Typing performance of blind users:an analysis of touch behaviors, learning effect, and in-situ usage

Non-visual text-entry for people with visual impairments has focused mostly on the comparison of input techniques reporting on performance measures, such as accuracy and speed. While researchers have been able to establish that non-visual input is slow and error prone, there is little understanding on how to improve it. To develop a richer characterization of typing performance, we conducted a longitudinal study with five novice blind users. For eight weeks, we collected in-situ usage data and conducted weekly laboratory assessment sessions. This paper presents a thorough analysis of typing performance that goes beyond traditional aggregated measures of text-entry and reports on character-level errors and touch measures. Our findings show that users improve over time, even though it is at a slow rate (0.3 WPM per week). Substitutions are the most common type of error and have a significant impact on entry rates. In addition to text input data, we analyzed touch behaviors, looking at touch contact points, exploration movements, and lift positions. We provide insights on why and how performance improvements and errors occur. Finally, we derive some implications that should inform the design of future virtual keyboards for non-visual input. Categories and Subject Descriptors H.5.2 [Information Interfaces and Presentation]: User Interfaces- Input devices and strategies. K4.2 [Computers an

Advances in Human-Robot Interaction

Rapid advances in the field of robotics have made it possible to use robots not just in industrial automation but also in entertainment, rehabilitation, and home service. Since robots will likely affect many aspects of human existence, fundamental questions of human-robot interaction must be formulated and, if at all possible, resolved. Some of these questions are addressed in this collection of papers by leading HRI researchers

Music While You Work: The Effect of Music on Typing Performance and Experience

Over many years, and in a variety of contexts, researchers have shown that music affects human behaviour and emotion. In this thesis, I explore how music affects people when undertaking mundane work related computing tasks by performing a series of experiments investigating how various dimensions of music affect transcription typing performance and experience. Some results were inconclusive with significant interactions followed by non-significant post hoc analyses, but nevertheless interesting themes emerged. Generally, music containing vocals compromised typing performance because it was more distracting than instrumental music. However, when played at a low volume performance was better with vocals in the music. This surprising result could be because vocals bring lower volume music to the attention of the typists so any effects caused by the rest of the music dominate, leading to overall performance improvements. Typing performance without music was similar to performance when accompanied by ambient music, possibly because the ambient music could fade into the background. In contrast, classical and rock music were more intrusive and rhythmically challenging, and negatively affected both performance and experience. Fast tempo 3/4 time music reduced typing accuracy when compared to almost all the other tempo and time signature manipulations. The frequency of the emphasized beats in this music was considerably higher than in the other conditions, which may explain why performance was particularly affected by this variation. The findings from these experiments may influence experiment design in this field. This thesis shows music is a complex, multifaceted stimulus which should be considered as multidimensional experiential gestalt. The approach of reducing music to isolated dimensions for manipulation is inappropriate. Further, the work has shown that manipulating tempo alone may be insufficient as the combination of time signature and tempo affects frequency of the emphasized beats, which can be important

How a Diverse Research Ecosystem Has Generated New Rehabilitation Technologies: Review of NIDILRR’s Rehabilitation Engineering Research Centers

Over 50 million United States citizens (1 in 6 people in the US) have a developmental, acquired, or degenerative disability. The average US citizen can expect to live 20% of his or her life with a disability. Rehabilitation technologies play a major role in improving the quality of life for people with a disability, yet widespread and highly challenging needs remain. Within the US, a major effort aimed at the creation and evaluation of rehabilitation technology has been the Rehabilitation Engineering Research Centers (RERCs) sponsored by the National Institute on Disability, Independent Living, and Rehabilitation Research. As envisioned at their conception by a panel of the National Academy of Science in 1970, these centers were intended to take a “total approach to rehabilitation”, combining medicine, engineering, and related science, to improve the quality of life of individuals with a disability. Here, we review the scope, achievements, and ongoing projects of an unbiased sample of 19 currently active or recently terminated RERCs. Specifically, for each center, we briefly explain the needs it targets, summarize key historical advances, identify emerging innovations, and consider future directions. Our assessment from this review is that the RERC program indeed involves a multidisciplinary approach, with 36 professional fields involved, although 70% of research and development staff are in engineering fields, 23% in clinical fields, and only 7% in basic science fields; significantly, 11% of the professional staff have a disability related to their research. We observe that the RERC program has substantially diversified the scope of its work since the 1970’s, addressing more types of disabilities using more technologies, and, in particular, often now focusing on information technologies. RERC work also now often views users as integrated into an interdependent society through technologies that both people with and without disabilities co-use (such as the internet, wireless communication, and architecture). In addition, RERC research has evolved to view users as able at improving outcomes through learning, exercise, and plasticity (rather than being static), which can be optimally timed. We provide examples of rehabilitation technology innovation produced by the RERCs that illustrate this increasingly diversifying scope and evolving perspective. We conclude by discussing growth opportunities and possible future directions of the RERC program