Taxon ordering in phylogenetic trees by means of evolutionary algorithms

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In in a typical "left-to-right" phylogenetic tree, the vertical order of taxa is meaningless, as only the branch path between them reflects their degree of similarity. To make unresolved trees more informative, here we propose an innovative Evolutionary Algorithm (EA) method to search the best graphical representation of unresolved trees, in order to give a biological meaning to the vertical order of taxa.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Starting from a West Nile virus phylogenetic tree, in a (1 + 1)-EA we evolved it by randomly rotating the internal nodes and selecting the tree with better fitness every generation. The fitness is a sum of genetic distances between the considered taxon and the <it>r </it>(radius) next taxa. After having set the radius to the best performance, we evolved the trees with (<it>λ </it>+ <it>μ</it>)-EAs to study the influence of population on the algorithm.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The (1 + 1)-EA consistently outperformed a random search, and better results were obtained setting the radius to 8. The (<it>λ </it>+ <it>μ</it>)-EAs performed as well as the (1 + 1), except the larger population (1000 + 1000).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The trees after the evolution showed an improvement both of the fitness (based on a genetic distance matrix, then close taxa are actually genetically close), and of the biological interpretation. Samples collected in the same state or year moved close each other, making the tree easier to interpret. Biological relationships between samples are also easier to observe.</p

Taxon ordering in phylogenetic trees: a workbench test

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Phylogenetic trees are an important tool for representing evolutionary relationships among organisms. In a phylogram or chronogram, the ordering of taxa is not considered meaningful, since complete topological information is given by the branching order and length of the branches, which are represented in the root-to-node direction. We apply a novel method based on a (λ + <it>μ</it>)-Evolutionary Algorithm to give meaning to the order of taxa in a phylogeny. This method applies random swaps between two taxa connected to the same node, without changing the topology of the tree. The evaluation of a new tree is based on different distance matrices, representing non-phylogenetic information such as other types of genetic distance, geographic distance, or combinations of these. To test our method we use published trees of Vesicular stomatitis virus, West Nile virus and Rice yellow mottle virus.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Best results were obtained when taxa were reordered using geographic information. Information supporting phylogeographic analysis was recovered in the optimized tree, as evidenced by clustering of geographically close samples. Improving the trees using a separate genetic distance matrix altered the ordering of taxa, but not topology, moving the longest branches to the extremities, as would be expected since they are the most divergent lineages. Improved representations of genetic and geographic relationships between samples were also obtained when merged matrices (genetic and geographic information in one matrix) were used.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Our innovative method makes phylogenetic trees easier to interpret, adding meaning to the taxon order and helping to prevent misinterpretations.</p

Evolutionary genomics : statistical and computational methods

This open access book addresses the challenge of analyzing and understanding the evolutionary dynamics of complex biological systems at the genomic level, and elaborates on some promising strategies that would bring us closer to uncovering of the vital relationships between genotype and phenotype. After a few educational primers, the book continues with sections on sequence homology and alignment, phylogenetic methods to study genome evolution, methodologies for evaluating selective pressures on genomic sequences as well as genomic evolution in light of protein domain architecture and transposable elements, population genomics and other omics, and discussions of current bottlenecks in handling and analyzing genomic data. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include the kind of detail and expert implementation advice that lead to the best results. Authoritative and comprehensive, Evolutionary Genomics: Statistical and Computational Methods, Second Edition aims to serve both novices in biology with strong statistics and computational skills, and molecular biologists with a good grasp of standard mathematical concepts, in moving this important field of study forward

