceptions as valid and objectively true. However, reliable social verification may be provided only by others who are regarded as epistemic authority, in other words as someone whose judgment one can trust. People assign epistemic authority particularly to socially close others, such as friends and family, or to members of their in-group. I inferred from this that people should be influenced by the view of a socially close news endorser when forming an opinion about shared news content but not by the view of a socially distant news endorser. In Study 1, a laboratory experiment (N = 226), I manipulated a female news endorsers social closeness by presenting her as an in-group or out-group member. Participants opinion and memory of a news article were not affected by the news endorsers opinion in either of the conditions. I concluded that the news article did not elicit motivation to strive for shared reality because participants were confident about their own judgment. Therefore, they did not rely on the news endorsers view when forming an opinion about the news topic. Moreover, the results revealed that participants had stronger trust in the news endorser when she expressed a positive (vs. negative) opinion about the news topic, while social closeness to the news endorser did not predict trust. On the one hand, this is in line with the social norm of sharing positive thoughts and experiences on social networking sites: adherence to the positivity norm results in more favorable social ratings. On the other hand, my findings indicate that participants generally had a positive opinion about the topic of the stimulus article and thus had more trust in news endorsers who expressed a similar opinion. In Study 2, an online experiment (N = 1, 116), I exposed participants to a news post by a relational close vs. relational distant news endorser by having them name a close or distant actual Facebook friend. There was a small influence of the news endorsers opinion on participants thought and opinion valence irrespective of whether the news endorser was a close or distant friend. The finding was surprising, particularly because participants reported stronger trust in the view of the close friend than in the view of a distant friend. I concluded that in light of an ambiguity eliciting news article, people may even rely on the views of less trustworthy news endorsers in order to establish a socially shared and, therefore, valid opinion about a news topic. Drawing on shared reality theory, I hypothesized that social influence on opinion formation is mediated by news endorser congruent responses to a news post. The results indicated a tendency for the proposed indirect relation however, the effect size was small and the sample in Study 2 was not large enough to provide the necessary statistical power to detect the mediation. In conclusion, the results of my empirical studies provide first insights regarding the conditions under which a single news endorser influences opinion formation about news shared on social networking sites. I found limited support for shared reality creation as underlying mechanism of such social influence. Thus, my work contributes to the understanding of social influence on news perception happening in social networking sites and proposes theoretical refinements to shared reality theory. I suggest that future research should focus on the role of social and affiliative motivation for social influences on opinion formation about news shared on social networking sites.Soziale Netzwerkseiten haben sich zu Orten entwickelt, an denen Nutzer:innen Nachrichten über aktuelle Ereignisse begegnen. Menschen treffen vor allem deswegen auf Nachrichten, weil diese von Personen geteilt werden, mit denen sie befreundet sind. In meiner Dissertation untersuche ich aufbauend auf der Shared Reality Theorie ob die Beziehung zu Nachrichten-Endorser:innen, also denjenigen, die Nachrichten teilen, bestimmt ob deren Ansichten einen Einfluss auf die Meinungsbildung haben. Die Shared Reality Theorie geht davon aus, dass Menschen ein