67,612 research outputs found
A Review of Layer Based Manufacturing Processes for Metals
The metal layered manufacturing processes have provided industries with a fast method
to build functional parts directly from CAD models. This paper compares current metal layered
manufacturing technologies from including powder based metal deposition, selective laser
sinstering (SLS), wire feed deposition etc. The characteristics of each process, including its
industrial applications, advantages/disadvantages, costs etc are discussed. In addition, the
comparison between each process in terms of build rate, suitable metal etc. is presented in this
paper.Mechanical Engineerin
Virtual assembly rapid prototyping of near net shapes
Virtual reality (VR) provides another dimension to many engineering applications. Its immersive and interactive nature allows an intuitive approach to study both cognitive activities and performance evaluation. Market competitiveness means having products meet form, fit and function quickly. Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing (RP&M) technologies are increasingly being applied to produce functional prototypes and the direct manufacturing of small components. Despite its flexibility, these systems have common drawbacks such as slow build rates, a limited number of build axes (typically one) and the need for post processing. This paper presents a Virtual Assembly Rapid Prototyping (VARP) project which involves evaluating cognitive activities in assembly tasks based on the adoption of immersive virtual reality along with a novel non-layered rapid prototyping for near net shape (NNS) manufacturing of components. It is envisaged that this integrated project will facilitate a better understanding of design for manufacture and assembly by utilising equivalent scale digital and physical prototyping in one rapid prototyping system. The state of the art of the VARP project is also presented in this paper
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UV-Photolithography Fabrication of Poly-Ethylene Glycol Hydrogels Encapsulated with Hepatocytes
The development of biomanufacturing technologies particularly, layered manufacturing has
advanced cell encapsulation processes in an effort to mimic the cellular microenvironment for invitro studies. This paper illustrates an inexpensive UV-photolithographic method for
encapsulation of human hepatocytes in three dimensional structures using poly-ethylene
diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogels as candidate substrates. In order to further develop this
technology for layered fabrication, we have quantified the long-term effects of the photo-initiator
concentration and UV light exposure on the metabolic rates of encapsulated human hepatocytes
under a 21 day study. The photoinitator toxicity was observed immediately after polymerization
with no significant cytotoxicity on a long term basis. A cellular viability is examined and
reported for the UV photopolymerization process. Cell phenotype maintenance was observed by
measuring the amount of urea produced over a 1 week time period. This photo encapsulation
process may find use in the fabrication of spatially complex 3D scaffolds for tissue engineering
applications, elucidation of the 3D structure-pharmacokinetic response relationship and the
fabrication of complex multi-compartment liver tissue analog devices for drug screening
applications.Mechanical Engineerin
From 3D Models to 3D Prints: an Overview of the Processing Pipeline
Due to the wide diffusion of 3D printing technologies, geometric algorithms
for Additive Manufacturing are being invented at an impressive speed. Each
single step, in particular along the Process Planning pipeline, can now count
on dozens of methods that prepare the 3D model for fabrication, while analysing
and optimizing geometry and machine instructions for various objectives. This
report provides a classification of this huge state of the art, and elicits the
relation between each single algorithm and a list of desirable objectives
during Process Planning. The objectives themselves are listed and discussed,
along with possible needs for tradeoffs. Additive Manufacturing technologies
are broadly categorized to explicitly relate classes of devices and supported
features. Finally, this report offers an analysis of the state of the art while
discussing open and challenging problems from both an academic and an
industrial perspective.Comment: European Union (EU); Horizon 2020; H2020-FoF-2015; RIA - Research and
Innovation action; Grant agreement N. 68044
A Review of State-of-the-Art Large Sized Foam Cutting Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing Technologies.
Purpose – Current additive rapid prototyping (RP) technologies fail to efficiently produce objects greater than 0.5?m3 due to restrictions in build size, build time and cost. A need exists to develop RP and manufacturing technologies capable of producing large objects in a rapid manner directly from computer-aided design data. Foam cutting RP is a relatively new technology capable of producing large complex objects using inexpensive materials. The purpose of this paper is to describe nine such technologies that have been developed or are currently being developed at institutions around the world. The relative merits of each system are discussed. Recommendations are given with the aim of enhancing the performance of existing and future foam cutting RP systems.
Design/methodology/approach – The review is based on an extensive literature review covering academic publications, company documents and web site information.
Findings – The paper provides insights into the different machine configurations and cutting strategies. The most successful machines and cutting strategies are identified.
Research limitations/implications – Most of the foam cutting RP systems described have not been developed to the commercial level, thus a benchmark study directly comparing the nine systems was not possible.
