New Ireland Province: Text summaries, maps, code lists and village identification

The major purpose of the Papua New Guinea Agricultural Systems Project is to produce information on small holder (subsistence) agriculture at provincial and national levels (Allen et al 1995). Information was collected by field observation, interviews with villagers and reference to published and unpublished documents. Methods are described by Bourke et al. (1993). This Working Paper contains a written summary of the information on the Agricultural Systems in this Province, maps of the location of agriculture systems, a complete listing of all information in the database in coded form, and lists of villages with National Population Census codes, indexed by agricultural systems. This information is available as a map-linked database (GIS) suitable for use on a personal computer in ESRI and MapInfo formats. An Agricultural System is identified when a set of similar agricultural crops and practices occur within a defined area. Six criteria are used to distinguish one system from another: 1. Fallow type (the vegetation which is cleared from a garden site before cultivation). 2. Fallow period (the length of time a garden site is left unused between cultivations). 3. Cultivation intensity (the number of consecutive crops planted before fallow). 4. The staple, or most important, crops. 5. Garden and crop segregation (the extent to which crops are planted in separate gardens; in separate areas within a garden; or are planted sequentially). 6. Soil fertility maintenance techniques (other than natural regrowth fallows). Where one or more of these factors differs significantly and the differences can be mapped, then a separate system is distinguished. Where variation occurs, but is not able to be mapped at 1:500 000 scale because the areas in which the variation occurs are too small or are widely dispersed within the larger system, a subsystem is identified. Subsystems within an Agricultural System are allocated a separate record in the database, identified by the Agricultural System number and a subsystem number. Sago is a widespread staple food in lowland Papua New Guinea. Sago is produced from palms which are not grown in gardens. Most of the criteria above cannot be applied. In this case, systems are differentiated on the basis of the staple crops only. The Papua New Guinea Resource Information System (PNGRIS) is a GIS which contains information on the natural resources of PNG (Bellamy 1986). PNGRIS contains no information on agricultural practices, other than an assessment of land use intensity based on air photograph interpretation by Saunders (1993. The Agricultural Systems Project is designed to provide detailed information on agricultural practices and cropping patterns as part of an upgraded PNGRIS geographical information system. For this reason the Agricultural Systems database contains almost no information on the environmental settings of the systems, except for altitude and slope. The layout of the text descriptions, the database code files and the village lists are similar to PNGRIS formats (Cuddy 1987). The mapping of Agricultural Systems has been carried out on the same map base and scale as PNGRIS (Tactical Pilotage Charts, 1:500 000). Agricultural Systems were mapped within the areas of agricultural land use established by Saunders (1993) from aerial photography. Except where specifically noted, Agricultural Systems boundaries have been mapped without reference to PNGRIS Resource Mapping Unit (RMU) boundaries. Agricultural Systems are defined at the level of the Province (following PNGRIS) but their wider distribution is recognised in the database by cross-referencing systems which cross provincial borders. A preliminary view of the relationships between PNGRIS RMUs and the Agricultural Systems in this Province can be obtained from the listing of villages by Agricultural System, where RMU numbers are appended. Allen, B. J., R. M. Bourke and R. L. Hide 1995. The sustainability of Papua New Guinea agricultural systems: the conceptual background. Global Environmental Change 5(4): 297-312. Bourke, R. M., R. L. Hide, B. J. Allen, R. Grau, G. S. Humphreys and H. C. Brookfield 1993. Mapping agricultural systems in Papua New Guinea. Population Family Health and Development. T. Taufa and C. Bass. University of Papua New Guinea Press, Port Moresby: 205-224. Bellamy, J. A. and J. R. McAlpine 1995. Papua New Guinea Inventory of Natural Resources, Population Distribution and Land Use Handbook. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation for the Australian Agency for International Development. PNGRIS Publication No. 6, Canberra. Cuddy, S. M. 1987. Papua New Guinea Inventory of Natural Resources, Population Distribution and Land Use: Code Files Part 1 Natural Resources. Division of Water and Land Resources, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation and Land Utilization Section, Department of Primary Industry, Papua New Guinea, Canberra

