The Supply Side of Innovation: H-1B Visa Reforms and US Ethnic Invention

This study evaluates the impact of high-skilled immigrants on US technology formation. We use reduced-form specifications that exploit large changes in the H-1B visa program. Higher H-1B admissions increase immigrant science and engineering (SE) employment and patenting by inventors with Indian and Chinese names in cities and firms dependent upon the program relative to their peers. Most specifications find limited effects for native SE employment or patenting. We are able to rule out displacement effects, and small crowding-in effects may exist. Total SE employment and invention increases with higher admissions primarily through direct contributions of immigrants.Innovation, Research and Development, Patents, Scientists, Engineers, Inventors, H-1B, Immigration, Ethnicity, India, China, Endogenous Growth

Open Innovation in entrepreneurships: agents of transformation towards the knowledge-based economy

Innovation and globalization are the two essential components of economic achievement. The Internet is the catalyst and its emerging forms are assisting in this aspect. But, due to the global economic crisis, nations and enterprises are facing challenges. Those challenges include social, cultural, economical and political contexts. To overcome, all entities jointly and, or individually are trying through various policies, strategies and activities. Furthermore, the transformation of technologies has also transformed those strategies and approaches through the years. The main focus of this paper emphasizes on agents of transformation in OECD region to find open innova-tion in entrepreneurships leading to establishment of a knowledge based economy. This paper has found a few of the strategies that are acting as the agents of these transformations deducting from several exhaustive reports made by the OECD Secretariat. The paper has also reviewed extant literatures, including classical and relevant contributions supporting the hypothesis. The research observes that during this period (1999-2011) open innovation strategies have been transformed towards the knowledge based economy. In this aspect, the paper has synthesized a few key ele-ments of the transformation ranging from human resources to venture capital to patenting. Before concluding on the research findings, the paper has tried to develop a research framework in rela-tion to the agents of transformation