BOB-RED queue management for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless sensor networks

This study is aimed at exploring why many economists propose a transfer scheme and debt mutualisation for the Eurozone. This would equip the Eurozone with better tools to deal with an economic shock, like the 2010-2012 sovereign debt crisis, thus making it more financially stable. After the theoretical presentation, the study presents a unique institutional design with an EU Treasury that manages debt mutualisation and a transfer scheme as well as other competences that address other present economic challenges. Crucial to the study are the issues of moral hazard and adverse selection that arise when thinking of European economic integration.L’objectiu del treball és explorar la raó per la qual molts economistes proposen un sistema de transferències fiscals i la mutualització del deute a l’Eurozona. Així se la dotaria amb eines més efectives per pal·liar un xoc econòmic, com la crisi del deute sobirà del 2010-2012. A continuació, es presenta un disseny institucional únic d’un Tresor de l’Euro que gestionaria les competències esmentades (i d’altres) per combatre alguns dels reptes econòmics actuals. El risc moral i de selecció adversa, qüestions que sorgeixen en pensar la drecera que ha de prendre la integració econòmica Europea, són cabdals per aquest estudi

On a Joint Physical Layer and Medium Access Control Sublayer Design for Efficient Wireless Sensor Networks and Applications

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are distributed networks comprising small sensing devices equipped with a processor, memory, power source, and often with the capability for short range wireless communication. These networks are used in various applications, and have created interest in WSN research and commercial uses, including industrial, scientific, household, military, medical and environmental domains. These initiatives have also been stimulated by the finalisation of the IEEE 802.15.4 standard, which defines the medium access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) for low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPAN). Future applications may require large WSNs consisting of huge numbers of inexpensive wireless sensor nodes with limited resources (energy, bandwidth), operating in harsh environmental conditions. WSNs must perform reliably despite novel resource constraints including limited bandwidth, channel errors, and nodes that have limited operating energy. Improving resource utilisation and quality-of-service (QoS), in terms of reliable connectivity and energy efficiency, are major challenges in WSNs. Hence, the development of new WSN applications with severe resource constraints will require innovative solutions to overcome the above issues as well as improving the robustness of network components, and developing sustainable and cost effective implementation models. The main purpose of this research is to investigate methods for improving the performance of WSNs to maintain reliable network connectivity, scalability and energy efficiency. The study focuses on the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC/PHY layers and the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) based networks. First, transmission power control (TPC) is investigated in multi and single-hop WSNs using typical hardware platform parameters via simulation and numerical analysis. A novel approach to testing TPC at the physical layer is developed, and results show that contrary to what has been reported from previous studies, in multi-hop networks TPC does not save energy. Next, the network initialization/self-configuration phase is addressed through investigation of the 802.15.4 MAC beacon interval setting and the number of associating nodes, in terms of association delay with the coordinator. The results raise doubt whether that the association energy consumption will outweigh the benefit of duty cycle power management for larger beacon intervals as the number of associating nodes increases. The third main contribution of this thesis is a new cross layer (PHY-MAC) design to improve network energy efficiency, reliability and scalability by minimising packet collisions due to hidden nodes. This is undertaken in response to findings in this thesis on the IEEE 802.15.4 MAC performance in the presence of hidden nodes. Specifically, simulation results show that it is the random backoff exponent that is of paramount importance for resolving collisions and not the number of times the channel is sensed before transmitting. However, the random backoff is ineffective in the presence of hidden nodes. The proposed design uses a new algorithm to increase the sensing coverage area, and therefore greatly reduces the chance of packet collisions due to hidden nodes. Moreover, the design uses a new dynamic transmission power control (TPC) to further reduce energy consumption and interference. The above proposed changes can smoothly coexist with the legacy 802.15.4 CSMA/CA. Finally, an improved two dimensional discrete time Markov chain model is proposed to capture the performance of the slotted 802.15.4 CSMA/CA. This model rectifies minor issues apparent in previous studies. The relationship derived for the successful transmission probability, throughput and average energy consumption, will provide better performance predictions. It will also offer greater insight into the strengths and weaknesses of the MAC operation, and possible enhancement opportunities. Overall, the work presented in this thesis provides several significant insights into WSN performance improvements with both existing protocols and newly designed protocols. Finally, some of the numerous challenges for future research are described

The Synchronized Peer-to-Peer Framework and Distributed Contention-Free Medium Access for Multihop Wireless Sensor Networks