Evolutionary Genomics

This open access book addresses the challenge of analyzing and understanding the evolutionary dynamics of complex biological systems at the genomic level, and elaborates on some promising strategies that would bring us closer to uncovering of the vital relationships between genotype and phenotype. After a few educational primers, the book continues with sections on sequence homology and alignment, phylogenetic methods to study genome evolution, methodologies for evaluating selective pressures on genomic sequences as well as genomic evolution in light of protein domain architecture and transposable elements, population genomics and other omics, and discussions of current bottlenecks in handling and analyzing genomic data. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include the kind of detail and expert implementation advice that lead to the best results. Authoritative and comprehensive, Evolutionary Genomics: Statistical and Computational Methods, Second Edition aims to serve both novices in biology with strong statistics and computational skills, and molecular biologists with a good grasp of standard mathematical concepts, in moving this important field of study forward

Systematics 2008 - Programme and Abstracts

The Göttingen conference „Systematics 2008“ is the first joint meeting of the Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik (GfBS) and the German Botanical Society, section Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (DBG), being the 10th Annual Meeting of the GfBS and the 18th International Symposium „Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology“ of the DBG. The conference programme covers biological systematics in the widest sense and provides ample opportunities for oral and poster presentations on new advances in plant, animal and microbial systematics. This volume brings together the abstracts of invited speaches from the plenary sessions on „Progress in Deep Phylogeny“, „Speciation and Phylogeography“, and „New Trends in Biological Systematics“ as well as those of submitted talks and poster sessions.The Göttingen conference „Systematics 2008“ is the first joint meeting of the Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik (GfBS) and the German Botanical Society, section Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (DBG), being the 10th Annual Meeting of the GfBS and the 18th International Symposium „Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology“ of the DBG. The conference programme covers biological systematics in the widest sense and provides ample opportunities for oral and poster presentations on new advances in plant, animal and microbial systematics. This volume brings together the abstracts of invited speaches from the plenary sessions on „Progress in Deep Phylogeny“, „Speciation and Phylogeography“, and „New Trends in Biological Systematics“ as well as those of submitted talks and poster sessions

Programme and abstracts / Systematics 2008 : Göttingen 7-11 April 2008 / 10th Annual Meeting of the Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik

The Göttingen conference Systematics 2008 is the first joint meeting of the Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik (GfBS) and the German Botanical Society, section Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (DBG), being the 10th Annual Meeting of the GfBS and the 18th International Symposium Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology of the DBG. The conference programme covers biological systematics in the widest sense and provides ample opportunities for oral and poster presentations on new advances in plant, animal and microbial systematics. This volume brings together the abstracts of invited speaches from the plenary sessions on Progress in Deep Phylogeny, Speciation and Phylogeography, and New Trends in Biological Systematics as well as those of submitted talks and poster sessions.The Göttingen conference Systematics 2008 is the first joint meeting of the Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik (GfBp. and the German Botanical Society, section Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (DBG), being the 10th Annual Meeting of the GfBS and the 18th International Symposium Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology of the DBG. The conference programme covers biological systematics in the widest sense and provides ample opportunities for oral and poster presentations on new advances in plant, animal and microbial systematics. This volume brings together the abstracts of invited speaches from the plenary sessions on Progress in Deep Phylogeny, Speciation and Phylogeography, and New Trends in Biological Systematics as well as those of submitted talks and poster sessions.Kongress: International Symposium Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology ; 18 (Göttingen) : 2008.04.07-11 Annual meeting of the Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik ; 10 (Göttingen) : 2008.04.07-11 Joint meeting of the Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik and the German Botanical Society, Section Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology ; 1 (Göttingen): 2008.04.07-1

Systematics 2008

The Göttingen conference „Systematics 2008“ is the first joint meeting of the Gesellschaft für Biologische Systematik (GfBS) and the German Botanical Society, section Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology (DBG), being the 10th Annual Meeting of the GfBS and the 18th International Symposium „Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology“ of the DBG. The conference programme covers biological systematics in the widest sense and provides ample opportunities for oral and poster presentations on new advances in plant, animal and microbial systematics. This volume brings together the abstracts of invited speaches from the plenary sessions on „Progress in Deep Phylogeny“, „Speciation and Phylogeography“, and „New Trends in Biological Systematics“ as well as those of submitted talks and poster sessions

