396 research outputs found

    Joint Uplink and Downlink Coverage Analysis of Cellular-based RF-powered IoT Network

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    Ambient radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting has emerged as a promising solution for powering small devices and sensors in massive Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem due to its ubiquity and cost efficiency. In this paper, we study joint uplink and downlink coverage of cellular-based ambient RF energy harvesting IoT where the cellular network is assumed to be the only source of RF energy. We consider a time division-based approach for power and information transmission where each time-slot is partitioned into three sub-slots: (i) charging sub-slot during which the cellular base stations (BSs) act as RF chargers for the IoT devices, which then use the energy harvested in this sub-slot for information transmission and/or reception during the remaining two sub-slots, (ii) downlink sub-slot during which the IoT device receives information from the associated BS, and (iii) uplink sub-slot during which the IoT device transmits information to the associated BS. For this setup, we characterize the joint coverage probability, which is the joint probability of the events that the typical device harvests sufficient energy in the given time slot and is under both uplink and downlink signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) coverage with respect to its associated BS. This metric significantly generalizes the prior art on energy harvesting communications, which usually focused on downlink or uplink coverage separately. The key technical challenge is in handling the correlation between the amount of energy harvested in the charging sub-slot and the information signal quality (SINR) in the downlink and uplink sub-slots. Dominant BS-based approach is developed to derive tight approximation for this joint coverage probability. Several system design insights including comparison with regularly powered IoT network and throughput-optimal slot partitioning are also provided

    Heterogeneous cellular netwoks under diverse coupling and association criteria

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    Limiting the number of simultaneous active users does not affect the coverage and average symmetric binary rate but energy efficiency improves for its lower values, since the resources of the cell are distributed among less users, at the expense of an unfairer treatment as more users are kept inactive. It has been inspected that including more picocells has no worth for average rate and fairness under average criteria mainly due to the high difference of power between both tiers but energy efficiency slightly improves as more users get inactive. Cell range expansion bias reduces coverage but fairness is maximum for its mid-range values and the energy efficiency as well as the binary rate has improved much beyond those mid-range values. Finally, slight increment in fractional power control improves coverage and joint rate and provides better user fairness treatment. Our results show that for realistic path loss models, the decoupled DL/UL association does not improve the results sufficiently to compensate for the implementation difficulties it represents.Current networks are moving towards Heterogeneous Cellular Networks (HCN) arising from the combination of small cells with existing macrocells. The aim of this thesis is to analyze various performance indicators of heterogeneous cellular networks under diverse coupling and association criteria. We considered a two-tier heterogeneous cellular network with macro and pico BSs and UEs uniformly distributed. Realistic path loss models given by 3GPP have been taken into account for both macro and pico tiers. In this work, three association criteria were used to associate users to macro or a pico tier which include the coupled and decoupled association criteria. The coupled association criteria encompass nearest BS and maximum downlink average power whereas in decoupled association criteria, users were associated in DL by maximum average receive power and in UL by minimum path loss. Cell Range Expansion (CRE) and Fractional Power Control (FPC) techniques have been considered. The results showed a remarkable lack of independence and correlation between uplink and downlink coverage has been guessed even under independent Rayleigh fading. Simulation results showed that taking into account limits on the maximum spectral efficiency and on the number of simultaneous active users within a cell strongly modify the results on joint binary rate. It has been investigated that deploying a denser infrastructure by increasing the total number of BSs, not only improves coverage and average rates but also the energy efficiency and fairness

