Performance Comparison of Dual Connectivity and Hard Handover for LTE-5G Tight Integration in mmWave Cellular Networks

MmWave communications are expected to play a major role in the Fifth generation of mobile networks. They offer a potential multi-gigabit throughput and an ultra-low radio latency, but at the same time suffer from high isotropic pathloss, and a coverage area much smaller than the one of LTE macrocells. In order to address these issues, highly directional beamforming and a very high-density deployment of mmWave base stations were proposed. This Thesis aims to improve the reliability and performance of the 5G network by studying its tight and seamless integration with the current LTE cellular network. In particular, the LTE base stations can provide a coverage layer for 5G mobile terminals, because they operate on microWave frequencies, which are less sensitive to blockage and have a lower pathloss. This document is a copy of the Master's Thesis carried out by Mr. Michele Polese under the supervision of Dr. Marco Mezzavilla and Prof. Michele Zorzi. It will propose an LTE-5G tight integration architecture, based on mobile terminals' dual connectivity to LTE and 5G radio access networks, and will evaluate which are the new network procedures that will be needed to support it. Moreover, this new architecture will be implemented in the ns-3 simulator, and a thorough simulation campaign will be conducted in order to evaluate its performance, with respect to the baseline of handover between LTE and 5G.Comment: Master's Thesis carried out by Mr. Michele Polese under the supervision of Dr. Marco Mezzavilla and Prof. Michele Zorz

