127 research outputs found

    Secrecy and transparancy towards third-parties in negotiation: contribution to a historical study of international negotiation

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    This research studies the historical and political move from secrecy to transparency in international negotiation, and investigates to what extent the latter constitutes a political progress. Exploring century-old texts on diplomatic practice, Chapter 1 shows how secrecy was constructed as the norm of international negotiations (from the Renaissance to the apex of absolute monarchy): both the negotiation process and outcome could be veiled. Secrecy has then been contested by the principle of publicity, the philosophical roots of which are examined (from the Enlightenment to Wilson): negotiation process could remain secret, but it became generally agreed that its outcome should be made public (Chapter 2). Chapter 3 introduces the concept of injunction of transparency: in contemporary times, secrecy is contested by a powerful demand for exposure, which gradually expands into negotiation arenas. Consequently, the negotiation process itself is under an increasing pressure to be made public. Simmel' s works on secret societies help analyse this evolution. It is then demonstrated, from the viewpoint of negotiation theories and techniques, that secrecy and transparency towards third-parties constitute a dilemma - or a tension, as the literature puts it - between efficiency of the process and legitimacy of the outcome. Chapter 4 builds two ideal-types of negotiations - totally secret or totally transparent towards third parties - to highlight their key characteristics. Extreme transparency dissolves the boundary between the negotiation table and "the rest of the world", enabling stakeholders to interfere. The original concepts of quasi-negotiator and quasi-multilateral negotiations are constructed. Chapter 5 examines how the dilemma is handled in practice. Consideration is given to the "closed door diplomacy" model, followed by a discussion of partial secrecy, and temporal secrecy. The issue of asymmetry is addressed, in relation with the sustainability of secrecy over time. In order to verify the previous findings, Chapter 6 provides a case study of the international negotiations on air services agreements, based on the 1944 Chicago Convention, and which feature the interplay between secrecy and transparency

    FREN2008 : French IIB : Exercises 1997

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    La chaine Equidia : une analyse des configurations socio-économiques, discursives et énonciatives d'un media spécialisé

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    Média à la fois thématique et pluri-identitaire, la chaîne Equidia a affiché pendant dix ans l'ambition de cristalliser l'ensemble des publics du cheval, pourtant caractérisés par leur grande hétérogénéité et leur autonomie. Face aux disparités socio-praxiques, économiques et culturelles qui distinguent ces communautés, Equidia a développé plusieurs stratégies énonciatives et discursives. A travers sa programmation, ses émissions et leurs contrats de lecture, elle a ainsi tenté de représenter l'ensemble de ces publics et leurs cultures. Les questionnements soulevés par cette thèse partent donc du constat de la difficulté de cet objectif fédérateur. En effet, la complexité des environnements socio-économiques et médiatiques au sein desquels évolue Equidia, interroge la capacité des chaînes de télévision à se positionner comme des ressources de construction de la réalité sociale pour les publics qu'elles ciblent. Cette thèse propose de répondre à cette problématique en se fondant sur un double ancrage théorique, constitué de l'étude des configurations socio-économiques dans lesquelles s'insère la chaîne, et celle de la percolation de ces configurations à travers ses discours et productions audiovisuelles. A partir de l'analyse de la construction éditoriale de cet objet composite qu'est Equidia, elle montre les stratégies menant à la construction d'une relation imaginée entre le média et ses destinataires, proposée dans et par le discours. La perspective socio-économique questionne enfin la dimension performative de la chaîne (et plus largement du médium télévisuel), ainsi que la capacité des publics du cheval à développer des médiacultures et se constituer en des publics de la télévision.The TV channel Equidia is both a thematic and a mutli-identities media. During its ten years of existence, it had the ambitions of bringing together the equestrian world and its diverse audience, which is characterised by its heterogeneity and autonomy. To face this socio-praxis, economical and cultural differences that are the trademarks of these communities, Equidia had/ has (c¸a depends si c¸a existe toujours ou pas) developed several strategies (both of utterance and discourse). Through its TV program, its shows and theirs respective reading contract (or viewer would seem more accurate to me), it attempted to please and represent all the diversity of its audience and their cultures. The guiding questions of this doctoral thesis came from the observation of the challenges that arise from his federative objective. The complexity of the media and socio-economical environments in which Equidia exists questions the capacities of TV channels to position themselves as resources for the social construction of their target audience. This doctoral thesis attempts to answer this problematic basing itself on a double theoretical anchorage: the study of the socio economical configuration in which Equidia is evolving; and the study of the percolation of the above-mentioned configurations though discourse and audio-visual productions. From the analysis of the editorial construct of this patchwork object that is Equidia, this doctoral thesis highlights the strategies behind the creation of imaginary relation between the media and its audience, realised within and through the discourse. The socio-economical perspective questions the perfomative action of the TV channel (and by extension of the medium TV) as well as the capacity of the equestrian audience to develop mediaculture and present itself into TV audiences

