6,608 research outputs found

    Combining Language and Vision with a Multimodal Skip-gram Model

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    We extend the SKIP-GRAM model of Mikolov et al. (2013a) by taking visual information into account. Like SKIP-GRAM, our multimodal models (MMSKIP-GRAM) build vector-based word representations by learning to predict linguistic contexts in text corpora. However, for a restricted set of words, the models are also exposed to visual representations of the objects they denote (extracted from natural images), and must predict linguistic and visual features jointly. The MMSKIP-GRAM models achieve good performance on a variety of semantic benchmarks. Moreover, since they propagate visual information to all words, we use them to improve image labeling and retrieval in the zero-shot setup, where the test concepts are never seen during model training. Finally, the MMSKIP-GRAM models discover intriguing visual properties of abstract words, paving the way to realistic implementations of embodied theories of meaning.Comment: accepted at NAACL 2015, camera ready version, 11 page

    Semantic interpretation of events in lifelogging

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    The topic of this thesis is lifelogging, the automatic, passive recording of a person’s daily activities and in particular, on performing a semantic analysis and enrichment of lifelogged data. Our work centers on visual lifelogged data, such as taken from wearable cameras. Such wearable cameras generate an archive of a person’s day taken from a first-person viewpoint but one of the problems with this is the sheer volume of information that can be generated. In order to make this potentially very large volume of information more manageable, our analysis of this data is based on segmenting each day’s lifelog data into discrete and non-overlapping events corresponding to activities in the wearer’s day. To manage lifelog data at an event level, we define a set of concepts using an ontology which is appropriate to the wearer, applying automatic detection of concepts to these events and then semantically enriching each of the detected lifelog events making them an index into the events. Once this enrichment is complete we can use the lifelog to support semantic search for everyday media management, as a memory aid, or as part of medical analysis on the activities of daily living (ADL), and so on. In the thesis, we address the problem of how to select the concepts to be used for indexing events and we propose a semantic, density- based algorithm to cope with concept selection issues for lifelogging. We then apply activity detection to classify everyday activities by employing the selected concepts as high-level semantic features. Finally, the activity is modeled by multi-context representations and enriched by Semantic Web technologies. The thesis includes an experimental evaluation using real data from users and shows the performance of our algorithms in capturing the semantics of everyday concepts and their efficacy in activity recognition and semantic enrichment

    Evaluating indoor positioning systems in a shopping mall : the lessons learned from the IPIN 2018 competition

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    The Indoor Positioning and Indoor Navigation (IPIN) conference holds an annual competition in which indoor localization systems from different research groups worldwide are evaluated empirically. The objective of this competition is to establish a systematic evaluation methodology with rigorous metrics both for real-time (on-site) and post-processing (off-site) situations, in a realistic environment unfamiliar to the prototype developers. For the IPIN 2018 conference, this competition was held on September 22nd, 2018, in Atlantis, a large shopping mall in Nantes (France). Four competition tracks (two on-site and two off-site) were designed. They consisted of several 1 km routes traversing several floors of the mall. Along these paths, 180 points were topographically surveyed with a 10 cm accuracy, to serve as ground truth landmarks, combining theodolite measurements, differential global navigation satellite system (GNSS) and 3D scanner systems. 34 teams effectively competed. The accuracy score corresponds to the third quartile (75th percentile) of an error metric that combines the horizontal positioning error and the floor detection. The best results for the on-site tracks showed an accuracy score of 11.70 m (Track 1) and 5.50 m (Track 2), while the best results for the off-site tracks showed an accuracy score of 0.90 m (Track 3) and 1.30 m (Track 4). These results showed that it is possible to obtain high accuracy indoor positioning solutions in large, realistic environments using wearable light-weight sensors without deploying any beacon. This paper describes the organization work of the tracks, analyzes the methodology used to quantify the results, reviews the lessons learned from the competition and discusses its future