5G URLLC를 위한 저지연 통신 프로토콜

학위논문(박사)--서울대학교 대학원 :공과대학 전기·컴퓨터공학부,2020. 2. 심병효.2020년 IMT 비전에 따르면 5 세대 (5G) 이동 통신 서비스는 eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband), mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communication) 및 URLLC (Ultra Reliability and Low Latency Communication)의 세 가지 서비스로 분류된다. 낮은 지연 시간과 높은 신뢰도를 동시에 보장하는 것은 실시간 서비스 및 응용 프로그램의 상용화를 위하여 필요한 핵심 기술이고, 3 개의 5G 서비스 중 URLLC는 가장 어려운 시나리오로 여겨지고 있다. 본 학위 논문에서는 URLLC 서비스를 지원하기 위해 다음과 같은 3가지 저지연 통신 프로토콜을 제안한다: (i) 2-way 핸드쉐이크 기반 랜덤 액세스, (ii) Fast Grant Multiple Access 및 (iii) UE가 시작하는 핸드 오버 방식. 첫째, 5G에서 목표로 하는 성능 지표는 데이터 전송률의 증가뿐만 아니라 지연 시간을 감소시키는 것도 포함하고 있다. 현재 LTE-Advanced 시스템은 랜덤 액세스 및 상향 링크 전송 절차에서 4개의 메시지 교환을 필요로하고, 이는 높은 지연 시간을 야기한다. 본 논문에서는 이러한 지연 시간을 효과적으로 줄이기 위하여 2-way 랜덤 액세스 방식을 제안한다. 제안한 2-way 랜덤 액세스 기술은 프리앰블의 수를 증가시킴으로써 해당 절차를 완료하는데 단 2개의 메시지 만 필요하다. 우리는 이러한 프리앰블을 생성하고 활용하는 방법을 연구했고, 다양한 시뮬레이션을 통하여 제안한 랜덤 액세스 방식이 기존 기술과 비교하여 지연 시간을 최대 43% 줄이는 것 을 확인했다. 또한 제안한 랜덤 액세스는 계산 복잡도가 약간 증가하지만, 네트워크 로드는 기존 기술에 비해 절반 이상 감소한다. 둘째,원격 동작,자율 주행,몰입형 가상 현실 등과 같은 다양한 미션 크리티컬 어플리케이션이 등장하고 있다. 다양한 URLLC 트래픽은 다양한 지연 시간 및 신뢰도 수준을 요구 사항으로 가지고 있고, 이와 함께 필요한 데이터 크기 및 패킷의 발생율 등의 측면에서 다양한 특성을 가지고 있다. 미션 크리티컬 애플리케이션의 다양한 요구 사항을 지원하기 위해 상향 링크 전송에 중점을 둔 FGMA(Fast Grant Multiple Access)를 제안했다. FGMA는 승인 제어 알고리즘, 동적 프리앰블 구조, 상향 링크 스케줄링 및 적응적 대역폭 조절의 네 가지 부분으로 구성된다. FGMA에서는 지연 시간을 최소화 하는 방향으로 자원 할당을 한다. 이 방법을 활용하면 적응적 대역폭 조절 알고리즘을 통해 지연 시간 요구 사항이 다른 트래픽의 불균형을 완화 시킬 수 있다. 또한 승인 제어 알고리즘을 통해 FGMA 시스템에 이미 승인된 모든 UE들에 대한 요구 사항을 항상 보장한다. FGMA는 시간에 따라 변하는 환경에서도 UE의 QoS 요구 사항을 효율적으로 보장한다는 것을 확인 할 수 있다. 마지막으로, 소형 셀은 셀룰러 서비스 범위를 개선하고 시스템 용량을 향상 시 키고, 많은 수의 무선 단말을 지원하는 핵심 기술로 떠오르고 있다. 하지만 셀의 서비스 범위의 감소는 빈번한 핸드오버를 유도하기 때문에, 효과적인 핸드오버 방식이URLLC 애플리케이션을 지원하기 위해서 필요하다. 따라서, URLLC서비스를 요구하는 이동성이 있는 UE를 서비스하기 위해 적응적 핸드오버 파라미터를 선택 및 단말의 동작을 미리 준비해 놓는 방식을 적용한 단말이 시작하는 핸드오버 방식을 제안한다. 시뮬레이션 결과는 제안한 핸드오버가 수율을 향상시킴과 동시에 저지연을 달성하는 것을 확인 할 수 있다. 본 논몬을 간략히 요약하면 지연 시간의 종류를 랜덤 액세스 지연 시간, 상향 링크 데이터 전송 지연 시간 및 핸드오버 지연 시간과 같이 3가지로 구분하였다. 3가지 종류의 지연 시간에 대해서 각각 저지연을 달성 할 수 있는 프로토콜과 알고리즘을 제안하였다.According to IMT vision for 2020, the fifth generation (5G) wireless services are classified into three categories, namely, Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type Communication (mMTC), and Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communication (URLLC). Among three 5G service categories, URLLC is considered as the most challenging scenario. Thus, ensuring the latency and reliability is a key to the success of real-time services and applications. In this dissertation, we propose the following three latency reduction protocols to support the URLLC services: (i)2-way handshake-based random access, (ii) Fast grant multiple access, and (iii) UE-initiated handover scheme. First, the performance target includes not only increasing data rate, but also reducing latency in 5G cellular networks. The current LTE-Advanced systems require four message exchanges in the random access and uplink transmission procedure, thus inducing high latency. We propose a 2-way random access scheme which effectively reduces the latency. The proposed 2-way random access requires only two messages to complete the procedure at the cost of increased number of preambles. We study how to generate such preambles and how to utilize them. According to extensive simulation results, the proposed random access scheme significantly outperforms conventional schemes by reducing latency by up to 43%. We also demonstrate that computational complexity slightly increases in the proposed scheme, while network load is reduced more than a half compared to the conventional schemes. Second, various mission-critical applications are emerging such as teleoperation, autonomous driving, immersive virtual reality, and so on. A variety of URLLC traffic has various characteristics in terms of required data sizes and arrival rates with a