UJI MODEL FASE PERTUMBUHAN PADI BERBASIS CITRA MODIS MULTIWAKTU DI PULAU LOMBOK (THE TESTING OF PHASE GROWTH RICE MODEL BASED ON MULTITEMPORAL MODIS IN LOMBOK ISLAND)

Model testing is a step that must be done before operational activities. This testing aimed to test rice growth phase models based on MODIS in Lombok using multitemporal LANDSAT imagery and 4eld data. This study was carried out by the method of analysis and evaluation in several stages, these are : evaluation of accuracy by multitemporal Landsat 8 image analysis, then evaluation by using 4eld data, and analysis of growth phase information to calculate model consistency. The accuracy of growth phase model was calculated using Confusion Matrix. The results of stage I analysis for phase of April 30 and July 19 showed the accuracy of the model is 58-59 %, while the evaluation of stage II for phase of period July 19 with survey data indicated that the overall accuracy is 53 %. However, the results of model consistency analysis show that the resulting phase of the smoothed MODIS imagery shows a consistent pattern as well as the EVI pattern of rice plants with an 86% accuracy, but not for pattern data without smoothing. This testing give conclusion is the model is good, but for operational MODIS input data must be smoothed 4rst before index value extraction.ABSTRAKUji model adalah sebuah tahapan yang harus dilakukan sebelum model tersebut digunakan untuk kegiatan yang bersifat operasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji akurasi model fase pertumbuhan padi berbasis MODIS di pulau Lombok terhadap citra Landsat multiwaktu dan data lapangan. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode analisis dan evaluasi secara bertahap. Pertama, evaluasi akurasi menggunakan analisis citra Landsat 8 multiwaktu. Pada tahap kedua menggunakan data referensi hasil pengamatan lapangan, sedangkan tahap ketiga dilakukan analisis informasi fase pertumbuhan untuk mengetahui tingkat konsistensi model. Akurasi model fase pertumbuhan dihitung menggunakan matrik kesalahan. Hasil analisis dan evaluasi tahap I terhadap informasi fase 30 April dan 19 Juli menunjukkan bahwa ketelitian model mencapai 58-59 %, sementara hasil evaluasi tahap II terhadap fase periode 19 Juli menggunakan data hasil survei 20-25 Juli menunjukkan akurasi keseluruhan 53 %. Namun, hasil analisis konsistensi model menunjukkan bahwa fase yang dihasilkan dari citra MODIS yang di-smoothing menunjukkan pola yang konsisten sebagaimana pola EVI tanaman padi dengan akurasi 86 %, sedangkan pola EVI citra MODIS yang tidak di-smoothing tidak konsisten. Berdasarkan hasil ini disimpulkan bahwa model ini cukup baik, tetapi dalam operasionalnya perlu dilakukan smoothing citra MODIS input terlebih dahulu sebelum ekstrak nilai indek (EVI)

Sustainable Agriculture and Advances of Remote Sensing (Volume 1)

Agriculture, as the main source of alimentation and the most important economic activity globally, is being affected by the impacts of climate change. To maintain and increase our global food system production, to reduce biodiversity loss and preserve our natural ecosystem, new practices and technologies are required. This book focuses on the latest advances in remote sensing technology and agricultural engineering leading to the sustainable agriculture practices. Earth observation data, in situ and proxy-remote sensing data are the main source of information for monitoring and analyzing agriculture activities. Particular attention is given to earth observation satellites and the Internet of Things for data collection, to multispectral and hyperspectral data analysis using machine learning and deep learning, to WebGIS and the Internet of Things for sharing and publishing the results, among others

Development of an earth observation processing chain for crop biophysical parameters at local and global scale

This thesis’ topics embrace remote sensing for Earth observation, specifically in Earth vegetation monitoring. The Thesis’ main objective is to develop and implement an operational processing chain for crop biophysical parameters estimation at both local and global scales from remote sensing data. Conceptually, the components of the chain are the same at both scales: First, a radiative transfer model is run in forward mode to build a database composed by simulations of vegetation surface reflectance and concomitant biophysical parameters associated to those spectrum. Secondly, the simulated database is used for training and testing nonlinear and non-parametric machine learning regression algorithms. The best model in terms of accuracy, bias and goodness-of-fit is then selected to be used in the operational retrieval chain. Once the model is trained, remote sensing surface reflectance data is fed into the trained model as input in the inversion process to retrieve the biophysical parameters of interest at both local and global scales depending on the inputs spatial resolution and coverage. Eventually, the validation of the leaf area index estimates is performed at local scale by a set of ground measurements conducted during coordinated field campaigns in three countries during 2015 and 2016 European rice seasons. At global scale, the validation is performed through intercomparison with the most relevant and widely validated reference biophysical products. The work elaborated in this Thesis is structured in six chapters including an introduction of remote sensing for Earth observation, the developed processing chain at local scale, the ground LAI measurements acquired with smartphones, the developed chain at global scale, a chapter discussing the conclusions of the work, and a chapter which includes an extended abstract in Valencian. The Thesis is completed by an annex which include a compendium of peer-reviewed publications in remote sensing international journals