    A Decision Support System For The Intelligence Satellite Analyst

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    The study developed a decision support system known as Visual Analytic Cognitive Model (VACOM) to support the Intelligence Analyst (IA) in satellite information processing task within a Geospatial Intelligence (GEOINT) domain. As a visual analytics, VACOM contains the image processing algorithms, a cognitive network of the IA mental model, and a Bayesian belief model for satellite information processing. A cognitive analysis tool helps to identify eight knowledge levels in a satellite information processing. These are, spatial, prototypical, contextual, temporal, semantic, pragmatic, intentional, and inferential knowledge levels, respectively. A cognitive network was developed for each knowledge level with data input from the subjective questionnaires that probed the analysts’ mental model. VACOM interface was designed to allow the analysts have a transparent view of the processes, including, visualization model, and signal processing model applied to the images, geospatial data representation, and the cognitive network of expert beliefs. VACOM interface allows the user to select a satellite image of interest, select each of the image analysis methods for visualization, and compare ‘ground-truth’ information against the recommendation of VACOM. The interface was designed to enhance perception, cognition, and even comprehension to the multi and complex image analyses by the analysts. A usability analysis on VACOM showed many advantages for the human analysts. These include, reduction in cognitive workload as a result of less information search, the IA can conduct an interactive experiment on each of his/her belief space and guesses, and selection of best image processing algorithms to apply to an image context

    Measuring relative opinion from location-based social media: A case study of the 2016 U.S. presidential election

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    Social media has become an emerging alternative to opinion polls for public opinion collection, while it is still posing many challenges as a passive data source, such as structurelessness, quantifiability, and representativeness. Social media data with geotags provide new opportunities to unveil the geographic locations of users expressing their opinions. This paper aims to answer two questions: 1) whether quantifiable measurement of public opinion can be obtained from social media and 2) whether it can produce better or complementary measures compared to opinion polls. This research proposes a novel approach to measure the relative opinion of Twitter users towards public issues in order to accommodate more complex opinion structures and take advantage of the geography pertaining to the public issues. To ensure that this new measure is technically feasible, a modeling framework is developed including building a training dataset by adopting a state-of-the-art approach and devising a new deep learning method called Opinion-Oriented Word Embedding. With a case study of the tweets selected for the 2016 U.S. presidential election, we demonstrate the predictive superiority of our relative opinion approach and we show how it can aid visual analytics and support opinion predictions. Although the relative opinion measure is proved to be more robust compared to polling, our study also suggests that the former can advantageously complement the later in opinion prediction