Originality/value – This paper provides the first overview of foam cutting RP technology, a field which is over a decade old. The information contained in this paper will help improve future developments in foam cutting RP systems
Multiresolution Layered Manufacturing
PURPOSE: Two-photon polymerization (TPP) has become one of the most popular techniques for stereolithography at very high resolutions. When printing relatively large structures at high resolutions, one of the main limiting factors is the printing time. The goal of this work is to present a new slicing algorithm to minimize printing times. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH: Typically, slicing algorithms used for TPP do not take into account the fact that TPP can print at a range of resolutions (i.e. with different heights and diameters) by varying parameters such as exposure time, laser power, photoresist properties, and optical arrangements. This work presents Multiresolution Layered Manufacturing (MLM), a novel slicing algorithm that processes 3D structures to separate parts manufacturable at low resolution from those that require a higher resolution. FINDINGS: MLM can significantly reduce the printing time of 3D structures at high resolutions. The maximum theoretical speed-up depends on the range of printing resolutions, but the effective speed-up also depends on the geometry of each 3D structure. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS/IMPLICATIONS: MLM opens the possibility to significantly decrease printing times, potentially opening the use of TPP to new applications in many disciplines such as microfluidics, metamaterial research or wettability. ORIGINALITY/VALUE: There are many instances of previous research on printing at several resolutions. However, in most cases, the toolpaths have to be manually arranged. In some cases, previous research also automates the generation of toolpaths, but they are limited in various ways. MLM is the first algorithm to comprehensively solve this problem for a wide range of true 3D structures.NANO3D (a BEWARE Fellowship from the Walloon Region, Belgium, part of the Marie Curie Programme of the ERC). IAP 7/38 MicroMAST (Interuniversity Attraction Poles Programme from the Belgian Science Policy Office, the Walloon Region and the FNRS)
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Rapid Fabrication of Large-sized Solid Shape using Variable Lamination Manufacturing and Multi-functional Hotwire Cutting System
Rapid prototyping (RP) technologies have been widely used to reduce the lead-time and
development cost of new products. The VLM-ST process has been developed to overcome the
currently developed RP technologies such as a large building time, a high building cost, an
additional post-processing and a large apparatus cost. However, the VLM-ST process has the
limitation of fabricated model size (VLM300: 297×210 mm, VLM400: 420×297 mm) and the
limitation of slope angle when the large-sized model more than 600 × 600 × 600 mm or
axisymmetric shape is fabricated. The objective of this paper is to develop a multi-functional
hotwire cutting system (MHC) using EPS-foam block or sheet as the working material in order to
fabricate a large-sized shape more than 600 × 600 × 600 mm. Because the MHC apparatus
employs a four-axis synchronized hotwire cutter with the structure of two XY movable heads and
a turn-table, it allows the easy fabrication of various 3D shapes, such as (1) an axisymmetric
shape or a sweeping cross-sectioned pillar shape using the hot-strip in the form of sweeping
surface and EPS foam block on the turn-table, (2) a polyhedral complex shape using the hotwire
and EPS foam block on the turn-table, and (3) a ruled surface approximated freeform shape using
the hotwire and EPS foam sheet. In order to examine the applicability of the developed MHC
apparatus, an axisymmetric shape, a polyhedral shape and a large-sized freeform shape were
fabricated by the apparatus.Mechanical Engineerin
Extrusion-based additive manufacturing of concrete products. Revolutionizing and remodeling the construction industry
Additive manufacturing is one of the main topics of the fourth industrial revolution; defined as Industry 4.0. This technology offers several advantages related to the construction and architectural sectors; such as economic; environmental; social; and engineering benefits. The usage of concrete in additive technologies allows the development of innovative applications and complexity design in the world of construction such as buildings; housing modules; bridges; and urban and domestic furniture elements. The aim of this review was to show in detail a general panoramic of extrusion-based additive processes in the construction sector; the main advantages of using additive manufacturing with the respect to traditional manufacturing; the fundamental requirements of 3D printable material (fresh and hardened properties), and state-of-the-art aesthetic and architectural projects with functional properties
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An Investigation into the Effect of the Shell on SALM Processed Parts
Shell Assisted Layer Manufacturing (SALM) is a novel process for rapid prototyping/
tooling/ manufacture (RP/RT/RM) which is presently undergoing feasibility studies. SALM is
based on layered manufacturing technology (LMT). Initially it develops the shell (boundaries)
of a selected layer using a technique similar to fused deposition modelling (FDM). The
developed shell is filled with a UV curable resin and is exposed to UV radiation for curing.
This procedure is repeated until the complete part is built. This paper compares and contrasts
properties of parts made using two options available with the SALM technique: building the
part using a soluble shell (FDM support structure material, finally dissolved to recover the
part); or using a polymer material such as ABS that is bonded with the resin whilst making
the part.Mechanical Engineerin
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Hydrogels in Stereolithography
The use of stereolithography (SL) for fabricating complex three-dimensional (3D) tissue
engineered scaffolds of aqueous poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogel solutions is described.
The primary polymer used in the study was PEG-dimethacrylate (PEG-dma) with an average
molecular weight (MW) of 1000 in distilled water with the photoinitiator Irgacure 2959 (I-2959).
Successful layered manufacturing (LM) with embedded channel architecture required
investigation of the photopolymerization characteristics of the PEG solution (measured as
hydrogel thickness or cure depth) as a function of photoinitiator concentration and laser energy
dosage for a specific photoinitiator type and polymer concentration in solution. Hydrogel
thickness was a strong function of PI concentration and energy dosage. Curves of hydrogel
thickness were utilized to successfully plan, perform, and demonstrate layered manufacturing of
highly complex hydrogel scaffold structures, including structures with internal channels of
various orientations. Successful fabrication of 3D, multi-layered bioactive PEG scaffolds
containing cells was accomplished using a slightly modified commercial SL system (with 325
nm wavelength laser) and procedure. Human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells were encapsulated in
PEG hydrogels using small concentrations (~ 5 mg/ml) of acryloyl-PEG-RGDS (MW 3400)
added to the photopolymerizable PEG solution to promote cell attachment. HDF cells were
combined with the PEG solution, photocrosslinked using SL, and successfully shown to survive
the fabrication process. The combined use of SL and photocrosslinkable biomaterials such as
PEG makes it possible to fabricate complex 3D scaffolds that provide site-specific and tailored
mechanical properties (i.e., multiple polymer materials) with a polymer matrix that allows
transport of nutrients and waste at the macroscale and facilitates cellular processes at the
microscale through precisely placed bioactive agents.Mechanical Engineerin
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