421,739 research outputs found
Introduction : photography between art history and philosophy
The essays collected in this special issue of Critical Inquiry are devoted
to reflection on the shifts in photographically based art practice, exhibition,
and reception in recent years and to the changes brought about by
these shifts in our understanding of photographic art. Although initiated
in the 1960s, photography as a mainstream artistic practice has accelerated
over the last two decades. No longer confined to specialist galleries, books,
journals, and other distribution networks, contemporary art photographers
are now regularly the subject of major retrospectives in mainstream
fine-art museums on the same terms as any other artist. One could cite, for
example, Thomas Struth at the Metropolitan Museum in New York
(2003), Thomas Demand at the Museum of Modern Art (MoMa) (2005),
or Jeff Wall at Tate Modern and MoMA (2006â7). Indeed, Wallâs most
recent museum show, at the time of writing, The Crooked Path at Bozar,
Brussels (2011), situated his photography in relation to the work of a range
of contemporary photographers, painters, sculptors, performance artists,
and filmmakers with whose work Wall considers his own to be in dialogue, irrespective of differences of media. All this goes to show that photographic
art is no longer regarded as a subgenre apart. The situation in the
United Kingdom is perhaps emblematic of both photographyâs increasing
prominence and its increased centrality in the contemporary art world
over recent years. Tate hosted its first ever photography survey, Cruel and
Tender, as recently as 2003, and since then photography surveys have become
a regular biannual staple of its exhibition programming, culminating
in the appointment of Tateâs first dedicated curator of photography in
2010. A major shift in the perception of photography as art is clearly well
under way
Modeling Empathy and Distress in Reaction to News Stories
Computational detection and understanding of empathy is an important factor
in advancing human-computer interaction. Yet to date, text-based empathy
prediction has the following major limitations: It underestimates the
psychological complexity of the phenomenon, adheres to a weak notion of ground
truth where empathic states are ascribed by third parties, and lacks a shared
corpus. In contrast, this contribution presents the first publicly available
gold standard for empathy prediction. It is constructed using a novel
annotation methodology which reliably captures empathy assessments by the
writer of a statement using multi-item scales. This is also the first
computational work distinguishing between multiple forms of empathy, empathic
concern, and personal distress, as recognized throughout psychology. Finally,
we present experimental results for three different predictive models, of which
a CNN performs the best.Comment: To appear at EMNLP 201
AUGUR: Forecasting the Emergence of New Research Topics
Being able to rapidly recognise new research trends is strategic for many stakeholders, including universities, institutional funding bodies, academic publishers and companies. The literature presents several approaches to identifying the emergence of new research topics, which rely on the assumption that the topic is already exhibiting a certain degree of popularity and consistently referred to by a community of researchers. However, detecting the emergence of a new research area at an embryonic stage, i.e., before the topic has been consistently labelled by a community of researchers and associated with a number of publications, is still an open challenge. We address this issue by introducing Augur, a novel approach to the early detection of research topics. Augur analyses the diachronic relationships between research areas and is able to detect clusters of topics that exhibit dynamics correlated with the emergence of new research topics. Here we also present the Advanced Clique Percolation Method (ACPM), a new community detection algorithm developed specifically for supporting this task. Augur was evaluated on a gold standard of 1,408 debutant topics in the 2000-2011 interval and outperformed four alternative approaches in terms of both precision and recall
Magnetic-field measurements of T Tauri stars in the Orion Nebula cluster
We present an analysis of high-resolution () infrared K-band
echelle spectra of 14 T Tauri stars in the Orion Nebula Cluster. We model
Zeeman broadening in three magnetically sensitive \ion{Ti}{1} lines near $2.2\
\mu$m and consistently detect kilogauss-level magnetic fields in the stellar
photospheres. The data are consistent in each case with the entire stellar
surface being covered with magnetic fields, suggesting that magnetic pressure
likely dominates over gas pressure in the photospheres of these stars. These
very strong magnetic fields might themselves be responsible for the
underproduction of X-ray emission of T Tauri stars relative to what is expected
based on main-sequence star calibrations. We combine these results with
previous measurements of 14 stars in Taurus and 5 stars in the TW Hydrae
association to study the potential variation of magnetic-field properties
during the first 10 million years of stellar evolution, finding a steady
decline in total magnetic flux with age.Comment: 34 pages, 17 figures, published in ApJ, 2011, 729, 8
Cats or CAT scans: transfer learning from natural or medical image source datasets?
Transfer learning is a widely used strategy in medical image analysis.
Instead of only training a network with a limited amount of data from the
target task of interest, we can first train the network with other, potentially
larger source datasets, creating a more robust model. The source datasets do
not have to be related to the target task. For a classification task in lung CT
images, we could use both head CT images, or images of cats, as the source.
While head CT images appear more similar to lung CT images, the number and
diversity of cat images might lead to a better model overall. In this survey we
review a number of papers that have performed similar comparisons. Although the
answer to which strategy is best seems to be "it depends", we discuss a number
of research directions we need to take as a community, to gain more
understanding of this topic.Comment: Accepted to Current Opinion in Biomedical Engineerin
On the optimism correction of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in logistic prediction models
When the same data are used to fit a model and estimate its predictive performance, this estimate may be optimistic, and its correction is required. The aim of this work is to compare the behaviour of different methods proposed in the literature when correcting for the optimism of the estimated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve in logistic regression models. A simulation study (where the theoretical model is known) is conducted considering different number of covariates, sample size, prevalence and correlation among covariates. The results suggest the use of k-fold cross-validation with replication and bootstrap.Peer Reviewe
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