variety of requirements of latency and reliability. To support the various requirements of the mission-critical applications, We propose a fast grant multiple access (FGMA) focusing on the uplink transmission. FGMA consists of four important parts, namely, admission control, dynamic preamble structure, the uplink scheduling, and bandwidth adaptation. The latency minimization scheduling policy is adopted in FGMA. Taking advantage of this method, the bandwidth adaptation algorithm makes even for the imbalanced arrival of the traffic requiring different latency requirements. With the proposed admission control, FGMA guarantee the requirements to all admitted UEs in the systems. We observe that the proposed FGMA efficiently guarantee the QoS requirements of the UEs even with the dynamic time-varying environment. Finally, small cells are considered a promising solution for improving cellular coverage, enhancing system capacity and supporting the massive number of things. Reduction of the cell coverage induced the frequent handover, so that the effective handover scheme is of importance in the presence of the URLLC applications. Thus, we propose a UE-initiated handover to deal with the mobile UEs requiring URLLC services taking into account the adaptive handover parameter selection and the logic of preparing in advance. The simulation results show that the proposed handover enhances the throughput performance as well as achieving low latency. In summary, we identify interesting problem in terms of latency. We classify three latency, random access latency, data transmission latency, and handover latency. With compelling protocols and algorithms, we resolve the above three problems.1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Main Contributions 2 1.2.1 Low Latency Random Access for Small Cell Toward Future Cellular Networks 2 1.2.2 Fast Grant Multiple Access in Large-Scale Antenna Systems for URLLC Services 3 1.2.3 UE-initiated Handover for Low Latency Communications 4 1.3 Organization of the Dissertation 4 2 Low Latency Random Access for Small Cell Toward Future Cellular Networks 6 2.1 Introduction 6 2.2 Related Work 9 2.3 Random Access and Uplink Transmission Procedure in LTE-A 11 2.3.1 Random Access in LTE-A 12 2.3.2 Uplink Transmission Procedure 14 2.3.3 Latency Issue in LTE-A 15 2.4 Proposed Random Access 16 2.4.1 Key Idea . 17 2.4.2 Proposed Preamble and Categorization 18 2.5 Preamble Sequence Analysis 23 2.5.1 Preamble Sequence Generation in LTE-A 23 2.5.2 Proposed Preamble Sequence Generation 25 2.5.3 Proposed Preamble Detection 26 2.6 Performance Evaluation 31 2.6.1 Network Latency 32 2.6.2 One-way Latency 33 2.6.3 Network Load 36 2.6.4 Computational Complexity 37 2.7 Conclusion 39 3 Fast Grant Multiple Access in Large-Scale Antenna Systems for URLLC Services 40 3.1 Introduction 40 3.2 Related Work 43 3.3 System Model 44 3.3.1 QoS Information and Service Category 45 3.3.2 Channel Structure 47 3.3.3 Frame Structure 48 3.4 Fast Grant Multiple Access 49 3.4.1 The Uplink Scheduling Policy 51 3.4.2 Dynamic Preamble Structure 53 3.4.3 Admission Control 54 3.4.4 Bandwidth Adaptation 55 3.5 Performance Evaluation 57 3.5.1 Impact of admission control 59 3.5.2 Impact of bandwidth adaptation 61 3.5.3 FGMA performance 62 3.6 Conclusion 64 4 UE-initiated Handover for Low Latency Communications 67 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Background and Motivation 69 4.2.1 Handover Decision Principle 69 4.2.2 Handover Procedure 70 4.2.3 Summary of the latency issues 72 4.3 UE-initiated Handover 73 4.3.1 The proposed handover design principles 73 4.3.2 The proposed handover procedure 75 4.4 Performance Evaluation 77 4.4.1 Low mobility environment 77 4.4.2 Low mobility environment 78 4.4.3 High mobility environment 80 4.5 Conclusion 82 5 ConcludingRemarks 84 5.1 Research Contributions 84 Abstract (InKorean) 92Docto