    Ghent Planning Congress 1913: Premier Congrès International Et Exposition Comparée Des Villes

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    The Ghent Congress on town planning was the first genuinely international conference to address all aspects of civic life and design. Attended by representatives of 22 governments and 150 cities, as well as by hundreds of architects, planners, politicians, and scientists, it marked the culmination of a series of events which helped to form the world of town planning at the start of the twentieth century. Ghent illustrates three key themes for the history of town planning. First, the Transactions of the Congress include papers from some of the most significant theorists and practitioners of the period, such as Patrick Abercrombie, Augustin Rey, Raymond Unwin, and Joseph Stübben. Second, the Congress as a whole reflects just how global the business of town planning had become by 1913: papers and exhibits included studies of colonial projects as well as European designs. The delegates themselves provide wonderful evidence of a transnational process at work. Finally, the text brilliantly illuminates the way in which town planning was critically linked to other reformist movements of the era. The whole event, like the International Union of Cities that it spawned, was the product of the peace movement. Even as war draw nearer, the International Union was being spoken of as a future world government. Significantly, one of the organizers of the event – Henri La Fontaine - won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1913. The Premier congrès international et exposition comparée des villes is a major publication, but it is one that is now almost impossible to obtain. This republication, a century after this seminal event, will be of considerable interest not only to those who work on town planning, but also to transnational historians and writers on the peace movement more generally

    The speech of men and women in contemporary French: The function of parenthetical remarks and the pragmatic particles c'est-a-dire, enfin, hein and quoi.

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    This thesis sets out to test Lakoff's (1975) hypothesis that women's speech is more polite or tentative than men's through a detailed analysis of the usage, in a sample of contemporary spoken French, of parenthetical remarks (PRs) and the pragmatic particles (PPs) c'est-a-dire, enfin, hein and quoi. PRs and PPs serve both the repair requirements and the social interactional 'face-work' which are characteristic of spontaneous speech. Qualitative and quantitative investigations were conducted on the seventeen-hour corpus of orthographically-transcribed spontaneous speech. The aim of the qualitative analysis was to evaluate the contextual factors which may motivate the use of PRs and PPs. The quantitative analysis, by contrast, set out to measure the distributional frequencies of their usage according to the sex, age and educational background of the speakers. Whilst the detailed exploration of contingent factors such as the social roles adopted by the speakers demonstrates the value of a qualitative account, the fact that it is possible to make generalisable or falsifiable pronouncements on the basis of results found to be statistically significant in the data legitimises the adoption of a quantitative account. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses presume a prior sub-categorisation of the pragmatic usages of the linguistic item under investigation. The thesis arrives at the conclusion that, if men's and women's usage of PRs and PPs differs in the corpus, the asymmetry lies not in the degree of tentativeness displayed but rather in the use made of such expressions to introduce explanatory ramification and to mediate repair, both of which are favoured to a greater extent by the male speakers in our corpus. If the female speakers display greater politeness, it lies in their more adroit usage of the PPs to structure discourse and to maintain contact with their interlocutor