On-board Trajectory Computation for Mars Atmospheric Entry Based on Parametric Sensitivity Analysis of Optimal Control Problems

This thesis develops a precision guidance algorithm for the entry of a small capsule into the atmosphere of Mars. The entry problem is treated as nonlinear optimal control problem and the thesis focuses on developing a suboptimal feedback law. Therefore parametric sensitivity analysis of optimal control problems is combined with dynamic programming. This approach enables a real-time capable, locally suboptimal feedback scheme. The optimal control problem is initially considered in open loop fashion. To synthesize the feedback law, the optimal control problem is embedded into a family of neighboring problems, which are described by a parameter vector. The optimal solution for a nominal set of parameters is determined using direct optimization methods. In addition the directional derivatives (sensitivities) of the optimal solution with respect to the parameters are computed. Knowledge of the nominal solution and the sensitivities allows, under certain conditions, to apply Taylor series expansion to approximate the optimal solution for disturbed parameters almost instantly. Additional correction steps can be applied to improve the optimality of the solution and to eliminate errors in the constraints. To transfer this strategy to the closed loop system, the computation of the sensitivities is performed with respect to different initial conditions. Determining the perturbation direction and interpolating between sensitivities of neighboring initial conditions allows the approximation of the extremal field in a neighborhood of the nominal trajectory. This constitutes a locally suboptimal feedback law. The proposed strategy is applied to the atmospheric entry problem. The developed algorithm is part of the main control loop, i.e. optimal controls and trajectories are computed at a fixed rate, taking into account the current state and parameters. This approach is combined with a trajectory tracking controller based on the aerodynamic drag. The performance and the strengthsa and weaknesses of this two degree of freedom guidance system are analyzed using Monte Carlo simulation. Finally the real-time capability of the proposed algorithm is demonstrated in a flight representative processor-in-the-loop environment

DH Benelux Journal 3. DH Benelux Online

The third volume of the DH Benelux Journal. This volume includes six full-length, peer-reviewed articles that are based on accepted contributions to the 2020 virtual DH Benelux conference. Contents: 1. Editor's Preface (Wout Dillen, Marijn Koolen, Marieke van Erp); 2. Introduction: Digital Humanities Online (Antske Fokkens, Christian Gosvig Olesen); 3. I Catching. Computationally Operationalising Narrative Perspective for Stylometric Analysis (Lisanne M. van Rossum, Joris J. van Zundert, Karina van Dalen-Oskam); 4. Reconstructing Gavin Douglas’s Translation Practice in the Eneados Using a Corpus Linguistic-Based Method (Megan Bushnell); 5. Using Linked Data to Track and Trace Processes of Canonization in Early Modern Dutch Literature (Harm Nijboer, Lieke van Deinsen, Leon van Wissen, Judith Brouwer, Ton van Strien, Frans Blom); 6. Vehemence and Victims: Emotion Mining Historical Parliamentary Debates on War Victims in the Netherlands (Milan van Lange and Ralf Futselaar); 7. #Bookstagram and Beyond. The Presence and Depiction of the Bachmann Literary Prize on Social Media (2007-2017) (Lore De Greve, Gunther Martens); 8. The Digital Humanities Classroom as a “Node”. From Toolbox to Mindset? (Florentina Armaselu)

Women's beauty in the history of Tanzania

Beauty, in particular, women's beauty, has been a preoccupation of human societies throughout history. Encompassing not only physical appearance, but also aspects of dress and adornment and, in some contexts, more abstract notions like morality and spirituality. notions of beauty are shaped by complex social, cultural and economic considerations. By focusing on specific case studies, this study investigates the history of beauty in Tanzania, taking into account both past and present debates on the role female beauty plays in human relations

Development of an oxide ceramic matrix composite manufactured via the combination of filament winding and freeze gelation process