    Load balancing using cell range expansion in LTE advanced heterogeneous networks

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    The use of heterogeneous networks is on the increase, fueled by consumer demand for more data. The main objective of heterogeneous networks is to increase capacity. They offer solutions for efficient use of spectrum, load balancing and improvement of cell edge coverage amongst others. However, these solutions have inherent challenges such as inter-cell interference and poor mobility management. In heterogeneous networks there is transmit power disparity between macro cell and pico cell tiers, which causes load imbalance between the tiers. Due to the conventional user-cell association strategy, whereby users associate to a base station with the strongest received signal strength, few users associate to small cells compared to macro cells. To counter the effects of transmit power disparity, cell range expansion is used instead of the conventional strategy. The focus of our work is on load balancing using cell range expansion (CRE) and network utility optimization techniques to ensure fair sharing of load in a macro and pico cell LTE Advanced heterogeneous network. The aim is to investigate how to use an adaptive cell range expansion bias to optimize Pico cell coverage for load balancing. Reviewed literature points out several approaches to solve the load balancing problem in heterogeneous networks, which include, cell range expansion and utility function optimization. Then, we use cell range expansion, and logarithmic utility functions to design a load balancing algorithm. In the algorithm, user and base station associations are optimized by adapting CRE bias to pico base station load status. A price update mechanism based on a suboptimal solution of a network utility optimization problem is used to adapt the CRE bias. The price is derived from the load status of each pico base station. The performance of the algorithm was evaluated by means of an LTE MATLAB toolbox. Simulations were conducted according to 3GPP and ITU guidelines for modelling heterogeneous networks and propagation environment respectively. Compared to a static CRE configuration, the algorithm achieved more fairness in load distribution. Further, it achieved a better trade-off between cell edge and cell centre user throughputs. [Please note: this thesis file has been deferred until December 2016

    Green Networking in Cellular HetNets: A Unified Radio Resource Management Framework with Base Station ON/OFF Switching

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    In this paper, the problem of energy efficiency in cellular heterogeneous networks (HetNets) is investigated using radio resource and power management combined with the base station (BS) ON/OFF switching. The objective is to minimize the total power consumption of the network while satisfying the quality of service (QoS) requirements of each connected user. We consider the case of co-existing macrocell BS, small cell BSs, and private femtocell access points (FAPs). Three different network scenarios are investigated, depending on the status of the FAPs, i.e., HetNets without FAPs, HetNets with closed FAPs, and HetNets with semi-closed FAPs. A unified framework is proposed to simultaneously allocate spectrum resources to users in an energy efficient manner and switch off redundant small cell BSs. The high complexity dual decomposition technique is employed to achieve optimal solutions for the problem. A low complexity iterative algorithm is also proposed and its performances are compared to those of the optimal technique. The particularly interesting case of semi-closed FAPs, in which the FAPs accept to serve external users, achieves the highest energy efficiency due to increased degrees of freedom. In this paper, a cooperation scheme between FAPs and mobile operator is also investigated. The incentives for FAPs, e.g., renewable energy sharing and roaming prices, enabling cooperation are discussed to be considered as a useful guideline for inter-operator agreements.Comment: 15 pages, 9 Figures, IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 201

    User Attraction via Wireless Charging in Cellular Networks

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    A strong motivation of charging depleted battery can be an enabler for network capacity increase. In this light we propose a spatial attraction cellular network (SAN) consisting of macro cells overlaid with small cell base stations that wirelessly charge user batteries. Such a network makes battery depleting users move toward the vicinity of small cell base stations. With a fine adjustment of charging power, this user spatial attraction (SA) improves in spectral efficiency as well as load balancing. We jointly optimize both enhancements thanks to SA, and derive the corresponding optimal charging power in a closed form by using a stochastic geometric approach.Comment: to be presented in IEEE International Symposium on Modeling and Optimization in Mobile, Ad Hoc and Wireless Networks (WiOpt) Workshop on Green Networks (GREENNET) 2016, Arizona, USA (8 pages, 4 figures

    D13.2 Techniques and performance analysis on energy- and bandwidth-efficient communications and networking

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    Deliverable D13.2 del projecte europeu NEWCOM#The report presents the status of the research work of the various Joint Research Activities (JRA) in WP1.3 and the results that were developed up to the second year of the project. For each activity there is a description, an illustration of the adherence to and relevance with the identified fundamental open issues, a short presentation of the main results, and a roadmap for the future joint research. In the Annex, for each JRA, the main technical details on specific scientific activities are described in detail.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version
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