    The poetry of Pierre Seghers

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    Although Pierre Seghers is well-known as publisher and promoter of poetry, his own poetry, as a corpus, has never been the focus of academic attention. This study approaches his poetry first through the themes. The picture which emerges, of the universe and the individual's position in this universe, is characterised by dynamism; nature, society and the individual are all in a state of becoming. So, too, are the individual's relationship with the outside world and the picture he has of himself. For the poet, these are realised in the language of his poetry. Part II is a study of the poetic technique. The importance attached by Seghers to the oral quality of poetry has led to an emphasis on the rhythms of Seghers's verse. Features which are typical of his verse and which give rise to dynamism in the verse itself are studied in relation to the dynamism which is conveyed thematically. The poetry is divided into four main types. These are the early fixed-form poetry, and three later freer forms: freed alexandrine verse, verse in mixed line-lengths, and verse written in lines of sixteen syllables. The poetry written in a mixture of line-lengths is highlighted as the apogee of Seghers's production: it is here that the dynamic relationship between the self and the outside world is most successfully concretised. The four categories reflect a chronological development, but the poetry seen in each section is studied in a synthetic manner, and a number of features are seen to be common to poetry of different types and from different periods. The synthetic character of the study is complemented by commentaries on three whole poems. A comprehensive bibliography of Seghers's poetry and prose works is found at the end of the thesis

    Ancres invisibles

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    Cet article se propose d’examiner la manière dont Invisibles (2011) de Nasser Djemaï confère une présence scénique aux vieux immigrés maghrébins qui ont toujours vécu à l’ombre des regards et des consciences. Présence spectrale, ils hantent de leur vieillesse les foyers, errent dans les cafés, se posent sur les bancs publics sans que personne ne les voie. En particulier, cet article examine la manière dont cette pièce inscrit en plein le risque de la perte de l’histoire, et la fantomisation de l’humain ; comment elle fait surgir un rapport nouveau à l’espace, à l’histoire et au présent, en mettant en scène la performance d’une nouvelle hospitalité. This article centers on the way Nasser Djemaï’s Invisibles (2011) stages the experiences of ageing Maghrebi immigrants. In the twilight years of their lives, they remain a haunting presence lurking in the shadows of national consciousness. In particular, the present article examines the way Djemaï turns the stage into a site of memory to honor the lives of those who have been immured in oblivion. It analyzes the performative strategies as well as the rhetoric of hospitality and home that the playwright uses to foreground the history of these invisible men

    L'Exposition Universelle de 1889

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    Digitalisat von: 99-02721 - Rousselet, Louis: L'Exposition Universelle de 188