Oxide ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) are promising materials for extreme application environments where high temperatures combined with mechanical loads under oxidative and/ or corrosive conditions are required. Such applications are, e.g., gas turbines, thermal protection systems and high speed missiles. In order to fulfill these requirements oxide ceramic matrices must be developed and combined with ceramic fibers in order to build composites. In this work, oxide based CMCs are developed by combining the advantages of the colloidal approach to manufacture oxide ceramic matrix with the advantages of the filament winding technique to infiltrate the ceramic fibers into sol gel matrix and consolidate the composite via freeze gelation. Using the sol gel technique and the freeze gelation process, mullite and alumina based ceramic matrices are developed and oxide ceramic fibers (NextelTM 610, 3000 denier, organic sized) are infiltrated via the filament winding technique. Directly after fiber infiltration and lay-up, the material is frozen and consolidated due to the sol gel transition from the silica nanoparticles dispersed in the sol gel. After consolidation, the material is dried and the ice crystals formed during freezing are evaporated, finally the material is sintered in normal atmosphere. The resulting porosity corresponds to the space occupied by the former ice crystals. It is found that for the development of such ceramic matrices, homogenization of the suspension and particle size of ceramic fillers is fundamental to guarantee the stability of the suspension during filament winding and to control growth of ice crystals during freezing. Composites are then manufactured and their physical, thermo-physical and mechanical properties are tested with focus on interlaminar properties. The combination of filament winding with freeze gelation is successfully demonstrated. Homogeneous impregnation of fiber filaments in achieved when mullite or alumina are used as fillers, nevertheless a better mechanical performance of the composites manufactured with alumina matrix is observed. As mullite matrix composites need higher temperatures for mullite formation their mechanical strength, especially under interlaminar loadings, is reduced.Compósitos de cerâmica oxida são materiais promissores para aplicações em ambientes de aplicações extremas onde resistência a altas temperaturas combinadas a cargas mecânicas sob oxidação e/ ou corrosão são necessárias. Tais aplicações são, por exemplo, turbinas a gás, sistemas de proteção térmica e mísseis de alta velocidade. A fim de cumprir esses requisitos, matrizes de cerâmica oxida devem ser desenvolvidos para a manufatura de compósitos com fibras cerâmicas. Neste trabalho, compósitos de cerâmica oxida foram desenvolvidos através da combinação das vantagens do processo coloidal para a fabricação de uma matriz cerâmica oxida com as vantagens de uma técnica robotizada (filament winding) para infiltração da suspensão coloidal (sol gel) nas fibras cerâmicas. O compósito é consolidado através da gelificação da suspensão por congelamento. Usando a técnica do sol gel e o processo de gelificação por congelamento, matrizes cerâmicas com mulita ou alumina como carga foram desenvolvidas e infiltradas em fibras cerâmicas oxidas (NextelTM 610, 3000 denier, proteção orgânica) usando uma técnica para infiltração de filamentos chamada “filament winding”. Diretamente após infiltração e montagem, o compósito é congelado e consolidado devido a transição da solução em gel. Depois de consolidado, o material é secado e os cristais de gelo formados durante o congelamento do material são evaporados, por fim o compósito é sinterizado em atmosfera normal. A porosidade resultante no compósito corresponde ao espaço ocupado pelos antigos cristais de gelo. Verificou-se que, para o desenvolvimento de tais matrizes cerâmicas, homogeneização da suspensão e tamanho de partícula dos elementos de carga é fundamental para garantir a estabilidade da suspensão cerâmica durante seu processamento. Os compósitos fabricados e suas propriedades físicas, termomecânicas e mecânicas são testadas com ênfase nas propriedades interlaminares do compósito. A combinação do processo de gelificação com o “filament winding” foi demonstrada com sucesso. Impregnação homogênea dos filamentos de fibras é alcançado independentemente da matriz cerâmica usada, no entanto, um melhor desempenho mecânico dos compósitos com carga de alumina é observado. Isso ocorre, pois, os compósitos com mulita necessitam de temperaturas de sinterização mais elevadas para elevar sua resistência e propriedades interlaminares, dadas ao compósito pela matriz cerâmica

