Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) for remote observation of precipitation

The design, development, and tests of the Advanced Microwave Precipitation Radiometer (AMPR) operating in the 10 to 85 GHz range specifically for precipitation retrieval and mesoscale storm system studies from a high altitude aircraft platform (i.e., ER-2) are described. The primary goals of AMPR are the exploitation of the scattering signal of precipitation at frequencies near 10, 19, 37, and 85 GHz together to unambiguously retrieve precipitation and storm structure and intensity information in support of proposed and planned space sensors in geostationary and low earth orbit, as well as storm-related field experiments. The development of AMPR will have an important impact on the interpretation of microwave radiances for rain retrievals over both land and ocean for the following reasons: (1) A scanning instrument, such as AMPR, will allow the unambiguous detection and analysis of features in two dimensional space, allowing an improved interpretation of signals in terms of cloud features, and microphysical and radiative processes; (2) AMPR will offer more accurate comparisons with ground-based radar data by feature matching since the navigation of the ER-2 platform can be expected to drift 3 to 4 km per hour of flight time; and (3) AMPR will allow underflights of the SSM/I satellite instrument with enough spatial coverage at the same frequencies to make meaningful comparisons of the data for precipitation studies

Software Development as an Antitrust Remedy: Lessons from the Enforcement of the Microsoft Communications Protocol Licensing Requirement

An important provision in each of the final judgments in the government\u27s Microsoft antitrust case requires Microsoft to make available to software developers the communications protocols that Windows client operating systems use to interoperate natively (that is, without adding software) with Microsoft server operating systems in corporate networks or over the Internet. The short-term goal of the provision is to allow developers, as licensees of the protocols, to write applications for non-Microsoft server operating systems that interoperate with Windows client computers in the same ways that applications written for Microsoft\u27s server operating systems interoperate with Windows clients. The long-term goal is to preserve, in the network context, the platform threat to the Windows monopoly that was the focus of the government\u27s theory of monopolization. The platform threat was the possibility that middleware, like Netscape\u27s browser or Sun\u27s Java technologies, might evolve into a platform for other applications and thus erode the applications barrier to entry that protects Windows. This was the threat that the courts held Microsoft illegally thwarted by its contracts and product design. The protocol licensing provision rests on the assumption that middleware running on servers might also pose a platform threat to the Windows monopoly of client operating systems. District Judge Kollar-Kotelly, in entering the final judgments, singled out this provision as the key to assuring that the other provisions do not become irrelevant as more applications move to servers in local networks or the Internet. The provision has, however, proven to be by far the most difficult to implement. We argue in this Article that the provision has not accomplished its purpose and that courts and policymakers can draw some hard lessons from the experience.[...] We begin our analysis by briefly describing the liability holdings and the ensuing remedial proceedings in the Microsoft litigation. In the process, we provide an overview of the final judgments and the reasoning the courts offered for upholding them and rejecting any broader relief. We then narrow our focus to the communications protocol licensing provision, explaining its history, requirements, rationale, and mechanism of enforcement. We then analyze the administration of the program from its inception in 2003 to the most recent joint status report. In the final part, we argue that the program has failed because it violates basic principles of remedial design and implementation in monopolization cases

Software Development as an Antitrust Remedy: Lessons from the Enforcement of the \u3ci\u3eMicrosoft\u3c/i\u3e Communications Protocol Licensing Requirement

An important provision in each of the final judgments in the government\u27s Microsoft antitrust case requires Microsoft to make available to software developers the communications protocols that Windows client operating systems use to interoperate natively (that is, without adding software) with Microsoft server operating systems in corporate networks or over the Internet. The short-term goal of the provision is to allow developers, as licensees of the protocols, to write applications for non-Microsoft server operating systems that interoperate with Windows client computers in the same ways that applications written for Microsoft\u27s server operating systems interoperate with Windows clients. The long-term goal is to preserve, in the network context, the platform threat to the Windows monopoly that was the focus of the government\u27s theory of monopolization. The platform threat was the possibility that middleware, like Netscape\u27s browser or Sun\u27s Java technologies, might evolve into a platform for other applications and thus erode the applications barrier to entry that protects Windows. This was the threat that the courts held Microsoft illegally thwarted by its contracts and product design. The protocol licensing provision rests on the assumption that middleware running on servers might also pose a platform threat to the Windows monopoly of client operating systems. District Judge Kollar-Kotelly, in entering the final judgments, singled out this provision as the key to assuring that the other provisions do not become irrelevant as more applications move to servers in local networks or the Internet. The provision has, however, proven to be by far the most difficult to implement. We argue in this Article that the provision has not accomplished its purpose and that courts and policymakers can draw some hard lessons from the experience

Software Development as an Antitrust Remedy: Lessons from the Enforcement of the Microsoft Communications Protocol Licensing Requirement