Towards Massive Machine Type Communications in Ultra-Dense Cellular IoT Networks: Current Issues and Machine Learning-Assisted Solutions

The ever-increasing number of resource-constrained Machine-Type Communication (MTC) devices is leading to the critical challenge of fulfilling diverse communication requirements in dynamic and ultra-dense wireless environments. Among different application scenarios that the upcoming 5G and beyond cellular networks are expected to support, such as eMBB, mMTC and URLLC, mMTC brings the unique technical challenge of supporting a huge number of MTC devices, which is the main focus of this paper. The related challenges include QoS provisioning, handling highly dynamic and sporadic MTC traffic, huge signalling overhead and Radio Access Network (RAN) congestion. In this regard, this paper aims to identify and analyze the involved technical issues, to review recent advances, to highlight potential solutions and to propose new research directions. First, starting with an overview of mMTC features and QoS provisioning issues, we present the key enablers for mMTC in cellular networks. Along with the highlights on the inefficiency of the legacy Random Access (RA) procedure in the mMTC scenario, we then present the key features and channel access mechanisms in the emerging cellular IoT standards, namely, LTE-M and NB-IoT. Subsequently, we present a framework for the performance analysis of transmission scheduling with the QoS support along with the issues involved in short data packet transmission. Next, we provide a detailed overview of the existing and emerging solutions towards addressing RAN congestion problem, and then identify potential advantages, challenges and use cases for the applications of emerging Machine Learning (ML) techniques in ultra-dense cellular networks. Out of several ML techniques, we focus on the application of low-complexity Q-learning approach in the mMTC scenarios. Finally, we discuss some open research challenges and promising future research directions.Comment: 37 pages, 8 figures, 7 tables, submitted for a possible future publication in IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorial

Enabling Technologies for Ultra-Reliable and Low Latency Communications: From PHY and MAC Layer Perspectives

© 1998-2012 IEEE. Future 5th generation networks are expected to enable three key services-enhanced mobile broadband, massive machine type communications and ultra-reliable and low latency communications (URLLC). As per the 3rd generation partnership project URLLC requirements, it is expected that the reliability of one transmission of a 32 byte packet will be at least 99.999% and the latency will be at most 1 ms. This unprecedented level of reliability and latency will yield various new applications, such as smart grids, industrial automation and intelligent transport systems. In this survey we present potential future URLLC applications, and summarize the corresponding reliability and latency requirements. We provide a comprehensive discussion on physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layer techniques that enable URLLC, addressing both licensed and unlicensed bands. This paper evaluates the relevant PHY and MAC techniques for their ability to improve the reliability and reduce the latency. We identify that enabling long-term evolution to coexist in the unlicensed spectrum is also a potential enabler of URLLC in the unlicensed band, and provide numerical evaluations. Lastly, this paper discusses the potential future research directions and challenges in achieving the URLLC requirements

LTE Optimization and Resource Management in Wireless Heterogeneous Networks

Mobile communication technology is evolving with a great pace. The development of the Long Term Evolution (LTE) mobile system by 3GPP is one of the milestones in this direction. This work highlights a few areas in the LTE radio access network where the proposed innovative mechanisms can substantially improve overall LTE system performance. In order to further extend the capacity of LTE networks, an integration with the non-3GPP networks (e.g., WLAN, WiMAX etc.) is also proposed in this work. Moreover, it is discussed how bandwidth resources should be managed in such heterogeneous networks. The work has purposed a comprehensive system architecture as an overlay of the 3GPP defined SAE architecture, effective resource management mechanisms as well as a Linear Programming based analytical solution for the optimal network resource allocation problem. In addition, alternative computationally efficient heuristic based algorithms have also been designed to achieve near-optimal performance

