Renewable Energy

This book discusses renewable energy resources and systems as well as energy efficiency. It contains twenty-three chapters over six sections that address a multitude of renewable energy types, including solar and photovoltaic, biomass, hydroelectric, and geothermal. The information presented herein is a scientific contribution to energy and environmental regulations, quality and efficiency of energy services, energy supply security, energy market-based approaches, government interventions, and the spread of technological innovation

SPATIAL TRANSFORMATION PATTERN DUE TO COMMERCIAL ACTIVITY IN KAMPONG HOUSE

ABSTRACT Kampung houses are houses in kampung area of the city. Kampung House oftenly transformed into others use as urban dynamics. One of the transfomation is related to the commercial activities addition by the house owner. It make house with full private space become into mixused house with more public spaces or completely changed into full public commercial building. This study investigate the spatial transformation pattern of the kampung houses due to their commercial activities addition. Site observations, interviews and questionnaires were performed to study the spatial transformation. This study found that in kampung houses, the spatial transformation pattern was depend on type of commercial activities and owner perceptions, and there are several steps of the spatial transformation related the commercial activity addition. Keywords: spatial transformation pattern; commercial activity; owner perception, kampung house; adaptabilit

Energy Systems and Applications in Agriculture

Agriculture, as a production-oriented sector, entails energy as a substantial input by which global food security is ensured. Agricultural systems require energy for farm machinery and equipment; lighting; heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC); food processing and preservation; fertilizer and chemical production; and water/wastewater treatment/application. Increasing agriculture mechanization mitigates conventional energy reserves that escalate greenhouse gas emissions and climate change.This book aims to offer energy-efficient and/or environment-friendly ways for the agriculture sector to achieve the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals. The book provides cutting-edge research on next-generation agricultural technologies and applications to develop a sustainable solution for modern greenhouses, temperature/humidity control in agriculture, farm storage and drying, crop water requirements, agricultural built environment, and wastewater treatment