An important provision in each of the final judgments in the government\u27s Microsoft antitrust case requires Microsoft to make available to software developers the communications protocols that Windows client operating systems use to interoperate natively (that is, without adding software) with Microsoft server operating systems in corporate networks or over the Internet. The short-term goal of the provision is to allow developers, as licensees of the protocols, to write applications for non-Microsoft server operating systems that interoperate with Windows client computers in the same ways that applications written for Microsoft\u27s server operating systems interoperate with Windows clients. The long-term goal is to preserve, in the network context, the platform threat to the Windows monopoly that was the focus of the government\u27s theory of monopolization. The platform threat was the possibility that middleware, like Netscape\u27s browser or Sun\u27s Java technologies, might evolve into a platform for other applications and thus erode the applications barrier to entry that protects Windows. This was the threat that the courts held Microsoft illegally thwarted by its contracts and product design. The protocol licensing provision rests on the assumption that middleware running on servers might also pose a platform threat to the Windows monopoly of client operating systems. District Judge Kollar-Kotelly, in entering the final judgments, singled out this provision as the key to assuring that the other provisions do not become irrelevant as more applications move to servers in local networks or the Internet. The provision has, however, proven to be by far the most difficult to implement. We argue in this Article that the provision has not accomplished its purpose and that courts and policymakers can draw some hard lessons from the experience.[...] We begin our analysis by briefly describing the liability holdings and the ensuing remedial proceedings in the Microsoft litigation. In the process, we provide an overview of the final judgments and the reasoning the courts offered for upholding them and rejecting any broader relief. We then narrow our focus to the communications protocol licensing provision, explaining its history, requirements, rationale, and mechanism of enforcement. We then analyze the administration of the program from its inception in 2003 to the most recent joint status report. In the final part, we argue that the program has failed because it violates basic principles of remedial design and implementation in monopolization cases

Trial Publication after Registration in ClinicalTrials.Gov: A Cross-Sectional Analysis

Joseph Ross and colleagues examine publication rates of clinical trials and find low rates of publication even following registration in Clinicaltrials.gov

The Great Condom Adventure: Analyzing College Students’ Narratives of Buying Condoms

This project analyzes college students’ narratives buying condoms. Research suggests young persons do not consistently use condoms, and this study will provide an in-depth analysis to students affect toward condoms. We analyzed narratives written by 115 undergraduate students of their condom buying experiences. The vast majority of the students’ narratives about their condom buying experience fit a common framework, with elements including: preplanning, walking in the store, looking inconspicuous while wandering, finding the “hidden” condom location, making their selection, carrying and hiding the condoms, selecting a cashier and rushing through checkout, anticipating ridicule, and walking out of the store. Research indicates that the majority of college-aged persons are sexually active and do not always use protection. We speculate that the negative emotions associated with buying condoms, as repeated in their narratives, may contribute to young people inconsistent use of contraception

Insomnia symptoms and risk of bloodstream infections : prospective data from the prospective population-based Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT), Norway

publishedVersio

The Great Condom Adventure: Analyzing College Students’ Narratives of Buying Condoms

This project analyzes college students’ narratives buying condoms. Research suggests young persons do not consistently use condoms, and this study will provide an in-depth analysis to students affect toward condoms. We analyzed narratives written by 115 undergraduate students of their condom buying experiences. The vast majority of the students’ narratives about their condom buying experience fit a common framework, with elements including: preplanning, walking in the store, looking inconspicuous while wandering, finding the “hidden” condom location, making their selection, carrying and hiding the condoms, selecting a cashier and rushing through checkout, anticipating ridicule, and walking out of the store. Research indicates that the majority of college-aged persons are sexually active and do not always use protection. We speculate that the negative emotions associated with buying condoms, as repeated in their narratives, may contribute to young people inconsistent use of contraception

Cluster analysis using physical performance and self-report measures to identify shoulder injury in overhead female athletes

Objectives To evaluate the diagnostic validity of the Kerlan-Jobe orthopedic clinic shoulder and elbow score (KJOC) and the Closed kinetic upper extremity stability test (CKCUEST) to assess functional impairments associated with shoulder injury in overhead female athletic populations. Design Cross-sectional design. Methods Thirty-four synchronized swimming and team handball female athletes completed the KJOC and the CKCUEST during their respective team selection trials. Unsupervised learning using k-means algorithm was used on collected data to perform group clustering and classify athletes as Injured or Not Injured. Odds ratios, likelihood ratios, sensitivity and specificity were computed based on the self-reported presence of shoulder injury at the time of testing or during the previous year. Results Seven of the 34 athletes were injured or had suffered a time-loss injury in the previous year, representing a 20.5% prevalence rate. Clustering method using KJOC data resulted in a sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 100% and a 229.67 diagnostic odds ratio. Clustering method using CKCUEST data resulted in a sensitivity of 86%, a specificity of 37% and a 3.53 diagnostic odds ratio. Conclusions KJOC had good diagnostic validity to assess shoulder function and differentiate between injured and non-injured elite synchronized swimming and team handball female athletes. The CKCUEST seemed to be a poor screening test but may be an interesting test to evaluate functional upper extremity strength and plyometric capacity. Unsupervised learning methods allow to make decisions based on numerous variables which is an advantage when considering the usually substantial overlap in screening test scores between high- and low-risk athletes