IEEE 802.15.4 is a low-power, low-rate MAC/PHY standard that meets most of the stringent requirements of singlehop wireless sensor networks. Sensor networks with nodal populations composed of thousands of devices have been envisioned in conjunction with environmental, vehicular, military applications, and many others. However, such large sensor network deployments necessitate multihop support as well as low power consumption. In the light of the standard's extremely limited joint support of the two aforementioned attributes, this paper presents two essential contributions. First, a framework is proposed to implement a new IEEE 802.15.4 operating mode, namely, the synchronized peer-to-peer mode. This mode is designed to enable the standard's low-power features in peer-to-peer multihop-ready topologies. The second contribution is a distributed GTS (dGTS) management scheme designed to function in the newly devised network mode. This protocol provides reliable contention-free access in peer-to-peer topologies in a completely distributed manner. Assuming optimal routing, our simulation experiments reveal perfect delivery ratios as long as the traffic load does not reach or surpass its saturation threshold. dGTS sustains at least twice the delivery ratio of contention-based access under suboptimal dynamic routing. Moreover, the dGTS scheme exhibits minimum power consumption by eliminating the retransmissions attributed to contention, which, in turn, reduces the number of transmissions to a minimum

A survey of IEEE 802.15.4 effective system parameters for wireless body sensor networks