Investigating the Potential of UAV-Based Low-Cost Camera Imagery for Measuring Biophysical Variables in Maize

The potential for improved crop productivity is readily investigated in agronomic field experiments. Frequent measurements of biophysical crop variables are necessary to allow for confident statements on crop performance. Commonly, in-field measurements are tedious, labour-intensive, costly and spatially selective and therefore pose a challenge in field experiments. With the versatile, flexible employment of the platform and the high spatial and temporal resolution of the sensor data, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)-based remote sensing offers the possibility to derive variables quickly, contactless and at low cost. This thesis examined if UAV-borne modified low-cost camera imagery allowed for remote estimation of the crop variables green leaf area index (gLAI) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) in a maize field trial under different management influences. For this, a field experiment was established at the university's research station Campus Klein-Altendorf southwest of Bonn in the years 2015 and 2016. In four treatments (two levels of nitrogen fertilisation and two levels of plant density) with five repetitions each, leaf growth of maize plants was supposed to occur differently. gLAI and biomass was measured destructively, UAV-based data was acquired in 14-day intervals over the entire experiment. Three studies were conducted and submitted for peer-review in international journals. In study I, three selected spectral vegetation indices (NDVI, GNDVI, 3BSI) were related to the gLAI measurements. Differing but definite relationships per treatment factor were found. gLAI estimation using the two-band indices (NDVI, GNDVI) yielded good results up to gLAI values of 3. The 3-bands approach (3BSI) did not provide improved accuracies. Comparing gLAI results to the spectral vegetation indices, it was determined that sole reliance on these was insufficient to draw the right conclusions on the impact of management factors on leaf area development in maize canopies. Study II evaluated parametric and non-parametric regression methods on their capability to estimate gLAI in maize, relying on UAV-based low-cost camera imagery with non-plants pixels (i.e. shaded and illuminated soil background) a) included in and b) excluded from the analysis. With regard to the parametric regression methods, all possible band combinations for a selected number of two- and three-band formulations as well as different fitting functions were tested. With regard to non-parametric methods, six regression algorithms (Random Forests Regression, Support Vector Regression, Relevance Vector Machines, Gaussian Process Regression, Kernel Regularized Least Squares, Extreme Learning Machine) were tested. It was found that all non-parametric methods performed better than the parametric methods, and that kernel-based algorithms outperformed the other tested algorithms. Excluding non-plant pixels from the analysis deteriorated models' performances. When using parametric regression methods, signal saturation occurred at gLAI values of about 3, and at values around 4 when employing non-parametric methods. Study III investigated if a) UAV-based low-cost camera imagery allowed estimating RUEs in different experimental plots where maize was cultivated in the growing season of 2016, b) those values were different from the ones previously reported in literature and c) there was a difference between RUEtotal and RUEgreen. Fractional cover and canopy reflectance was determined based on the RS imagery. Our study showed that RUEtotal ranges between 4.05 and 4.59, and RUEgreen between 4.11 and 4.65. These values were higher than those published in other research articles, but not outside the range of plausibility. The difference between RUEtotal and RUEgreen was minimal, possibly due to prolonged canopy greenness induced by the stay-green trait of the cultivar grown. In conclusion, UAV-based low-cost camera imagery allows for estimation of plant variables within a range of limitations

Remote Sensing of Biophysical Parameters

Vegetation plays an essential role in the study of the environment through plant respiration and photosynthesis. Therefore, the assessment of the current vegetation status is critical to modeling terrestrial ecosystems and energy cycles. Canopy structure (LAI, fCover, plant height, biomass, leaf angle distribution) and biochemical parameters (leaf pigmentation and water content) have been employed to assess vegetation status and its dynamics at scales ranging from kilometric to decametric spatial resolutions thanks to methods based on remote sensing (RS) data.Optical RS retrieval methods are based on the radiative transfer processes of sunlight in vegetation, determining the amount of radiation that is measured by passive sensors in the visible and infrared channels. The increased availability of active RS (radar and LiDAR) data has fostered their use in many applications for the analysis of land surface properties and processes, thanks to their insensitivity to weather conditions and the ability to exploit rich structural and texture information. Optical and radar data fusion and multi-sensor integration approaches are pressing topics, which could fully exploit the information conveyed by both the optical and microwave parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.This Special Issue reprint reviews the state of the art in biophysical parameters retrieval and its usage in a wide variety of applications (e.g., ecology, carbon cycle, agriculture, forestry and food security)