Metagenomic characterisation of the gastrointestinal virome of neonatal pigs

Microorganisms that colonise the gastrointestinal tract are responsible for a large portion of the genetic diversity of the body. These microorganisms are of bacterial, archaeal and viral origin. The living space of these microorganisms, the microbiome, holds numerous interactions both between each other and the host. The viral part of the microbiome, the virome, consists of a multitude of virus species. These viruses infect and modulate cells from all three domains of life. Even though viruses have been acknowledged for their abilities to induce disease in its host, knowledge about the total diversity of viruses within the virome, and the role it plays in health and disease, is so far scarce. It is thought that the virome co-evolved with the host and that its establishment in mammals occurs early in life. The virome can be studied by the use of viral metagenomics, the study of all viral genetic material within a sample. Viral metagenomics was used in this thesis to generate datasets for comparative metagenomics. These datasets were then used for disease investigation and to compare similarities in the viromes of two mammalian species, pigs and humans. This thesis establishes a methodological framework for studying the virome in mammals, by use of viral metagenomics. A methodology for amplifying the metagenome prior to sequencing was assessed and a software for bioinformatics analysis of viral metagenomes was developed. With the methodologies developed herein, the eukaryotic virome of neonatal piglets suffering from diarrhoea was investigated. Several known enteric viruses were detected using viral metagenomics on healthy and diarrhoeic neonatal piglets. However, no virus was present exclusively within sick or healthy piglets and no virologial cause could be established for the neonatal diarrhoea. Comparative viral metagenomics was also used to establish if similarities existed between neonates of porcine and human origin, as well as between adults and neonates. Similarities were detected between adults of both species, who seems to be sharing a considerable part of their virome. There was also a notable difference between neonatal viromes and adult viromes, further supporting established theories about diversification over time of the virome

Digital Humanities and Digital Media: Conversations on Politics, Culture, Aesthetics and Literacy

There is no doubt that we live in exciting times: Ours is the age of many ‘silent revolutions’ triggered by startups and research labs of big IT companies; revolutions that quietly and profoundly alter the world we live in. Another ten or five years, and self-tracking will be as normal and inevitable as having a Facebook account or a mobile phone. Our bodies, hooked to wearable devices sitting directly at or beneath the skin, will constantly transmit data to the big aggregation in the cloud. Permanent recording and automatic sharing will provide unabridged memory, both shareable and analyzable. The digitization of everything will allow for comprehensive quantification; predictive analytics and algorithmic regulation will prove themselves effective and indispensable ways to govern modern mass society. Given such prospects, it is neither too early to speculate on the possible futures of digital media nor too soon to remember how we expected it to develop ten, or twenty years ago. The observations shared in this book take the form of conversations about digital media and culture centered around four distinct thematic fields: politics and government, algorithm and censorship, art and aesthetics, as well as media literacy and education. Among the keywords discussed are: data mining, algorithmic regulation, sharing culture, filter bubble, distant reading, power browsing, deep attention, transparent reader, interactive art, participatory culture. The interviewees (mostly from the US, but also from France, Brazil, and Denmark) were given a set of common questions as well specific inquiries tailored to their individual areas of interest and expertise. As a result, the book both identifies different takes on the same issues and enables a diversity of perspectives when it comes to the interviewees’ particular concerns. Among the questions offered to everybody were: What is your favored neologism of digital media culture? If you could go back in history of new media and digital culture in order to prevent something from happening or somebody from doing something, what or who would it be? If you were a minister of education, what would you do about media literacy? What is the economic and political force of personalization and transparency in digital media and what is its personal and cultural cost? Other recurrent questions address the relationship between cyberspace and government, the Googlization, quantification and customization of everything, and the culture of sharing and transparency. The section on art and aesthetics evaluates the former hopes for hypertext and hyperfiction, the political facet of digital art, the transition from the “passive” to “active” and from “social” to “transparent reading”; the section on media literacy discusses the loss of deep reading, the prospect of “distant reading” and “algorithmic criticism” as well as the response of the university to the upheaval of new media and the expectations or misgivings towards the rise of the Digital Humanities

Okkultismus im Gehäuse

Where was the locus of parapsychology – the academic involvement with the occult – during the 20th century? In this first attempt at an international comparison, the authors examine various institutional venues, including private salons, academic societies, and universities, while also addressing prominent opponents. Essays on practical applications of parapsychology and cinematic presentations supplement their findings