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Moravejosharieh, Amirhossein, Lloret, Jaime. (2016). A survey of IEEE 802.15.4 effective system parameters for wireless body sensor networks.International Journal of Communication Systems, 29, 7, 1269-1292. DOI: 10.1002/dac.3098, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1002/dac.3098. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving[EN] Wireless body sensor networks are offered to meet the requirements of a diverse set of applications such as health-related and well-being applications. For instance, they are deployed to measure, fetch and collect human body vital signs. Such information could be further used for diagnosis and monitoring of medical conditions. IEEE 802.15.4 is arguably considered as a well-designed standard protocol to address the need for low-rate, low-power and low-cost wireless body sensor networks. Apart from the vast deployment of this technology, there are still some challenges and issues related to the performance of the medium access control (MAC) protocol of this standard that are required to be addressed. This paper comprises two main parts. In the first part, the survey has provided a thorough assessment of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol performance where its functionality is evaluated considering a range of effective system parameters, that is, some of the MAC and application parameters and the impact of mutual interference. The second part of this paper is about conducting a simulation study to determine the influence of varying values of the system parameters on IEEE 802.15.4 performance gains. More specifically, we explore the dependability level of IEEE 802.5.4 performance gains on a candidate set of system parameters. Finally, this paper highlights the tangible needs to conduct more investigations on particular aspect(s) of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Moravejosharieh, A.; Lloret, J. (2016). A survey of IEEE 802.15.4 effective system parameters for wireless body sensor networks. International Journal of Communication Systems. 29(7):1269-1292. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.3098S12691292297Alrajeh, N. A., Lloret, J., & Canovas, A. (2014). A Framework for Obesity Control Using a Wireless Body Sensor Network. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 10(7), 534760. doi:10.1155/2014/534760Lopes I Silva B Rodrigues J Lloret J Proenca M A mobile health monitoring solution for weight control International Conference on Wireless Communications and Signal Processing (WCSP) Nanjing / China 2011 1 5Singh, N., Singh, A. K., & Singh, V. K. (2015). Design and performance of wearable ultrawide band textile antenna for medical applications. Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 57(7), 1553-1557. doi:10.1002/mop.29131Lan, K., Chou, C.-M., Wang, T., & Li, M.-W. (2012). 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(2013). Versatile Analytical Model for Delay and Energy Evaluation in WPANs: A Case Study for IEEE 802.15.4 CSMA-CA. Wireless Personal Communications, 75(1), 415-445. doi:10.1007/s11277-013-1370-yLiu Q Czylwik A A priority-based adaptive service differentiation scheme for IEEE 802.15.4 sensor networks Proceedings of European Wireless 2014; 20th European Wireless Conference Barcelona, Spain 2014 1 6Golmie, N., Cypher, D., & Rebala, O. (s. f.). Performance evaluation of low rate WPANs for medical applications. IEEE MILCOM 2004. Military Communications Conference, 2004. doi:10.1109/milcom.2004.1494952Misic, J., Misic, V. B., & Shafi, S. (s. f.). Performance of IEEE 802.15.4 beacon enabled PAN with uplink transmissions in non-saturation mode - access delay for finite buffers. First International Conference on Broadband Networks. doi:10.1109/broadnets.2004.61Mišić, J., Shafi, S., & Mišić, V. B. (2005). The impact of MAC parameters on the performance of 802.15.4 PAN. 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Configuring Beaconless IEEE 802.15.4 Networks Under Different Traffic Loads. 2009 International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications. doi:10.1109/aina.2009.84Jin-Shyan Lee. (2006). Performance evaluation of IEEE 802.15.4 for low-rate wireless personal area networks. IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics, 52(3), 742-749. doi:10.1109/tce.2006.1706465De Paz Alberola, R., & Pesch, D. (2012). Duty cycle learning algorithm (DCLA) for IEEE 802.15.4 beacon-enabled wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 10(4), 664-679. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2011.06.006Barbieri, A., Chiti, F., & Fantacci, R. (2006). WSN17-2: Proposal of an Adaptive MAC Protocol for Efficient IEEE 802.15.4 Low Power Communications. IEEE Globecom 2006. doi:10.1109/glocom.2006.989Jeon, J., Lee, J. W., Ha, J. Y., & Kwon, W. H. (2007). 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IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 3(2), 99-110. doi:10.1109/tii.2007.898414Sha M Xing G Zhou G Liu S Wang X C-MAC: model-driven concurrent medium access control for wireless sensor networks IEEE INFOCOM 2009 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil 2009 1845 1853 10.1109/INFCOM.2009.5062105Peizhong Yi, Iwayemi, A., & Chi Zhou. (2010). Frequency agility in a ZigBee network for smart grid application. 2010 Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT). doi:10.1109/isgt.2010.5434747Torabi N Wong W Leung VCM A robust coexistence scheme for IEEE 802.15.4 wireless personal area networks IEEE Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC) Las Vegas, U.S. 2011 1031 1035 10.1109/CCNC.2011.5766322IEEE standard for local and metropolitan area networks - part 15.6: wireless body area networks IEEE Std 802.15.6-2012 2012 1 271 10.1109/IEEESTD.2012.6161600Kim, S., Kim, S., Kim, J.-W., & Eom, D.-S. (2012). Flexible beacon scheduling scheme for interference mitigation in body sensor networks. 2012 9th Annual IEEE Communications Society Conference on Sensor, Mesh and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks (SECON). doi:10.1109/secon.2012.6275772Bradai N Fourati LC Kamoun L Performance analysis of medium access control protocol for wireless body area networks 27th International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA) Barcelona, Spain 2013 916 921Moravejosharieh A Yazdi ET Study of resource utilization in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless body sensor network, part I: the need for enhancement IEEE 16th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) Sydney, Australia 2013 1226 1231Moravejosharieh A Yazdi ET Willig A Study of resource utilization in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless body sensor network, part II: greedy channel utilization 19th IEEE International Conference on Networks (ICON) Singapore 2013 1 6Moravejosharieh A Yazdi E Willig A Pawlikowski K Adaptive channel utilisation in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless body sensor networks: continuous hopping approach Australasian Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ATNAC) Melbourne, Australia 2014 93 98 10.1109/ATNAC.2014.7020880Moravejosharieh, A. H. (2015). Frequency-Adaptive Approach In IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless Body Sensor Networks: Continuous-Assessment or Periodic-Assessment? International Journal of Information, Communication Technology and Applications, 1(1), 19. doi:10.17972/ajicta2015113Moravejosharieh A Yazdi E Pawlikowski K Sirisena H Adaptive channel utilisation in IEEE 802.15.4 wireless body sensor networks: adaptive phase-shifting approach International Telecommunication Networks and Applications Conference (ITNAC) Sydney, Australia 2015 93 98Bian, K., Park, J.-M., & Gao, B. (2014). Channel Assignment for Multi-hop Cognitive Radio Networks. Cognitive Radio Networks, 101-116. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-07329-3_6Bian, K., Park, J.-M., & Gao, B. (2014). Coexistence-Aware Spectrum Sharing for Homogeneous Cognitive Radio Networks. 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(2008). Defending wireless sensor networks from radio interference through channel adaptation. ACM Transactions on Sensor Networks, 4(4), 1-34. doi:10.1145/1387663.1387664Kim Y Shin H Cha H Y-MAC: an energy-efficient multi-channel MAC protocol for dense wireless sensor networks Proceedings of the 7th IEEE Computer Society International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks IPSN '08 Washington, DC, USA 2008 53 63Tae Hyun Kim, Jae Yeol Ha, & Sunghyun Choi. (2009). Improving Spectral and Temporal Efficiency of Collocated IEEE 802.15.4 LR-WPANs. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 8(12), 1596-1609. doi:10.1109/tmc.2009.85Chowdhury, K. R., Nandiraju, N., Chanda, P., Agrawal, D. P., & Zeng, Q.-A. (2009). Channel allocation and medium access control for wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 7(2), 307-321. doi:10.1016/j.adhoc.2008.03.004Deylami, M., & Jovanov, E. (2012). A distributed and collaborative scheme for mitigating coexistence in IEEE 802.15.4 based WBANs. 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Medium Access Control (MAC)