Eco-evolutionary dynamics of microbial communities in disturbed freshwater ecosystems

L'intensification de l'activité agricole depuis la deuxième moitié du 20e siècle, notamment l'utilisation de produits agrochimiques dans les bassins versants, a affecté la qualité des ressources d’eau douce. Des traces de produits agrochimiques, tels que les pesticides et les engrais, sont transportées par ruissellement de surface ou lixiviation, provoquant des effets directs ou indirects sur les organismes aquatiques. Se trouvant à la base des réseaux trophiques aquatiques, les micro-organismes sont des habitants indispensables dans les écosystèmes d’eau douce, où ils jouent également un rôle important pour les services écosystémiques en tant que propulseurs des cycles biogéochimiques. En faisant partie de l'écosystème, les communautés bactériennes sont susceptibles aux perturbations anthropiques croissantes qui se déroulent dans leurs milieux. Le but principal de cette thèse est d'étudier l'effet de perturbations agricoles simulées sur les bactéries d'eau douce par une approche expérimentale avec des réservoirs extérieurs (mésocosmes) et en utilisant le séquençage d’ADN à haut débit. Des mésocosmes ont été remplis de 1 000 litres d'eau provenant d'un lac bien préservé et, ensuite, ont été traités avec des pesticides largement utilisés au monde en combinaison avec des engrais. Les trois études présentées dans cette thèse explorent les réponses du bactérioplancton dans cette même expérience sous différents angles : la première (chapitre II) s'est concentrée sur les réponses écologiques des communautés bactériennes à de différentes combinaisons de produits agrochimiques; la deuxième (chapitre III) a examiné si les gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques pourraient changer le succès d'espèces soumises à une grave contamination par un herbicide et, finalement, la troisième (chapitre IV) a suivi les altérations évolutives parmi les espèces ayant des réponses écologiques similaires par rapport au traitement avec l’herbicide. En mettant l'accent sur la réaction des communautés exposées à un mélange de produits agrochimiques, le chapitre II complémente des études écotoxicologiques, qui se concentrent traditionnellement sur les réponses d'une seule espèce à des produits chimiques isolés. Les mésocosmes ont été exposés à de différentes concentrations d'un herbicide à base de glyphosate et d'un insecticide néonicotinoïde, séparés ou en combinaison, en plus d'apports faibles ou élevés en nutriments. Le séquençage des amplicons du gène de l'ARNr 16S et la prédiction des variantes de séquences ont étés faits pour étudier la diversité taxonomique, ainsi que le profilage de l'utilisation microbienne des sources de carbone pour décrire les changements de diversité fonctionnelle à travers le temps. Les résultats ont révélé que la stabilité des communautés microbiennes varie en fonction du type et de l'intensité de la perturbation. Bien que les communautés bactériennes n’aient pas réagi à l’introduction de l’insecticide ou d’engrais, elles sont modifiées de manière intensive sous des concentrations élevées de l'herbicide à base de glyphosate. Des aspects distincts de la diversité des communautés ont réagi différemment aux perturbations : alors que la composition fonctionnelle est restée stable face aux perturbations, la composition taxonomique au niveau taxonomique le plus fin a été sensible au glyphosate et résiliente aux échelles taxonomiques plus larges (c'est-à-dire, du genre au phylum). Ces résultats soulignent la complexité des réponses écologiques et fournissent des évidences de la redondance fonctionnelle concernant l'utilisation des sources de carbone dans les communautés microbiennes. Le chapitre III a testé l'hypothèse selon laquelle les gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques, en particulier les pompes d'efflux, favorisent la survie des bactéries en présence de l'herbicide à base de glyphosate. Cette hypothèse n'a été confirmée que par des études expérimentales en laboratoire avec des cultures bactériennes et plus récemment dans les microbiomes du sol. C'était donc la première fois que cette hypothèse a été testée dans un système aquatique. Au chapitre II, on a observé que l'herbicide à base de glyphosate favorisait la domination de nombreux taxons de l'embranchement des protéobactéries, dont Agrobacterium, un genre qui code pour l'enzyme cible du glyphosate appartenant à la classe des résistants. Cependant, d'autres espèces codant pour la classe de l'enzyme