Development of Combustion Indicators for Control of Multi-Fuel Engines Based on New Combustion Concepts

[ES] Debido a las regulaciones en materia de emisiones y CO2 la industria automotriz a desarrollado diferentes tecnologías innovadoras. Estas tecnologías incluyen combustibles alternativos y nuevos modos de combustión, entre otros. De aquí surge la necesidad del desarrollo de nuevos métodos para el control de la combustión en estas condiciones mencionadas. Por este motivo, en este trabajo se han desarrollado diferentes modelos e indicadores orientados al diagnóstico y control de la combustión tanto en condiciones normales como anormales. Para los casos de combustión normal, se ha desarrollado un modelo de combustión, cuyo objetivo es estimar la media de la evolución de la fracción de la masa quemada y la presión dentro del cilindro. Se implementó un observador, basado en la señal de knock, con la finalidad de mejorar la estimación en condiciones transitorias y poder aplicar así el modelo a diferentes tipos de combustibles. También se presenta un modelo de variabilidad cíclica, en el cual, a partir del modelo de combustión, se propaga una distribución en dos de los parámetros de dicho modelo. Ambos modelos han sido aplicados para un motor de encendido provocado y un motor de combustión de encendido por chorro turbulento. En los casos de combustión anormal, se ha incluido un análisis de la resonancia dentro de la cámara de combustión, en donde también se desarrollaron dos modelos capaces de estimar la evolución de la resonancia. Estos modelos, tanto para condiciones normales como anormales, se utilizaron para el diagnóstico de la combustión. Por una parte, para la detección de knock, en donde tres estrategias de detección de knock fueron desarrolladas: dos basadas en el sensor de presión en cámara y una en el sensor de knock. Por otra parte, se realizó una aplicación de un modelo de resonancia para la mejora de la estimación de la masa atrapada a partir de la resonancia. Finalmente, para mostrar el potencial de los modelos de diagnóstico, dos aplicaciones a control se desarrollaron: una para el control de knock a través de la actuación de la chispa, y otra para el control de gases residuales, a través de la actuación de la distribución variable, realizando paralelamente una optimización de la combustión a través de la actuación de la chispa.[CA] Impulsada per les regulacions en matèria d'emissions i CO2 la indústria automotriu a desenvolupat diferents tecnologies inovadore. Aquestes tecnologies inclouen combustibles alternatius i nous modes de combustió, entre altres. D'ací sorgix la necessitat posar en pràctica nous mètodes per al control de la combustió. En aquest context, el present trevall proposa diferents models i indicadors orientats al diagnòstic i control de la combustió tant en condicions normals com anormals. Per als casos de combustió normal, es proposa un model de combustió, l'objectiu del qual és estimar la mitjana de l'evolució de la fracció de la massa cremada i la pressió dins del cilindre. Es va implementar un observador, basat en la senyal de knock, amb la finalitat de millorar l'estimació en condicions transitòries i poder aplicar així el model a diferents tipus de combustibles. També es presenta un model de variabilitat cíclica, en el qual, a partir del model de combustió, es propaga una distribució en dos dels parametres del dit model. Ambdós models han sigut aplicats a un motor d'encesa provocada i un motor de combustió d'encesa per doll turbulent. Als casos de combustió anormal, s'ha inclos un anàlisi de la ressonància dins de la cambra de combustió, on també es van desenvolupar dos models capaços d'estimar l'evolució de la ressonància. Aquests models, tant per a condicions normals com anormals, s'utilitzen per al diagnòstic de la combustió. Per una part, per a la detecció de knock, on tres estratègies de detecció de knock s'han desenvolupat: dues basades en el sensor de pressió a la cambra de combustió i una altra basada en el sensor de knock. Per altra part, es va realitzar una aplicació d'un model de ressonància per a la millora de l'estimació de la massa atrapada a partir de la ressonància. Finalment, per a mostrar el potencial dels models de diagnòstic, dos aplicacions de control es van desenvolupar: una per al control de knock a través de l'actuació de l'espurna, i una altra per al control de gasos residuals, a través de l'actuació de la distribució variable, realitzant paral·lelament una optimització de la combustió a través de l'actuació de l'espurna.[EN] The need to satisfy emissions and CO2 regulations is pushing the automotive industry to develop different innovative technologies. These technologies include alternative fuels and new modes of combustion, among others. Therefore, the need for the development of new methods for combustion control in these mentioned conditions arises. For this reason, in this work different models and indicators have been developed aimed at the diagnosis and control of combustion in both normal and abnormal conditions. For normal combustion cases, a combustion model has been developed, the objective of this model is to estimate the mean of evolution of the mass fraction burned and the in-cylinder pressure. An observer had been implemented, based on knock sensor signal, in order to improve the estimation in transient conditions and also to be able to make use of the model with different fuels. A cyclic variability model is also presented, where from the combustion model, a probability distribution is propagated over two of the parameters of such model. Both models had been applied for a spark ignition engine and a turbulent jet ignition combustion engine. For the abnormal combustion cases, an analysis of the resonance within the combustion chamber had been included, where two models capable of estimating the evolution of the resonance were also developed. These models, for both normal and abnormal conditions, were used for the diagnosis of combustion: on the one hand, for knock recognition, where three knock detection strategies were developed: two based on the in-cylinder pressure sensor and one on the knock sensor. On the other hand, an application of a resonance model was carried out in order to improve the estimation of the trapped mass from the resonance excitation. Finally, to show the potential of such models and applications, two control strategies were developed: one for the control of knock through the actuation of the spark advance, and a second for the control of residual gases, through the actuation of the variable valve timing, while optimizing the combustion through the actuation of the spark advance.El trabajo desarrollado en esta tesis ha sido posible gracias a la financiación de la Generalitat Valenciana y el fondo social europeo a través de la beca 132 GRISO- LIAP/2018/132 y BEFPI/2021/042.Jiménez, IA. (2022). Development of Combustion Indicators for Control of Multi-Fuel Engines Based on New Combustion Concepts [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/181561TESI