Cellular networks for smart grid communication

The next-generation electric power system, known as smart grid, relies on a robust and reliable underlying communication infrastructure to improve the efficiency of electricity distribution. Cellular networks, e.g., LTE/LTE-A systems, appear as a promising technology to facilitate the smart grid evolution. Their inherent performance characteristics and well-established ecosystem could potentially unlock unprecedented use cases, enabling real-time and autonomous distribution grid operations. However, cellular technology was not originally intended for smart grid communication, associated with highly-reliable message exchange and massive device connectivity requirements. The fundamental differences between smart grid and human-type communication challenge the classical design of cellular networks and introduce important research questions that have not been sufficiently addressed so far. Motivated by these challenges, this doctoral thesis investigates novel radio access network (RAN) design principles and performance analysis for the seamless integration of smart grid traffic in future cellular networks. Specifically, we focus on addressing the fundamental RAN problems of network scalability in massive smart grid deployments and radio resource management for smart grid and human-type traffic. The main objective of the thesis lies on the design, analysis and performance evaluation of RAN mechanisms that would render cellular networks the key enabler for emerging smart grid applications. The first part of the thesis addresses the radio access limitations in LTE-based networks for reliable and scalable smart grid communication. We first identify the congestion problem in LTE random access that arises in large-scale smart grid deployments. To overcome this, a novel random access mechanism is proposed that can efficiently support real-time distribution automation services with negligible impact on the background traffic. Motivated by the stringent reliability requirements of various smart grid operations, we then develop an analytical model of the LTE random access procedure that allows us to assess the performance of event-based monitoring traffic under various load conditions and network configurations. We further extend our analysis to include the relation between the cell size and the availability of orthogonal random access resources and we identify an additional challenge for reliable smart grid connectivity. To this end, we devise an interference- and load-aware cell planning mechanism that enhances reliability in substation automation services. Finally, we couple the problem of state estimation in wide-area monitoring systems with the reliability challenges in information acquisition. Using our developed analytical framework, we quantify the impact of imperfect communication reliability in the state estimation accuracy and we provide useful insights for the design of reliability-aware state estimators. The second part of the thesis builds on the previous one and focuses on the RAN problem of resource scheduling and sharing for smart grid and human-type traffic. We introduce a novel scheduler that achieves low latency for distribution automation traffic while resource allocation is performed in a way that keeps the degradation of cellular users at a minimum level. In addition, we investigate the benefits of Device-to-Device (D2D) transmission mode for event-based message exchange in substation automation scenarios. We design a joint mode selection and resource allocation mechanism which results in higher data rates with respect to the conventional transmission mode via the base station. An orthogonal resource partition scheme between cellular and D2D links is further proposed to prevent the underutilization of the scarce cellular spectrum. The research findings of this thesis aim to deliver novel solutions to important RAN performance issues that arise when cellular networks support smart grid communication.Las redes celulares, p.e., los sistemas LTE/LTE-A, aparecen como una tecnología prometedora para facilitar la evolución de la próxima generación del sistema eléctrico de potencia, conocido como smart grid (SG). Sin embargo, la tecnología celular no fue pensada originalmente para las comunicaciones en la SG, asociadas con el intercambio fiable de mensajes y con requisitos de conectividad de un número masivo de dispositivos. Las diferencias fundamentales entre las comunicaciones en la SG y la comunicación de tipo humano desafían el diseño clásico de las redes celulares e introducen importantes cuestiones de investigación que hasta ahora no se han abordado suficientemente. Motivada por estos retos, esta tesis doctoral investiga los principios de diseño y analiza el rendimiento de una nueva red de acceso radio (RAN) que permita una integración perfecta del tráfico de la SG en las redes celulares futuras. Nos centramos en los problemas fundamentales de escalabilidad de la RAN en despliegues de SG masivos, y en la gestión de los recursos radio para la integración del tráfico de la SG con el tráfico de tipo humano. El objetivo principal de la tesis consiste en el diseño, el análisis y la evaluación del rendimiento de los mecanismos de las RAN que convertirán a las redes celulares en el elemento clave para las aplicaciones emergentes de las SGs. La primera parte de la tesis aborda las limitaciones del acceso radio en redes LTE para la comunicación fiable y escalable en SGs. En primer lugar, identificamos el problema de congestión en el acceso aleatorio de LTE que aparece en los despliegues de SGs a gran escala. Para superar este problema, se propone un nuevo mecanismo de acceso aleatorio que permite soportar de forma eficiente los servicios de automatización de la distribución eléctrica en tiempo real, con un impacto insignificante en el tráfico de fondo. Motivados por los estrictos requisitos de fiabilidad de las diversas operaciones en la SG, desarrollamos un modelo analítico del procedimiento de acceso aleatorio de LTE que nos permite evaluar el rendimiento del tráfico de monitorización de la red eléctrica basado en eventos bajo diversas condiciones de carga y configuraciones de red. Además, ampliamos nuestro análisis para incluir la relación entre el tamaño de celda y la disponibilidad de recursos de acceso aleatorio ortogonales, e identificamos un reto adicional para la conectividad fiable en la SG. Con este fin, diseñamos un mecanismo de planificación celular que tiene en cuenta las interferencias y la carga de la red, y que mejora la fiabilidad en los servicios de automatización de las subestaciones eléctricas. Finalmente, combinamos el problema de la estimación de estado en sistemas de monitorización de redes eléctricas de área amplia con los retos de fiabilidad en la adquisición de la información. Utilizando el modelo analítico desarrollado, cuantificamos el impacto de la baja fiabilidad en las comunicaciones sobre la precisión de la estimación de estado. La segunda parte de la tesis se centra en el problema de scheduling y compartición de recursos en la RAN para el tráfico de SG y el tráfico de tipo humano. Presentamos un nuevo scheduler que proporciona baja latencia para el tráfico de automatización de la distribución eléctrica, mientras que la asignación de recursos se realiza de un modo que mantiene la degradación de los usuarios celulares en un nivel mínimo. Además, investigamos los beneficios del modo de transmisión Device-to-Device (D2D) en el intercambio de mensajes basados en eventos en escenarios de automatización de subestaciones eléctricas. Diseñamos un mecanismo conjunto de asignación de recursos y selección de modo que da como resultado tasas de datos más elevadas con respecto al modo de transmisión convencional a través de la estación base. Finalmente, se propone un esquema de partición de recursos ortogonales entre enlaces celulares y D2Postprint (published version