Artificial Neural Networks and Evolutionary Computation in Remote Sensing

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) and evolutionary computation methods have been successfully applied in remote sensing applications since they offer unique advantages for the analysis of remotely-sensed images. ANNs are effective in finding underlying relationships and structures within multidimensional datasets. Thanks to new sensors, we have images with more spectral bands at higher spatial resolutions, which clearly recall big data problems. For this purpose, evolutionary algorithms become the best solution for analysis. This book includes eleven high-quality papers, selected after a careful reviewing process, addressing current remote sensing problems. In the chapters of the book, superstructural optimization was suggested for the optimal design of feedforward neural networks, CNN networks were deployed for a nanosatellite payload to select images eligible for transmission to ground, a new weight feature value convolutional neural network (WFCNN) was applied for fine remote sensing image segmentation and extracting improved land-use information, mask regional-convolutional neural networks (Mask R-CNN) was employed for extracting valley fill faces, state-of-the-art convolutional neural network (CNN)-based object detection models were applied to automatically detect airplanes and ships in VHR satellite images, a coarse-to-fine detection strategy was employed to detect ships at different sizes, and a deep quadruplet network (DQN) was proposed for hyperspectral image classification

Remote Sensing for Precision Nitrogen Management

This book focuses on the fundamental and applied research of the non-destructive estimation and diagnosis of crop leaf and plant nitrogen status and in-season nitrogen management strategies based on leaf sensors, proximal canopy sensors, unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing, manned aerial remote sensing and satellite remote sensing technologies. Statistical and machine learning methods are used to predict plant-nitrogen-related parameters with sensor data or sensor data together with soil, landscape, weather and/or management information. Different sensing technologies or different modelling approaches are compared and evaluated. Strategies are developed to use crop sensing data for in-season nitrogen recommendations to improve nitrogen use efficiency and protect the environment

Calibration of DART Radiative Transfer Model with Satellite Images for Simulating Albedo and Thermal Irradiance Images and 3D Radiative Budget of Urban Environment

Remote sensing is increasingly used for managing urban environment. In this context, the H2020 project URBANFLUXES aims to improve our knowledge on urban anthropogenic heat fluxes, with the specific study of three cities: London, Basel and Heraklion. Usually, one expects to derive directly 2 major urban parameters from remote sensing: the albedo and thermal irradiance. However, the determination of these two parameters is seriously hampered by complexity of urban architecture. For example, urban reflectance and brightness temperature are far from isotropic and are spatially heterogeneous. Hence, radiative transfer models that consider the complexity of urban architecture when simulating remote sensing signals are essential tools. Even for these sophisticated models, there is a major constraint for an operational use of remote sensing: the complex 3D distribution of optical properties and temperatures in urban environments. Here, the work is conducted with the DART (Discrete Anisotropic Radiative Transfer) model. It is a comprehensive physically based 3D radiative transfer model that simulates optical signals at the entrance of imaging spectro-radiometers and LiDAR scanners on board of satellites and airplanes, as well as the 3D radiative budget, of urban and natural landscapes for any experimental (atmosphere, topography,…) and instrumental (sensor altitude, spatial resolution, UV to thermal infrared,…) configuration. Paul Sabatier University distributes free licenses for research activities. This paper presents the calibration of DART model with high spatial resolution satellite images (Landsat 8, Sentinel 2, etc.) that are acquired in the visible (VIS) / near infrared (NIR) domain and in the thermal infrared (TIR) domain. Here, the work is conducted with an atmospherically corrected Landsat 8 image and Bale city, with its urban database. The calibration approach in the VIS/IR domain encompasses 5 steps for computing the 2D distribution (image) of urban albedo at satellite spatial resolution. (1) DART simulation of satellite image at very high spatial resolution (e.g., 50cm) per satellite spectral band. Atmosphere conditions are specific to the satellite image acquisition. (2) Spatial resampling of DART image at the coarser spatial resolution of the available satellite image, per spectral band. (3) Iterative derivation of the urban surfaces (roofs, walls, streets, vegetation,…) optical properties as derived from pixel-wise comparison of DART and satellite images, independently per spectral band. (4) Computation of the band albedo image of the city, per spectral band. (5) Computation of the image of the city albedo and VIS/NIR exitance, as an integral over all satellite spectral bands. In order to get a time series of albedo and VIS/NIR exitance, even in the absence of satellite images, ECMWF information about local irradiance and atmosphere conditions are used. A similar approach is used for calculating the city thermal exitance using satellite images acquired in the thermal infrared domain. Finally, DART simulations that are conducted with the optical properties derived from remote sensing images give also the 3D radiative budget of the city at any date including the date of the satellite image acquisition

Deep Learning Methods for Remote Sensing

Remote sensing is a field where important physical characteristics of an area are exacted using emitted radiation generally captured by satellite cameras, sensors onboard aerial vehicles, etc. Captured data help researchers develop solutions to sense and detect various characteristics such as forest fires, flooding, changes in urban areas, crop diseases, soil moisture, etc. The recent impressive progress in artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning has sparked innovations in technologies, algorithms, and approaches and led to results that were unachievable until recently in multiple areas, among them remote sensing. This book consists of sixteen peer-reviewed papers covering new advances in the use of AI for remote sensing