Effect Of Diesel Combustion Process To Vehicle Interior Sound Quality

Tez (Yüksek Lisans) -- İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2007Thesis (M.Sc.) -- İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Science and Technology, 2007Bu çalışmada dizel motorun kendine has yanma özelliklerinden kaynaklanan vuruntulu çalışma sesi ve bu sesin araç içi ses kalitesine etkisi incelenmiştir. Uygun analiz metodunu seçiminin taşıdığı önem, beş silindirli bir motorda yapılan örnek çalışmayla gösterilmiştir. Daha sonraki çalışmalarda frekans modülasyon analizi, sorunun ana sebebini bulmakta etkin bir şekilde kullanılmıştır. Bu amaçla, basit bir içten yanmalı motor modeli Simulink programı kullanılarak oluşturulmuş ve tahrik parametreleri değiştirilerek elde edilen sonuçlar irdelenmiştir. İlerleyen bölümlerde bu tip bir yapay ses üretiminden elde edilen sonuçların gerçek bir motordan silindir basıncı ile eşzamanlı yakın mesafe mikrofon kayıtları aracılığıyla korelasyonu sağlanmıştır. Çalışmaların ilk ayağını frekans modülasyon analizinin bir ses içindeki belirli rutinde tekrarlayan bileşenlerin ayırdedilmesindeki başarısı vurgulanmıştır. Diğer metrikler iyi ile kötü dizel vuruntusu arasındaki farkı ortaya çıkarmakta yetersiz kalmaktadırlar. Bir sonraki adımda ise yapay ses üretimi sayesinde frekans modülasyon analizinin yanma prosesindeki hata çeşidini ortaya çıkarması hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla, beş ayrı silindirin yerini alan sinyal üreteçleri çeşitli yanma parametrelerini oluşturabilmek için modele eklenmiştir. Yanma basınç seviyeleri, frekans spektrumu ve tutuşma gecikmelerinde farklı değerler kullanılarak gerçek hayattakine benzer bir diyagram elde edilmesi sağlanmıştır. Son olarak modellenen beş silindirli motordan silindir basınçları ve yakın alan mikrofonları ile veri toplanmış ve bir önceki adımdaki sonuçların doğrulanması amaçlanmıştır. Özetle ilk silindirdeki yüksek basınç seviyesi ve farklı frekans spektrumunun sorunu ortaya çıkardığı görülmüştür.This study aims to identify the impulsiveness due to diesel combustion process and its effect over interior sound quality. Importance of choosing the best analysis method is presented with a case study in a five cylinder engine. Further studies were focused on using frequency modulation analysis more comprehensive to determine the root cause of the issue. For this purpose, a basic engine model is developed and a simple design of experiment has been performed by manipulating the excitation parameters of each cylinder. In the following sections, the findings of artificial sound generation study has been correlated with the measurement of cylinder pressures simultaneously with a near-field microphone. First step of the studies emphasize the frequency modulation analysis as the most proper method for discriminating impulsive content in a sound. Other metrics fail to differentiate subjective differences between good and bad diesel impulsiveness. Second step, covers the sound generation study, which utilizes the frequency modulation analysis for determining the error state in the engine. The combustion pressures, combustion excitation spectrums and ignition delays of each cylinder are manipulated to find an identical frequency modulation analysis result with the measurements. Final step includes the confirmation of previous step with the analysis of cylinder pressures and further examination of the acquired data. Briefly, the higher excitation of first cylinder is pointed out as the root cause. The relationship between combustion pressure spectrum and radiated noise is examined in details.Yüksek LisansM.Sc