sensible au glyphosate étaient également favorisées, ce qui implique le rôle d'autres mécanismes de résistance. Dans le chapitre III, les analyses de métagénomes et des génomes assemblés par métagénomes ont révélé une augmentation de la fréquence de gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques après l'administration de fortes doses de l'herbicide. D’ailleurs, l'abondance relative des espèces présentes après qu’une forte dose de l'herbicide a été administrée était mieux prédite par la présence de gènes d'efflux d'antibiotiques dans leur génome que par la présence du gène codant pour l'enzyme résistante au glyphosate. Ces résultats renforcent les études récentes et contribuent aux premières évidences provenant des communautés bactériennes d'eau douce. L'objectif du chapitre IV était de vérifier si les bactéries ayant la même réponse écologique à la contamination par l'herbicide à base de glyphosate présenteraient également des réponses évolutives similaires. En plus, ce chapitre avait pour but de contribuer aux preuves expérimentales du modèle de l'écotype stable, un modèle proéminent sur l'évolution et l'origine de la diversité dans les espèces bactériennes. On a supposé que les espèces favorisées par l'herbicide subiraient des balayages sélectifs éliminant la variation génétique dans le génome, comme le prédit le modèle évolutif de l'écotype stable. Pour tester cette hypothèse, des polymorphismes nucléotidiques ont été quantifiés au sein des populations bactériennes au cours du temps dans 12 populations bien représentées dans le séquençage métagénomique qui a été fait dans le chapitre III. Contrairement à ce que l'on attendait, les populations écologiquement prospères ont montré une variété de réponses évolutives et la diversité n'a été supprimée que dans quelques-unes d'entre elles. Les résultats montrent que d'autres mécanismes évolutifs qui maintiennent la variation génétique, tels que des balayages sélectifs à l'échelle du gène plutôt qu’à l'échelle du génome, peuvent être plus souvent impliqués dans le succès des espèces qui survivent au stress anthropique. Mis ensemble, ces résultats soulignent la complexité des réponses bactériennes face à une perturbation anthropique au niveau des communautés, des populations, des gènes et des allèles. Les connaissances apportées par cette thèse peuvent améliorer les évaluations des risques de déversements accidentels en eau douce. Le changement permanent à des niveaux taxonomiques fins et la sélection croisée pour les gènes de résistance aux antibiotiques en présence de concentrations élevées d'herbicides indiquent des risques qui devraient être mieux compris par rapport à leur prédominance et les mécanismes qui les causent. D’ailleurs, la dynamique évolutive décrite ici sur une échelle de temps de courte durée fournit des données pour soutenir une importante théorie sur la différenciation et la spéciation bactériennes.Agriculture intensification in the second half of the 20th century, particularly the use of agrochemicals within watersheds, has affected freshwater quality. Traces of agrochemicals, such as pesticides and fertilizers, reach freshwater systems through runoff or leaching, causing direct or indirect effects on aquatic organisms. Microorganisms are essential inhabitants of aquatic systems as they are at the foundation of food webs and play roles in ecosystem functioning as important drivers of biogeochemical cycles. By being part of the ecosystem, bacterial communities are subject to the increasing anthropogenic perturbations in their environment. The main objective of this thesis is to investigate the effect of simulated agricultural perturbations on freshwater bacteria through an experimental approach with outdoor tanks (mesocosms) and using high-throughput DNA sequencing. Mesocosms were filled with 1,000 L of water from a pristine freshwater lake and treated with widely used pesticides in combination with fertilizers. The three main studies in this thesis explored the bacterioplankton responses in this experiment through different angles: the first study (chapter II) focused on ecological responses to a combination of agrochemicals; the second (chapter III) explored how changes in antibiotic resistance genes could explain the ecological success of species facing severe herbicide contamination and the third study (chapter IV) tracked evolutionary changes among species with similar ecological responses to the herbicide treatment. Chapter II aimed to complement ecotoxicological studies, that traditionally focus on single species responses to individual chemicals, by focusing on communities exposed to a mixture of agrochemicals, as typically observed in nature. For that, the mesocosms were exposed to different concentrations of a glyphosate-based herbicide and a neonicotinoid insecticide, isolated or in combination, in addition to low or high nutrient inputs. