Scalable authentication of MPEG-4 streams

schemes for authenticating MPEG-4 streams: the Flat Authenticatio

Optimized protection of streaming media authenticity

Ph.DDOCTOR OF PHILOSOPH

Analyse et amélioration de la qualité de services WEB multimédia et leurs mises en oeuvre sur ordinateur et sur FPGA

Résumé : Les services Web, issus de l’avancée technologique dans le domaine des réseaux informatiques et des dispositifs de télécommunications portables et fixes, occupent une place primordiale dans la vie quotidienne des gens. La demande croissante sur des services Web multimédia (SWM), en particulier, augmente la charge sur les réseaux d’Internet, les fournisseurs de services et les serveurs Web. Cette charge est essentiellement due au fait que les SWM de haute qualité nécessitent des débits de transfert et des tailles de paquets importants. La qualité de service (par définition, telle que vue par l’utilisateur) est influencée par plusieurs facteurs de performance, comme le temps de traitement, le délai de propagation, le temps de réponse, la résolution d’images et l’efficacité de compression. Le travail décrit dans cette thèse est motivé par la demande continuellement croissante de nouveaux SWM et le besoin de maintenir et d’améliorer la qualité de ces services. Nous nous intéressons tout d’abord à la qualité de services (QdS) des SWM lorsqu’ils sont mis en œuvre sur des ordinateurs, tels que les ordinateurs de bureau ou les portables. Nous commençons par étudier les aspects de compatibilité afin d’obtenir des SWM fonctionnant de manière satisfaisante sur différentes plate-formes. Nous étudions ensuite la QdS des SWM lorsqu’ils sont mis en œuvre selon deux approches différentes, soit le protocole SOAP et le style RESTful. Nous étudions plus particulièrement le taux de compression qui est un des facteurs influençant la QdS. Après avoir considéré sous différents angles les SWM avec mise en œuvre sur des ordinateurs, nous nous intéressons à la QdS des SWM lorsqu’ils sont mis en œuvre sur FPGA. Nous effectuons alors une étude et une mise en œuvre qui permet d’identifier les avantages à mettre en œuvre des SWM sur FPGA. Les contributions se définissent en cinq volets comme suit : 1. Nous introduisons des méthodes de création, c’est-à-dire conception et mise en œuvre, de SWM sur des plate-formes logicielles hétérogènes dans différents environnements tels que Windows, OS X et Solaris. Un objectif que nous visons est de proposer une approche permettant d’ajouter de nouveaux SWM tout en garantissant la compatibilité entre les plate-formes, dans le sens où nous identifions les options nous permettant d’offrir un ensemble riche et varié de SWM pouvant fonctionner sur les différentes plate-formes. 2. Nous identifions une liste de paramètres pertinents influençant la QdS des SWM mis en œuvre selon le protocole SOAP et selon le style REST. 3. Nous développons un environnement d’analyse pour quantifier les impacts de chaque paramètre identifié sur la QdS de SWM. Pour cela, nous considérons les SWM mis en œuvre selon le protocole SOAP et aussi selon style REST. Les QdS obtenues avec SOAP et REST sont comparées objectivement. Pour faciliter la comparaison, la même gamme d’images (dans l’analyse de SWM SOAP) a été réutilisée et les mêmes plate-formes logicielles. 4. Nous développons une procédure d’analyse qui permet de déterminer une corrélation entre la dimension d’une image et le taux de compression adéquat. Les résultats obtenus confirment cette contribution propre à cette thèse qui confirme que le taux de compression peut être optimisé lorsque les dimensions de l’image ont la propriété suivante : le rapport entre la longueur et la largeur est égal au nombre d’or connu dans la nature. Trois libraires ont été utilisées à savoir JPEG, JPEG2000 et DjVu. 5. Dans un volet complémentaire aux quatre volets précédents, qui concernent les SWM sur ordinateurs, nous étudions ainsi la conception et la mise en œuvre de SWM sur FPGA. Nous justifions l’option de FPGA en identifiant ses avantages par rapport à deux autres options : ordinateurs et ASICs. Afin de confirmer plusieurs avantages identifiés, un SWM de QdS élevée et de haute performance est créé sur FPGA, en utilisant des outils de conception gratuits, du code ouvert (open-source) et une méthode fondée uniquement sur HDL. Notre approche facilitera l’ajout d’autres modules de gestions et d’orchestration de SWM. 6. La mise à jour et l’adaptation du code open-source et de la documentation du module Ethernet IP Core pour la communication entre le FPGA et le port Ethernet sur la carte Nexys3. Ceci a pour effet de faciliter la mise en œuvre de SWM sur la carte Nexys3. // Abstract : Web services, which are the outcome of the technological advancements in IT networks and hand-held mobile devices for telecommunications, occupy an important role in our daily life. The increasing demand on multimedia Web services (MWS), in particular, augments the load on the Internet, on service providers and Web servers. This load is mainly due to the fact that the high-quality multimedia Web services necessitate high data transfer rates and considerable payload sizes. The quality of service (QoS, by definition as it is perceived by the user) is influenced by several factors, such as processing time, propagation delay, response time, image resolution and compression efficacy. The research work in this thesis is motivated by the persistent demand on new MWS, and the need to maintain and improve the QoS. Firstly, we focus on the QoS of MWS when they are implemented on desktop and laptop computers. We start with studying the compatibility aspects in order to obtain MWS functioning satisfactorily on different platforms. Secondly, we study the QoS for MWS implemented according to the SOAP protocol and the RESTful style. In particular, we study the compression rate, which is one of the pertinent factors influencing the QoS. Thirdly, after the study of MWS when implemented on computers, we proceed with the study of QoS of MWS when implemented on hardware, in particular on FPGAs. We achieved thus comprehensive study and implementations that show and compare the advantages of MWS on FPGAs. The contributions of this thesis can be resumed as follows: 1. We introduce methods of design and implementation of MWS on heterogeneous platforms, such as Windows, OS X and Solaris. One of our objectives is to propose an approach that facilitates the integration of new MWS while assuring the compatibility amongst involved platforms. This means that we identify the options that enable offering a set of rich and various MWS that can run on different platforms. 2. We determine a list of relevant parameters that influence the QoS of MWS. 3. We build an analysis environment that quantifies the impact of each parameter on the QoS of MWS implemented on both SOAP protocol and RESTful style. Both QoS for SOAP and REST are objectively compared. The analysis has been held on a large scale of different images, which produces a realistic point of view describing the behaviour of real MWS. 4. We develop an analysis procedure to determine the correlation between the aspect ratio of an image and its compression ratio. Our results confirm that the compression ratio can be improved and optimised when the aspect ratio of iiiiv an image is close to the golden ratio, which exists in nature. Three libraries of compression schemes have been used, namely: JPEG, JPEG2000 and DjVu. 5. Complementary to the four contributions mentioned above, which concern the MWS on computers, we study also the design and implementation of MWS on FPGA. This is justified by the numerous advantages that are offered by FPGAs, compared to the other technologies such as computers and ASICs. In order to highlight the advantages of implementing MWS on FPGA, we developed on FPGA a MWS of high performance and high level of QoS. To achieve our goal, we utilised freely available design utilities, open-source code and a method based only on HDL. This approach is adequate for future extensions and add-on modules for MWS orchestration