ABSTRAC

Energy-aware medium access control protocols for wireless sensors network applications

The main purpose of this thesis was to investigate energy efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) protocols designed to extend the lifetime of a wireless sensor network application, such as tracking, environment monitoring, home security, patient monitoring, e.g., foetal monitoring in the last weeks of pregnancy. From the perspective of communication protocols, energy efficiency is one of the most important issues, and can be addressed at each layer of the protocol stack; however, our research only focuses on the medium access control (MAC) layer. An energy efficient MAC protocol was designed based on modifications and optimisations for a synchronized power saving Sensor MAC (SMAC) protocol, which has three important components: periodic listen and sleep, collision and overhearing avoidance and message passing. The Sensor Block Acknowledgement (SBACK) MAC protocol is proposed, which combines contention-based, scheduling-based and block acknowledgement-based schemes to achieve energy efficiency. In SBACK, the use of ACK control packets is reduced since it will not have an ACK packet for every DATA packet sent; instead, one special packet called Block ACK Response will be used at the end of the transmission of all data packets. This packet informs the sender of how many packets were received by the receiver, reducing the number of ACK control packets we intended to reduce the power consumption for the nodes. Hence more useful data packets can be transmitted. A comparison study between SBACK and SMAC protocol is also performed. Considering 0% of packet losses, SBACK decreases the energy consumption when directly compared with S-MAC, we will have always a decrease of energy consumption. Three different transceivers will be used and considering a packet loss of 10% we will have a decrease of energy consumption between 10% and 0.1% depending on the transceiver. When there are no retransmissions of packets, SBACK only achieve worst performance when the number of fragments is less than 12, after that the decrease of average delay increases with the increase of the fragments sent. When 10% of the packets need retransmission only for the TR1000 transceiver worst results occurs in terms of energy waste, all other transceivers (CC2420 and AT86RF230) achieve better results. In terms of delay if we need to retransmit more than 10 packets the SBACK protocol always achieves better performance when comparing with the other MAC protocols that uses ACK

Mobility Aware Framework for Timeslotted Channel Hopping IEEE 802.15.4e Sensor Networks

Ubiquitous object networking has sparked the concept of the Internet of Things (IoT), which defines a new era in the world of networking. Realization of this concept needs to be addressed by standardization efforts that will shape the infrastructure of the networks. This has been achieved through the IEEE 802.15.4e, 6LoWPAN, and IPv6 standards. In addition, the IEEE 802.15.4e standard, which can be considered as the backbone of the IoT structure, has presented timeslotted channel hopping (TSCH). Although these standards provide a coherent and diffused system, several implications challenge these standards to achieve optimal performance and reliability. Node mobility can be considered as the delimited factor for realizing a fully connected network, especially with the inclusion of TSCH mode that will complicate the association process of the mobile nodes, as a result of the frequency hopping mechanism. In this paper, we investigate the impact of mobility over the TSCH sensor network, and a Markov chain model is presented to determine the parameters that affect mobile node association process. Second, we provide a proposed mobility-aware Mobile Timeslotted Channel Hopping (MTSCH) protocol that will facilitate the mobile nodes association and minimize the latency incurred by leaving the nodes dissociated from the network. TSCH and the proposed MTSCH techniques have been implemented and evaluated through Contiki OS. The proposed MTSCH manages to reduce the radio duty cycle of the mobile nodes by an average of 30% while increasing the connectivity of the nodes by 25%. Moreover, cluster heads managed to save energy by a ratio of 14%