    Conception d'un microcapteur de force 3-axes pour tissus mous

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    Biomechanics, an emerging science, refers to the mechanical characterization of biological tissues. Recent work published in this field demonstrate the role of mechanical processes and properties on the biological tissues functionalities, and especially at the microscopic scale (cell biomechanics). Biomechanical data acquisition is however quite challenging. This requires appropriate measurement tools (for forces, strain, ...) to cope with the biological sample and environment constraints (biocompatibility, size, anisotropy, ...). In parallel, the fast developments observed these last years in microtechnologies lead to interesting research possibilities. The family of MEMS [MicroElectroMechanical Systems] devices for instance introduces a new potential of interaction with the microscopic world. The integration of this technology in the field of cellular biomechanics is thus a natural choice. In that context, this work aims to design a 3-axis microforce sensor to measure biological tissues deformations at the microscopic scale. The MEMS device, fabricated on SOI [Silicon on Insulator] wafers, is based on piezoresistive and capacitive force transductions. It can be used as an actuator at least in one direction. This thesis describes the design, fabrication and test of the 3-axis system. A 1-axis prototype, exclusively capacitive, is first realized and acts as the foundation of the 3-axis device. The 1-axis force sensor, tested on the [0 ? 350[mu]N ] range shows a sensitivity in the order of 4.85mV/[mu]N (G=2000) and a resolution of 1.24[mu]N (linearity until 100[mu]N ). A new 3-axis geometry is then proposed to improve the direction decoupling efficiency of 2-axis capacitive sensors presented in publications and add a third detection axis. The decoupling is achieved using a"two frames" geometry and piezoresistors implanted in a configuration only sensitive to an out-of-plane loading. The three transducers performances are analysed individually. Tested on a range of 250? N , the sensors show a linear behaviour on the whole forces domain in the out-of-plane axis (piezoresistors) and until 100[mu]N in the in-plane direction (electrostatic combs). The piezoresistive and capacitive transducers are characterized by sensitivities of 0.93mV/[mu]N (g=400) and 6.35mV/[mu]N (G=500) respectively (on the linear part), with resolutions of 7[mu]N and 0.161[mu]N. The dynamical behaviour of the sensor allows its use above the kHz. The cross-talk sensitivities of each transducer are evaluated to 1-5% of their axis sensitivity (decoupling). The work presented in this thesis demonstrates the feasability of a 3-axis MEMS force sensor based on capacitive (in-plane sensing) and piezoresistive (out-of-plane sensing) detection. The proof of concept refers to the fabrication and performances (sensitivity, resolution, decoupling) of the proposed design

    Enseignement et apprentissage des tests d'hypothèses paramétriques difficultés rencontrées par des étudiants en sciences humaines : une contribution à l'éducation statistique

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    Les tests statistiques constituent un appréciable outil d'aide à la décision dans nombre de domaines. Dans le champ de l'éducation statistique, cette thèse étudie les difficultés de compréhension suscitées lors de l'apprentissage des tests d'hypothèses.Les objectifs visent à cerner, d'une part, les conceptions au regard des concepts et procédures impliqués dans un test de comparaison d'une moyenne à une norme et, d'autre part, les raisonnements élaborés lors de la résolution de ce test inductif. Auprès d'étudiants en sciences humaines, futurs psychologues et praticiens des tests, l'étude contribue à élucider les conceptions vis-à-vis des concepts d'échantillon, moyenne échantillonnale, population parente, moyenne parentale, population de référence, norme, latéralité, hypothèses, statistique de test, seuil, valeur critique, décision et conclusion, ainsi qu'à éclairer les raisonnements résolutifs. Ces questions rejoignent certains travaux (Batanero, 2000; Birnbaum, 1982 Lecoutre et al., 2003 ; Poitevineau, 2004 ; Vallecillos, 1997), plutôt ciblés sur un concept isolé et recueillant par questionnaire fermé ; peu d'études ont visé les idées des apprenants lors d'une"résolution complète et libre". Ce travail tente de contribuer à combler cette lacune, en sollicitant une résolution"complète" et en utilisant deux outils de recueil : une épreuve écrite (90 sujets) puis des entretiens individuels à résolution de problème (10 sujets). L'analyse des résultats confirme l'existence d'une grande variété de conceptions et dévoile de multiples"conceptions erronées", voire des"absences de conceptualisation" ; les résultats les plus notoires concernent les concepts de"population parente" et de"moyenne de la population parente" ainsi que la logique inductive attendue, qui ont suscité des difficultés chez la quasi-totalité des étudiants. Cette thèse apporte une explication multicausale à ces difficultés et soulève l'éventuelle existence d'un"obstacle à l'apprentissage" (Brousseau, 1998) en le signifié du terme"parente".Les apports de cette recherche, probablement généralisables à tout le milieu estudiantin, pourront être utiles dans l'enseignement des tests et la recherche en éducation statistique, pour la construction de dispositifs d'enseignement plus favorables à l'apprenant et au praticien
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