Quality-oriented adaptation scheme for multimedia streaming in local broadband multi-service IP networks

The research reported in this thesis proposes, designs and tests the Quality-Oriented Adaptation Scheme (QOAS), an application-level adaptive scheme that offers high quality multimedia services to home residences and business premises via local broadband IP-networks in the presence of other traffic of different types. QOAS uses a novel client-located grading scheme that maps some network-related parameters’ values, variations and variation patterns (e.g. delay, jitter, loss rate) to application-level scores that describe the quality of delivery. This grading scheme also involves an objective metric that estimates the end-user perceived quality, increasing its effectiveness. A server-located arbiter takes content and rate adaptation decisions based on these quality scores, which is the only information sent via feedback by the clients. QOAS has been modelled, implemented and tested through simulations and an instantiation of it has been realized in a prototype system. The performance was assessed in terms of estimated end-user perceived quality, network utilisation, loss rate and number of customers served by a fixed infrastructure. The influence of variations in the parameters used by QOAS and of the networkrelated characteristics was studied. The scheme’s adaptive reaction was tested with background traffic of different type, size and variation patterns and in the presence of concurrent multimedia streaming processes subject to user-interactions. The results show that the performance of QOAS was very close to that of an ideal adaptive scheme. In comparison with other adaptive schemes QOAS allows for a significant increase in the number of simultaneous users while maintaining a good end-user perceived quality. These results are verified by a set of subjective tests that have been performed on viewers using a prototype system

Audio/Video Transmission over IEEE 802.11e Networks: Retry Limit Adaptation and Distortion Estimation

The objective of this thesis focuses on the audio and video transmission over wireless networks adopting the family of the IEEE 802.11x standards. In particular, this thesis discusses about the resolution of four issues: the adaptive retransmission, the comparison of video quality indexes for retry limit adaptation purposes, the estimation of the distortion and the joint adaptation of the maximum number of retransmissions of voice and video flows

Security in Distributed, Grid, Mobile, and Pervasive Computing

This book addresses the increasing demand to guarantee privacy, integrity, and availability of resources in networks and distributed systems. It first reviews security issues and challenges in content distribution networks, describes key agreement protocols based on the Diffie-Hellman key exchange and key management protocols for complex distributed systems like the Internet, and discusses securing design patterns for distributed systems. The next section focuses on security in mobile computing and wireless networks. After a section on grid computing security, the book presents an overview of security solutions for pervasive healthcare systems and surveys wireless sensor network security

Smart PIN: performance and cost-oriented context-aware personal information network

The next generation of networks will involve interconnection of heterogeneous individual networks such as WPAN, WLAN, WMAN and Cellular network, adopting the IP as common infrastructural protocol and providing virtually always-connected network. Furthermore, there are many devices which enable easy acquisition and storage of information as pictures, movies, emails, etc. Therefore, the information overload and divergent content’s characteristics make it difficult for users to handle their data in manual way. Consequently, there is a need for personalised automatic services which would enable data exchange across heterogeneous network and devices. To support these personalised services, user centric approaches for data delivery across the heterogeneous network are also required. In this context, this thesis proposes Smart PIN - a novel performance and cost-oriented context-aware Personal Information Network. Smart PIN's architecture is detailed including its network, service and management components. Within the service component, two novel schemes for efficient delivery of context and content data are proposed: Multimedia Data Replication Scheme (MDRS) and Quality-oriented Algorithm for Multiple-source Multimedia Delivery (QAMMD). MDRS supports efficient data accessibility among distributed devices using data replication which is based on a utility function and a minimum data set. QAMMD employs a buffer underflow avoidance scheme for streaming, which achieves high multimedia quality without content adaptation to network conditions. Simulation models for MDRS and QAMMD were built which are based on various heterogeneous network scenarios. Additionally a multiple-source streaming based on QAMMS was implemented as a prototype and tested in an emulated network environment. Comparative tests show that MDRS and QAMMD perform significantly better than other approaches