fundamentales epistemisches Bedürfnis danach haben richtige und wahrhaftige Ansichten zu entwickeln. Deshalb streben sie nach Ansichten, die von anderen geteilt werden. Durch interpersonale Kommunikation verifizieren sie ihre Ansichten, wobei aus einer unsicheren und ambigen Wahrnehmung ein valides und objektives Urteil werden kann. Allerdings wird eine Wahrnehmung nur dann soziale verifiziert, wenn Menschen ihr Gegenüber als epistemische Autorität ansehen, also als jemanden, dessen Urteil sie vertrauen. Epistemische Autorität wird gewöhnlich Personen zugeschrieben, die einem nahestehen, z.B. Freunden oder Mitgliedern der eigenen In-Group. Daraus leite ich ab, dass die Meinungsbildung über Nachrichten, die auf sozialen Netzwerkseiten von einer sozial nahestehenden Person geteilt werden, von deren Ansicht beeinflusst sein sollte. Die Ansicht sozial entfernter Nutzer:innen sollte hingegen keinen Einfluss auf die Meinungsbildung haben. In Studie 1, einem Laborexperiment (N=226), manipulierte ich die soziale Nähe einer weiblichen Nachrichten-Endorserin, indem ich sie als In-Group oder Out-Group Mitglied vorstellte. In keiner der Bedingungen hatte die Meinung der Nachrichten-Endorserin einen Einfluss auf die Meinungen der Teilnehmenden über einen Nachrichtenartikel und auf ihre Erinnerung an dessen Inhalt. Daraus schließe ich, dass der Artikel keine Motivation für das Streben nach geteilter Realität ausgelöst hat, sondern die Teilnehmenden sich ihres eigenen Urteils sicher waren. Daher zogen sie die Ansicht der Nachrichten-Endorserin bei der Meinungsbildung nicht in Betracht. Darüber hinaus zeigen meine Ergebnisse, dass die Teilnehmenden dem Urteil der Nachrichten-Endorserin mehr vertrauten, wenn sie eine positive (vs. negative) Meinung über das Nachrichtenthema äußerte. Die soziale Nähe hingegen hatte keinen Effekt auf das Vertrauen in das Urteil der Nachrichten-Endorserin. Dies entspricht einerseits der auf sozialen Netzwerkseiten geltenden Norm, positive Gedanken und Erfahrungen zu teilen. Das Befolgen der Norm führt folglich zu einer positiveren sozialen Bewertung. Andererseits legen meine Ergebnisse nahe, dass die Teilnehmenden generell eine eher positive Meinung über das Thema des Artikels und folglich größeres Vertrauen in die Nachrichten-Endorserin hatten, wenn diese eine ähnliche Meinung äußerte. In Studie 2, einem Onlineexperiment (N=1.116), forderte ich die Teilnehmenden auf, einen nahestehenden oder entfernten Facebook-Freund zu nennen. Anschließend präsentierte ich ihnen einen fiktiven Nachrichten-Post mit einer Meinungsäußerung (positiv vs. negativ) des genannten Freundes/der genannten Freundin. Unabhängig von der sozialen Nähe der Nachrichten-Endorser:innen zeigte sich ein kleiner Einfluss ihrer Meinung auf die Valenz der Gedanken und Meinungen der Teilnehmenden über das Nachrichtenthema. Dieses Ergebnis war überraschend, insbesondere da die Teilnehmenden angaben, größeres Vertrauen in die Ansicht eines nahestehenden Freundes/einer nahestehende Freundin zu haben. Daraus schließe ich, dass sich Menschen angesichts eines ambigen Artikels sogar auf die Ansicht weniger vertrauenswürdiger Nachrichten-Endorser:innen verlassen, um sich eine sozial geteilte und damit valide Meinung über das Thema zu bilden. Zusammenfassend liefern die Ergebnisse meiner Studien erste Erkenntnisse über die Bedingungen, unter denen einzelne Nachrichten-Endorser:innen auf sozialen Netzwerkseiten die Meinungsbildung über Nachrichten beeinflussen. Die Ergebnisse sprechen nur teilweise dafür, dass das Streben nach geteilter Realität der zugrundeliegende Mechanismus dieses sozialen Einflusses ist. Meine Arbeit trägt somit einerseits zum Verständnis sozialer Einflüsse auf die Wahrnehmung von Nachrichten auf sozialen Netzwerkseiten bei. Anderseits zeigt sie Weiterentwicklungsbedarf der Shared Reality Theorie auf. Ich schlage vor, dass zukünftige Forschung insbesondere untersuchen sollte, welche Rolle soziale und affiliative Motive für soziale Einflüsse auf die Meinungsbildung über Nachrichten spielen, die auf sozialen Netzwerkseiten geteilt werden

