350 research outputs found
A retrospective view on the promise on machine translation for Bahasa Melayu-English
Research and development activities for machine translation systems from English language to others are more progressive than vice versa. It has been more than 30 years since the machine translation was introduced and yet a Malay language or Bahasa Melayu (BM) to English machine translation engine is not available. Consequently, many translation systems have been developed for the world's top 10 languages in terms of native speakers, but none for BM, although the language is used by more than 200 million speakers around the world. This paper attempts to seek possible reasons as why such situation occurs. A summative overview to show progress, challenges as well as future works on MT is presented. Issues faced by researchers and system developers in modeling and developing a machine translation engine are also discussed. The study of the previous translation systems (from other languages to English) reveals that the accuracy level can be achieved up to 85 %. The figure suggests that the translation system is not reliable if it is to be utilized in a serious translation activity. The most prominent difficulties are the complexity of grammar rules and ambiguity problems of the source language. Thus, we hypothesize that the inclusion of ‘semantic’ property in the translation rules may produce a better quality BM-English MT engine
Low-Tech Industries and the Knowledge Economy: State of the Art and Research Challenges
This paper addresses a central problem for economic analysis and public policy in Europe. Should Europe focus on socalled high-technology or science-based industries in attempting to solve growth and employment problems? Or should it look to the growth prospects within the industries on which the European economy is actually based: low-technology and medium-technology industries (which we call LMT industries ) in manufacturing and services? These questions are the focus of a European Commission research project called PILOT Policy and Innovation in Low-Tech. This paper is a first output from the project it addresses key issues in understanding LMT industries, mainly in terms of knowledge intensity and use. There are many who argue that high-technology industries are the bearers of the new knowledge economy. They argue that Europe should focus on knowledge intensive activities in such frontier areas as ICT, biotechnology and professional services. A related claim is that mature, traditional or LMT industries are likely to move to less developed countries. We claim that these perspectives are seriously mistaken. Taken together, LMT activities account for somewhere in the region of 97 % of all economic activity in Europe. All European economies are trade-specialized in LMT products. All LMT industries are innovative they generate significant proportions of their sales from new and technological changed products. Many LMT industries and products are surviving and growing on the basis of technological upgrading, high-grade design skills and the intensive application of knowledge to innovation. They have unique forms of industrial organisation and knowledge creation, complex links to science and technology knowledge infrastructures, and important regional dimensions. Here we focuses on the creation and use of knowledge in LMT industries. We claim that in the future the European economy, especially in the context of enlargement, will continue to rest on LMT activities. This implies that growth, competitiveness, cohesion and employment in Europe will depend on the performance of LMT industries. At the present time, the knowledge-creation problems faced by such sectors are neglected in policy arenas but this will become a major challenge for EU innovation, technology and research policy
Terminology of management - a contribution to the development of terminology and language policy and palnning ; Терминология менеджмента - в поддержку развития терминологической и языковой политики и планирования
Предмет истраживања ове докторске дисертације је терминологија научне и стручне области менаџмента на српском језику у контексту терминолошке и језичке политике и планирања и менаџмента терминологије...The research topic of this doctoral dissertation is terminology of the scientific and professional subject-field of management in the Serbian language in the context of the terminology and language policy and planning, and terminology, management..
A Cross-sector Study of Financial Service Companies and Manufacturing Companies
Situated at the intersection of sociolinguistics and international business and management studies, this
PhD project focuses on language management in two different industry sectors, namely the financial
service sector and the manufacturing sector. Employing a multiple case study design consisting of two
matched pair cases, the study examines the means by which language is managed, i.e. language
management tools, in the two financial service companies Nordea and Saxo Bank and the two
manufacturing companies Grundfos and ECCO. The contribution of the thesis lies in capturing the effect
of industry sectors on corporate language management – a level of analysis which has largely been
overlooked in previous research.
The findings indicate that industry sectors embody great explanatory power with regard to the
selection of language management tools at company level. The financial service companies and the
manufacturing companies were found to have three sector-level factors in common, though with
somewhat different outcomes. Economic geography increases the use of English for corporate level
functions in the two financial service companies owing to the companies’ presence in international
financial centres. On the other hand, in the two manufacturing companies, this factor increases the need
for multiple corporate languages and translation into the mother tongue spoken by the production
workers in the industrial locations where English language skills tend to be scarce. In manufacturing,
economic geography was also found to lead to the use of language intermediates as mediums of
communication. In all case companies, global integration increases cross-border communication and the
use of English for corporate level functions, which also increases selective recruitment of English-skilled
employees in both sectors. Industry speak is found to be closely related to company-specific language in
all case companies regardless of sector, and technological solutions are implemented in order to manage
large term databases in both sectors
Language Management in a Japanese Multinational Company: A Data-Driven Approach
Globalization poses a challenge for businesses with linguistically diverse staff,
prompting the choice of English as the default corporate language. In Japan,
research on the use of English in business contexts from both corporate and
employees' perspectives is very limited, let alone studies adopting a data-driven
approach. This study focuses on Rakuten, a Japanese multinational corporation
(MNC), with the aim of illustrating the key challenges the company faces when
it adopts English as its official language. The research is interdisciplinary
and is positioned at the intersection of business communication, computational
sociolinguistics, and language management. The first article, "Content analysis
of language-sensitive recruitment influenced by corporate language policy using
topic modeling", explores the match (or mismatch) between language-sensitive
recruitment (English, Japanese, or bilingual) and corporate language policy.
The second article, "It is all about TOEIC: discovering topics and trends m
employee perceptions of corporate language policy", examines the barriers m
multinational companies that have adopted a foreign language and analyzes
employees' attitudes. The third and final article, "Analyzing cultural expatriates'
attitude toward 'Englishnization' using dynamic topic modeling", investigates
changes in employee' perceptions of Japanese work practices and values over
time. The results of my study have implications for the implementation of
language-sensitive recruitment in a multilingual corporate context. Furthermore,
the thesis also highlights the evolutionary nature of corporate language policy topics
by exploring and categorizing large amounts of text. Overall, the results presented
in the three articles expand the understanding of the challenges associated with the
use of English in a Japanese busines
Einstein's quantum theory of the monatomic ideal gas: non-statistical arguments for a new statistics
In this article, we analyze the third of three papers, in which Einstein
presented his quantum theory of the ideal gas of 1924-1925. Although it failed
to attract the attention of Einstein's contemporaries and although also today
very few commentators refer to it, we argue for its significance in the context
of Einstein's quantum researches. It contains an attempt to extend and exhaust
the characterization of the monatomic ideal gas without appealing to
combinatorics. Its ambiguities illustrate Einstein's confusion with his initial
success in extending Bose's results and in realizing the consequences of what
later became to be called Bose-Einstein statistics. We discuss Einstein's
motivation for writing a non-combinatorial paper, partly in response to
criticism by his friend Ehrenfest, and we paraphrase its content. Its arguments
are based on Einstein's belief in the complete analogy between the
thermodynamics of light quanta and of material particles and invoke
considerations of adiabatic transformations as well as of dimensional analysis.
These techniques were well-known to Einstein from earlier work on Wien's
displacement law, Planck's radiation theory, and the specific heat of solids.
We also investigate the possible role of Ehrenfest in the gestation of the
theory.Comment: 57 pp
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