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This thesis is devoted to present some novel techniques in Structural Health Monitoring (SHM). SHM is a developing field that tries to monitor structures to make sure that they remain in their desired condition to avoid any catastrophe. SHM includes different levels from damage detection area to prognosis field. This work is dedicated to the first level, which might be considered the main and most important level. New techniques presented in this work are based on different statistical and signal processing methods such as Principal Component Analysis and its robust counterpart, Wavelet Transform, Fuzzy similarity, Andrew plots, etc. These techniques are applied on the propagated waves that are activated and captured in the structure using appropriate transducers. Piezoceramic (PZT) devices are chosen in this work to capture the signals due to their special characteristics such as high performance, low energy consumption and reasonable price. To guarantee the efficiency of the suggested techniques, they are tested on different laboratory and real scale test benchmarks, such as aluminum and composite plates, fuselage, wing skeleton, tube, etc. Because of the variety of tested benchmarks, this thesis is called damage detection in smart structures. This variety may promise the ability and capability of the proposed methods on different fields such as aerospace and gas/oil industry. In addition to the normal laboratory conditions, it is shown in this work that environmental changes can affect the performance of the damage detection and wave propagation significantly. As such, there is a vital need to consider their effect. In this work, temperature change is chosen as it is one of the main environmental fluctuation factors. To scrutinize its effect on damage detection, first, the effect of temperature is considered on wave propagation and then all the proposed methods are tested to check whether they are sensitive to temperature change or not. Finally, a temperature compensation method is applied to ensure that the proposed methods are stable and robust even when structures are subjected to variant environmental conditions.La presente tesis doctoral se dedica a la exploración y presentación de técnicas novedosas para la Monitorización y detección de defectos en estructuras (Structural Health Monitoring -SHM-) SHM es un campo actualmente en desarrollo que pretende asegurarse que las estructuras permanecen en su condición deseada para evitar cualquier catástrofe. En SHM se presentan diferentes niveles de diagnóstico, Este trabajo se concentra en el primer nivel, que se considera el más importante, la detección de los defectos. Las nuevas técnicas presentadas en esta tesis se basan en diferentes métodos estadísticos y de procesamiento de señales tales como el Análisis de Componentes Princpales (PCA) y sus variaciones robustas, Transformada wavelets, lógica difusa, gráficas de Andrew, etc. Estas técnicas de aplican sobre las ondas de vibración que se generan y se miden en la estructura utilizando trasductores apropiados. Dispositivos piezocerámicos (PZT's) se han escogido para este trabajo ya que presentan características especiales tales como: alto rendimiento, bajo consumo de energia y bajo costo. Para garantizar la eficacia de la metodología propuesta,se ha validado en diferentes laboratorios y estructuras a escala real: placas de aluminio y de material compuesto, fuselage de un avión, revestimiento del ala de un avóin, tubería, etc. Debido a la gran variedad de estructuras utilizadas, su aplicación en la industria aeroespacial y/o petrolera es prometedora. Por otra parte, los cambios ambientales pueden afectar al rendimiento de la detección de daños y propagación de la onda significativamente . En este trabajo , se estudia el efecto de las variaciones de temperatura ya que es uno de los principales factores de fluctuación del medio ambiente . Para examinar su efecto en la detección de daños, en primer lugar, todos los métodos propuestos se prueban para comprobar si son sensibles a los cambios de temperatura o no. Finalmente , se aplica un método de compensación de temperatura para garantizar que los métodos propuestos son estables y robustos incluso cuando las estructuras se someten a condiciones ambientales variante

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