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene amplicons and inference of amplicon sequence variants were done to study taxonomic diversity, as well as profiling microbial use of carbon sources to describe functional diversity changes through time. The results revealed that the stability of microbial communities varies according to the type and intensity of the disturbance. The highest dose of the glyphosate-based herbicide was the major driver of ecological responses within bacterial communities, which were not altered by the insecticide nor by nutrient fertilization. Distinct aspects of community diversity responded differently to perturbation: while functional composition remained stable in face of disturbances, taxonomic composition was sensitive to glyphosate at the finest taxonomic level and resilient at higher taxonomic units (i.e. genus to phylum). These results highlight the complexity of ecological responses and provide evidence of functional redundancy regarding the use of carbon sources in these communities. Chapter III tested the hypothesis that antibiotic resistance genes, particularly efflux pumps, would favour bacterial survival in the presence of the glyphosate-based herbicide. This hypothesis has only been confirmed through experimental laboratory studies with bacterial cultures and more recently in soil microbiomes, it was thus the first time it was tested in an aquatic system. As observed in chapter II, glyphosate-based herbicide favoured the dominance of many taxa of the phylum Proteobacteria, including Agrobacterium, a genus that encodes the glyphosate-resistant target enzyme. However, other species encoding the glyphosate-sensitive version of the enzyme were also favoured, implying other resistance mechanisms. In chapter III, the analysis of metagenomes and metagenome-assembled genomes revealed an increased frequency of antibiotic resistance genes following high doses of the herbicide. Additionally, the relative abundance of species after a severe herbicide pulse was better predicted by the presence of antibiotic efflux genes in their genome than by the presence of the gene encoding the resistant glyphosate target enzyme. These results reinforce recent studies and contribute to the first evidence from freshwater bacterial communities. The goal of chapter IV was to test if bacteria with the same ecological response to the contamination with the glyphosate-based herbicide would also show similar evolutionary responses. Furthermore, this chapter aimed to contribute to experimental evidence to the stable ecotype model, a prominent model on the evolution and origin of diversity in bacterial species. If assumptions of the stable ecotype model were confirmed by the experiment, species favoured by the herbicide would experience selective sweeps purging genetic variation across the genome. To test this hypothesis, single nucleotide variants were quantified within bacterial populations over time in 12 populations well-represented in the metagenomic sequencing that was performed in chapter III. Differently than expected, ecologically successful populations showed a variety of evolutionary responses and diversity was purged only in a few of them. The results show that other evolutionary mechanisms that maintain genetic variation, such as gene-wide specific sweeps rather than genome-wide sweeps, may be more often involved in the success of species surviving anthropogenic stress. Together, these results highlight the complexity of bacterial responses in the face of an anthropogenic disturbance at the level of communities, populations, genes, and alleles. The knowledge provided by this thesis may improve assessments of the potential risks of accidental spills in freshwater. The permanent change at fine taxonomic levels and the cross-selection for antibiotic resistance genes in the presence of high concentrations of herbicide indicate risks that should be better understood regarding their predominance and causing mechanisms. Moreover, the evolutionary dynamics here described in a short-term time scale provide observational data to support a theoretical background on bacterial differentiation and speciation