A comprehensive simulation analysis of LTE Discontinuous Reception (DRX)

In an LTE cell, Discontinuous Reception (DRX) allows the central base station to configure User Equipments for periodic wake/sleep cycles, so as to save energy. DRX operations depend on several parameters, which can be tuned to achieve optimal performance with different traffic profiles (i.e., CBR vs. bursty, periodic vs. sporadic, etc.). This work investigates how to configure these parameters and explores the trade-off between power saving, on one side, and per-user QoS, on the other. Unlike previous work, chiefly based on analytical models neglecting key aspects of LTE, our evaluation is carried out via simulation. We use a fully-fledged packet simulator, which includes models of all the protocol stack, the applications and the relevant QoS metrics, and employ factorial analysis to assess the impact of the many simulation factors in a statistically rigorous way. This allows us to analyze a wider spectrum of scenarios, assessing the interplay of the LTE mechanisms and DRX, and to derive configuration guidelines

Quality of service differentiation for multimedia delivery in wireless LANs

Delivering multimedia content to heterogeneous devices over a variable networking environment while maintaining high quality levels involves many technical challenges. The research reported in this thesis presents a solution for Quality of Service (QoS)-based service differentiation when delivering multimedia content over the wireless LANs. This thesis has three major contributions outlined below: 1. A Model-based Bandwidth Estimation algorithm (MBE), which estimates the available bandwidth based on novel TCP and UDP throughput models over IEEE 802.11 WLANs. MBE has been modelled, implemented, and tested through simulations and real life testing. In comparison with other bandwidth estimation techniques, MBE shows better performance in terms of error rate, overhead, and loss. 2. An intelligent Prioritized Adaptive Scheme (iPAS), which provides QoS service differentiation for multimedia delivery in wireless networks. iPAS assigns dynamic priorities to various streams and determines their bandwidth share by employing a probabilistic approach-which makes use of stereotypes. The total bandwidth to be allocated is estimated using MBE. The priority level of individual stream is variable and dependent on stream-related characteristics and delivery QoS parameters. iPAS can be deployed seamlessly over the original IEEE 802.11 protocols and can be included in the IEEE 802.21 framework in order to optimize the control signal communication. iPAS has been modelled, implemented, and evaluated via simulations. The results demonstrate that iPAS achieves better performance than the equal channel access mechanism over IEEE 802.11 DCF and a service differentiation scheme on top of IEEE 802.11e EDCA, in terms of fairness, throughput, delay, loss, and estimated PSNR. Additionally, both objective and subjective video quality assessment have been performed using a prototype system. 3. A QoS-based Downlink/Uplink Fairness Scheme, which uses the stereotypes-based structure to balance the QoS parameters (i.e. throughput, delay, and loss) between downlink and uplink VoIP traffic. The proposed scheme has been modelled and tested through simulations. The results show that, in comparison with other downlink/uplink fairness-oriented solutions, the proposed scheme performs better in terms of VoIP capacity and fairness level between downlink and uplink traffic