    Perception of Unstructured Environments for Autonomous Off-Road Vehicles

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    Autonome Fahrzeuge benötigen die FĂ€higkeit zur Perzeption als eine notwendige Voraussetzung fĂŒr eine kontrollierbare und sichere Interaktion, um ihre Umgebung wahrzunehmen und zu verstehen. Perzeption fĂŒr strukturierte Innen- und Außenumgebungen deckt wirtschaftlich lukrative Bereiche, wie den autonomen Personentransport oder die Industrierobotik ab, wĂ€hrend die Perzeption unstrukturierter Umgebungen im Forschungsfeld der Umgebungswahrnehmung stark unterreprĂ€sentiert ist. Die analysierten unstrukturierten Umgebungen stellen eine besondere Herausforderung dar, da die vorhandenen, natĂŒrlichen und gewachsenen Geometrien meist keine homogene Struktur aufweisen und Ă€hnliche Texturen sowie schwer zu trennende Objekte dominieren. Dies erschwert die Erfassung dieser Umgebungen und deren Interpretation, sodass Perzeptionsmethoden speziell fĂŒr diesen Anwendungsbereich konzipiert und optimiert werden mĂŒssen. In dieser Dissertation werden neuartige und optimierte Perzeptionsmethoden fĂŒr unstrukturierte Umgebungen vorgeschlagen und in einer ganzheitlichen, dreistufigen Pipeline fĂŒr autonome GelĂ€ndefahrzeuge kombiniert: Low-Level-, Mid-Level- und High-Level-Perzeption. Die vorgeschlagenen klassischen Methoden und maschinellen Lernmethoden (ML) zur Perzeption bzw.~Wahrnehmung ergĂ€nzen sich gegenseitig. DarĂŒber hinaus ermöglicht die Kombination von Perzeptions- und Validierungsmethoden fĂŒr jede Ebene eine zuverlĂ€ssige Wahrnehmung der möglicherweise unbekannten Umgebung, wobei lose und eng gekoppelte Validierungsmethoden kombiniert werden, um eine ausreichende, aber flexible Bewertung der vorgeschlagenen Perzeptionsmethoden zu gewĂ€hrleisten. Alle Methoden wurden als einzelne Module innerhalb der in dieser Arbeit vorgeschlagenen Perzeptions- und Validierungspipeline entwickelt, und ihre flexible Kombination ermöglicht verschiedene Pipelinedesigns fĂŒr eine Vielzahl von GelĂ€ndefahrzeugen und AnwendungsfĂ€llen je nach Bedarf. Low-Level-Perzeption gewĂ€hrleistet eine eng gekoppelte Konfidenzbewertung fĂŒr rohe 2D- und 3D-Sensordaten, um SensorausfĂ€lle zu erkennen und eine ausreichende Genauigkeit der Sensordaten zu gewĂ€hrleisten. DarĂŒber hinaus werden neuartige Kalibrierungs- und RegistrierungsansĂ€tze fĂŒr Multisensorsysteme in der Perzeption vorgestellt, welche lediglich die Struktur der Umgebung nutzen, um die erfassten Sensordaten zu registrieren: ein halbautomatischer Registrierungsansatz zur Registrierung mehrerer 3D~Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) Sensoren und ein vertrauensbasiertes Framework, welches verschiedene Registrierungsmethoden kombiniert und die Registrierung verschiedener Sensoren mit unterschiedlichen Messprinzipien ermöglicht. Dabei validiert die Kombination mehrerer Registrierungsmethoden die Registrierungsergebnisse in einer eng gekoppelten Weise. Mid-Level-Perzeption ermöglicht die 3D-Rekonstruktion unstrukturierter Umgebungen mit zwei Verfahren zur SchĂ€tzung der DisparitĂ€t von Stereobildern: ein klassisches, korrelationsbasiertes Verfahren fĂŒr Hyperspektralbilder, welches eine begrenzte Menge an Test- und Validierungsdaten erfordert, und ein zweites Verfahren, welches die DisparitĂ€t aus Graustufenbildern mit neuronalen Faltungsnetzen (CNNs) schĂ€tzt. Neuartige DisparitĂ€tsfehlermetriken und eine Evaluierungs-Toolbox fĂŒr die 3D-Rekonstruktion von Stereobildern ergĂ€nzen die vorgeschlagenen Methoden zur DisparitĂ€tsschĂ€tzung aus Stereobildern und ermöglichen deren lose gekoppelte Validierung. High-Level-Perzeption konzentriert sich auf die Interpretation von einzelnen 3D-Punktwolken zur Befahrbarkeitsanalyse, Objekterkennung und Hindernisvermeidung. Eine DomĂ€nentransferanalyse fĂŒr State-of-the-art-Methoden zur semantischen 3D-Segmentierung liefert Empfehlungen fĂŒr eine möglichst exakte Segmentierung in neuen ZieldomĂ€nen ohne eine Generierung neuer Trainingsdaten. Der vorgestellte Trainingsansatz fĂŒr 3D-Segmentierungsverfahren mit CNNs kann die benötigte Menge an Trainingsdaten weiter reduzieren. Methoden zur ErklĂ€rbarkeit kĂŒnstlicher Intelligenz vor und nach der Modellierung ermöglichen eine lose gekoppelte Validierung der vorgeschlagenen High-Level-Methoden mit Datensatzbewertung und modellunabhĂ€ngigen ErklĂ€rungen fĂŒr CNN-Vorhersagen. Altlastensanierung und MilitĂ€rlogistik sind die beiden HauptanwendungsfĂ€lle in unstrukturierten Umgebungen, welche in dieser Arbeit behandelt werden. Diese Anwendungsszenarien zeigen auch, wie die LĂŒcke zwischen der Entwicklung einzelner Methoden und ihrer Integration in die Verarbeitungskette fĂŒr autonome GelĂ€ndefahrzeuge mit Lokalisierung, Kartierung, Planung und Steuerung geschlossen werden kann. Zusammenfassend lĂ€sst sich sagen, dass die vorgeschlagene Pipeline flexible Perzeptionslösungen fĂŒr autonome GelĂ€ndefahrzeuge bietet und die begleitende Validierung eine exakte und vertrauenswĂŒrdige Perzeption unstrukturierter Umgebungen gewĂ€hrleistet
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