Requirement Culture at a Large Scale Medical Device Developer: A Case Study

This case study explores requirements evolution of a multimillion-dollar medical device under development for cancer therapy. The study focuses on the analysis of requirements across a twelve month window via interviews with involved parties and document analysis of the company\u27s design requirements. Three engineering directors (mechanical, software, and systems) were interviewed contemporaneously with the analysis of eight revisions to the design functional specifications, consisting of over 1,000 total design requirements. Significant requirement change was observed and associated with 1) change in requirements leadership, 2) market strategy including scope towards regulatory approval, and 3) requirement learning curve with respect to writing testable requirements. From analysis of the interview transcripts and company requirement evolution, a requirements culture emerged highlighting a need for greater understanding of company requirements cultures in situ. Further, analysis of the company\u27s biomedical requirement behavior align with those found in the avionics and automobile industries suggesting requirements evolution, and therefore problem understanding, occur similarly irrespective of domain or problem size

Keeping Social Media Influencers Influential: Preserving Perceptions of Authenticity While Brand Dropping

Marketers’ use of social media influencers (SMIs)—individuals who use various social media channels to discuss a particular topic (e.g., fashion, health) or offer entertainment (e.g., comedy) and, in doing so, attract followers—to promote products, known as “influencer marketing,” is a widely employed and effective strategic tool (Linqia 2018). In fact, SMIs, who can be conceptualized as human brands (Thompson 2006), have a greater audience reach and dialogue generation compared to that of celebrities (Crimson Hexagon 2015). Further, consumers perceive SMIs’ content as trustworthy (Scott 2015), which is likely due to them being perceived as highly authentic. According to Audrezet, de Kerviler and Moulard (2018) SMIs use strategies to remain passionately authentic and transparently authentic. Despite their popularity and perceived trustworthiness, SMIs face a challenge when they mention, recommend, or endorse brands within their digital content. Doing so may lead to perceptions that the influencer is passionately inauthentic, as consumers may presume these acts to be commercially driven. Thus, by incorporating influencer marketing, SMIs may compromise their perceived passionate authenticity. When SMIs mention brands within their digital content, they sometimes choose to infer whether or not they have a business relationship with the brand via a disclosure. SMIs’ means of, or choice of wording for disclosures varies. Therefore, consumers will likely perceive SMIs as more transparently authentic when SMIs disclose unambiguously, since doing so implies complete forthrightness. SMIs are now required to disclose, or explicitly mention when they were paid to promote a brand (Johnson 2017). However, the FTC’s rules are somewhat ambiguous and perhaps unfair. Therefore, SMIs may or may not be explicitly disclosing their true relationship with brands they post about due to the sheer uncertainty and/or unfairness inherent in the FTC’s endorsement guidance (FTC 2015). SMIs who explicitly disclose are presumably perceived as possessing high transparent authenticity; however, such explicit disclosures presumably result in consumer perceptions of low passionate authenticity. This brings about a challenge to SMIs who partner with brands. This dissertation will answer the following question: How can social media influencers manage consumers’ perceptions of their human brand authenticity while engaging in influencer marketing

Activating faith: pro-environmental responses to a Christian text on sustainability

With growing attention on the importance of values, beliefs and worldviews in shaping environmental outcomes, there remains little research on religion and sustainability transformations. We explored the impact of the Archbishop of Canterbury’s environmentally themed Lent Book 2020 “Saying Yes to Life” on environmental values, attitudes and behaviours of lay Christians. An online survey administered before and after reading the book assessed environmental values, New Ecological Paradigm (NEP), connectedness to nature and environmental behaviours, and collected open responses to questions about participants’ perceptions. Follow-up focus groups were also held to understand experiences of cognitive and behavioural change. Analysis of paired data revealed significant increases in environmental behavioural intentions after completing the book, especially for energy use, food and recycling. Some evidence for strengthening of NEP scores and connectedness to nature was also found. Open text responses corroborated with quantitative measures of behaviour change. Additionally, the majority of participants reported some form of reinforcement, confirmation, or further development or change in their beliefs and attitudes. This included a reduction in anthropocentric beliefs and greater appreciation of and obligation towards the natural world. Focus group discussions revealed diverse participant experiences, including having pre-existing theological beliefs affirmed, responding with new practical actions, connecting with spiritual experiences, and discovering systemic origins of unsustainability. Findings suggest potential for environmental interventions within religious contexts to shape mindsets, integrate theological views with environmental concerns, activate latent beliefs, and initiate and sustain pro-environmental behaviour. More intentional engagement with religion may facilitate transformative change for sustainability internally and externally, and across individual, organisational and societal domains

Self, Society, and Environment in the 21st Century: The Development and Assessment of an Ecological Identity Scale

Through a mixed-methods approach, this dissertation develops and assesses a multi-item scale measure of ecological identity (EI). Although recent decades have seen increased attention devoted to research on identity in relation to nature and the bio-physical environment, a valid and reliable scale capable of encompassing the complexities of this construct has yet to be developed. This dissertation uses an integral approach to build upon and extend recent attempts to develop measures of similar constructs. Key facets of multiple theories and perspectives on identity are integrated into a unified framework capable of multi-level identity analysis. A rigorous statistical approach that combines a pre-test power analysis with information-theoretic techniques of multi-model comparison and inference reveal a highly reliable and valid scale. The Ecological Identity Scale (EIS scale) is shown to better explain pro-ecological behavior than measures of many of the other more established constructs in this area (e.g. worldviews, attitudes, norms). Once developed, the new EIS scale is integrated with several other social and psychological measures into an exploratory path model of pro-ecological behavior. Three top performing models with varying levels of complexity are identified and EI appears in each of them, further supporting the validity of the construct