Quality of service aware data dissemination in vehicular Ad Hoc networks

Des systèmes de transport intelligents (STI) seront éventuellement fournis dans un proche avenir pour la sécurité et le confort des personnes lors de leurs déplacements sur les routes. Les réseaux ad-hoc véhiculaires (VANETs) représentent l'élément clé des STI. Les VANETs sont formés par des véhicules qui communiquent entre eux et avec l'infrastructure. En effet, les véhicules pourront échanger des messages qui comprennent, par exemple, des informations sur la circulation routière, les situations d'urgence et les divertissements. En particulier, les messages d'urgence sont diffusés par des véhicules en cas d'urgence (p.ex. un accident de voiture); afin de permettre aux conducteurs de réagir à temps (p.ex., ralentir), les messages d'urgence doivent être diffusés de manière fiable dans un délai très court. Dans les VANETs, il existe plusieurs facteurs, tels que le canal à pertes, les terminaux cachés, les interférences et la bande passante limitée, qui compliquent énormément la satisfaction des exigences de fiabilité et de délai des messages d'urgence. Dans cette thèse, en guise de première contribution, nous proposons un schéma de diffusion efficace à plusieurs sauts, appelé Dynamic Partitioning Scheme (DPS), pour diffuser les messages d'urgence. DPS calcule les tailles de partitions dynamiques et le calendrier de transmission pour chaque partition; à l'intérieur de la zone arrière de l'expéditeur, les partitions sont calculées de sorte qu'en moyenne chaque partition contient au moins un seul véhicule; l'objectif est de s'assurer que seul un véhicule dans la partition la plus éloignée (de l'expéditeur) est utilisé pour diffuser le message, jusqu'au saut suivant; ceci donne lieu à un délai d'un saut plus court. DPS assure une diffusion rapide des messages d'urgence. En outre, un nouveau mécanisme d'établissement de liaison, qui utilise des tonalités occupées, est proposé pour résoudre le problème du problème de terminal caché. Dans les VANETs, la Multidiffusion, c'est-à-dire la transmission d'un message d'une source à un nombre limité de véhicules connus en tant que destinations, est très importante. Par rapport à la diffusion unique, avec Multidiffusion, la source peut simultanément prendre en charge plusieurs destinations, via une arborescence de multidiffusion, ce qui permet d'économiser de la bande passante et de réduire la congestion du réseau. Cependant, puisque les VANETs ont une topologie dynamique, le maintien de la connectivité de l'arbre de multidiffusion est un problème majeur. Comme deuxième contribution, nous proposons deux approches pour modéliser l'utilisation totale de bande passante d'une arborescence de multidiffusion: (i) la première approche considère le nombre de segments de route impliqués dans l'arbre de multidiffusion et (ii) la seconde approche considère le nombre d'intersections relais dans l'arbre de multidiffusion. Une heuristique est proposée pour chaque approche. Pour assurer la qualité de service de l'arbre de multidiffusion, des procédures efficaces sont proposées pour le suivi des destinations et la surveillance de la qualité de service des segments de route. Comme troisième contribution, nous étudions le problème de la congestion causée par le routage du trafic de données dans les VANETs. Nous proposons (1) une approche de routage basée sur l’infonuagique qui, contrairement aux approches existantes, prend en compte les chemins de routage existants qui relaient déjà les données dans les VANETs. Les nouvelles demandes de routage sont traitées de sorte qu'aucun segment de route ne soit surchargé par plusieurs chemins de routage croisés. Au lieu d'acheminer les données en utilisant des chemins de routage sur un nombre limité de segments de route, notre approche équilibre la charge des données en utilisant des chemins de routage sur l'ensemble des tronçons routiers urbains, dans le but d'empêcher, dans la mesure du possible, les congestions locales dans les VANETs; et (2) une approche basée sur le réseau défini par logiciel (SDN) pour surveiller la connectivité VANET en temps réel et les délais de transmission sur chaque segment de route. Les données de surveillance sont utilisées en entrée de l'approche de routage.Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS) will be eventually provided in the near future for both safety and comfort of people during their travel on the roads. Vehicular ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), represent the key component of ITS. VANETs consist of vehicles that communicate with each other and with the infrastructure. Indeed, vehicles will be able to exchange messages that include, for example, information about road traffic, emergency situations, and entertainment. Particularly, emergency messages are broadcasted by vehicles in case of an emergency (e.g., car accident); in order to allow drivers to react in time (e.g., slow down), emergency messages must be reliably disseminated with very short delay. In VANETs, there are several factors, such as lossy channel, hidden terminals, interferences and scarce bandwidth, which make satisfying reliability and delay requirements of emergency messages very challenging. In this thesis, as the first contribution, we propose a reliable time-efficient and multi-hop broadcasting scheme, called Dynamic Partitioning Scheme (DPS), to disseminate emergency messages. DPS computes dynamic partition sizes and the transmission schedule for each partition; inside the back area of the sender, the partitions are computed such that in average each partition contains at least a single vehicle; the objective is to ensure that only a vehicle in the farthest partition (from the sender) is used to disseminate the message, to next hop, resulting in shorter one hop delay. DPS ensures fast dissemination of emergency messages. Moreover, a new handshaking mechanism, that uses busy tones, is proposed to solve the problem of hidden terminal problem. In VANETs, Multicasting, i.e. delivering a message from a source to a limited known number of vehicles as destinations, is very important. Compared to Unicasting, with Multicasting, the source can simultaneously support multiple destinations, via a multicast tree, saving bandwidth and reducing overall communication congestion. However, since VANETs have a dynamic topology, maintaining the connectivity of the multicast tree is a major issue. As the second contribution, we propose two approaches to model total bandwidth usage of a multicast tree: (i) the first approach considers the number of road segments involved in the multicast tree and (ii) the second approach considers the number of relaying intersections involved in the multicast tree. A heuristic is proposed for each approach. To ensure QoS of the multicasting tree, efficient procedures are proposed for tracking destinations and monitoring QoS of road segments. As the third contribution, we study the problem of network congestion in routing data traffic in VANETs. We propose (1) a Cloud-based routing approach that, in opposition to existing approaches, takes into account existing routing paths which are already relaying data in VANETs. New routing requests are processed such that no road segment gets overloaded by multiple crossing routing paths. Instead of routing over a limited set of road segments, our approach balances the load of communication paths over the whole urban road segments, with the objective to prevent, whenever possible, local congestions in VANETs; and (2) a Software Defined Networking (SDN) based approach to monitor real-time VANETs connectivity and transmission delays on each road segment. The monitoring data is used as input to the routing approach