Gun Law History in the United States and Second Amendment Rights

The plethora of early gun laws herein described establish their prolific existence, but also validate the argument that gun rules and gun rights are by no means at odds. If the Supreme Court was indeed serious in saying that the provenance of gun regulations is relevant to the evaluation of contemporary laws, then this examination advances the Court's stated objective. The common notions that gun laws are largely a function of modern, industrial (or postindustrial) America, that gun laws are incompatible with American history and its practices or values, and that gun laws fundamentally collide with American legal traditions or individual rights, are all patently false. Following this introduction in part I, part II establishes that gun laws are as old as the nation. Part III summarizes the different categories into which early gun laws are categorized, and the frequency distributions within each category divided into time periods from 1607 to 1934. Part IV examines illustrative laws within each category and considers their nature and consequences. Part V offers a brief conclusion

Nonlinear L\'evy and nonlinear Feller processes: an analytic introduction

The program of studying general nonlinear Markov processes was put forward in V. N. Kolokoltsov "Nonlinear Markov Semigroups and Interacting L\'evy Type Processes" (Journ. Stat. Physics 126:3 (2007), 585-642), and was developed by the author in monograph "Nonlinear Markov processes and kinetic equations". Cambridge University Press, 2010, where, in particular, nonlinear L\'evy processes were introduced. The present paper is an invitation to the rapidly developing topic of noninear Markov processes. We provide a quick (and at the same time more abstract) introduction to the basic analytical aspects of the theory developed in Part II of the above mentioned book.Comment: 20 page

The Warning from Pittsburgh\u27s Golden Triangle: Home of the Steelers, the Pirates and the Amorphous Favoured Nation Clause in the Commercial Lease

Part I of this Article gives a brief outline of the more obvious concerns posed by the introduction of a favored nation concept in a commercial lease. Part II discusses cases involving favored nation clauses in various types of commercial contracts and illustrates the difficulty courts have had in assessing whether one contract is, in fact, more favorable than another. Part III introduces the reader to the trilogy of cases in Pittsburgh\u27s Golden Triangle starting with the Pittsburgh Steelers and Pittsburgh Pirates litigation with the Pittsburgh Stadium Authority. This litigation gives focus to the problems posed by a favored nation clause in commercial leasing. The remainder of Part III outlines important questions those cases determined or left unresolved. Part IV analyzes in detail the first known commercial lease case involving a favored nation claim tried to a conclusion and examines how, and to what extent, fact intensive analyses and expert testimony were required by both sides to the dispute, and sets forth the trial judge\u27s reasoning in concluding that disfavor did not exist. Part V concludes that the current state of the law makes it difficult to predict, with any degree of certainty, the outcome of a dispute concerning a commercial lease\u27s favored nation clause

What Does Diversity Mean in Seattle?: Parents Involved In Community Schools v. Seattle School District Number 1 Strikes Down the Use of a Racial Tiebreaker

This Note examines the Ninth Circuit decision in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District Number 1. The introduction provides an overview of the evolution of race-based jurisprudence. In addition, the introduction describes the open choice policy established by the School District. Part I explains the progression to strict scrutiny as the applicable standard of review for race-conscious admissions policies. Part II analyzes the procedural history of the Parents Involved cases. Part III compares the admissions policies between public high schools and universities. Part IV proposes a constitutionally permissible race-conscious placement policy for secondary education. Part V concludes that although the Ninth Circuit correctly held that the School District\u27s open choice policy was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, future cases may require a more extensive examination of the differences between high school and university admissions, especially under the latest policies outlined in Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger

What Does Diversity Mean in Seattle?: Parents Involved In Community Schools v. Seattle School District Number 1 Strikes Down the Use of a Racial Tiebreaker

This Note examines the Ninth Circuit decision in Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District Number 1. The introduction provides an overview of the evolution of race-based jurisprudence. In addition, the introduction describes the open choice policy established by the School District. Part I explains the progression to strict scrutiny as the applicable standard of review for race-conscious admissions policies. Part II analyzes the procedural history of the Parents Involved cases. Part III compares the admissions policies between public high schools and universities. Part IV proposes a constitutionally permissible race-conscious placement policy for secondary education. Part V concludes that although the Ninth Circuit correctly held that the School District\u27s open choice policy was a violation of the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment, future cases may require a more extensive examination of the differences between high school and university admissions, especially under the latest policies outlined in Grutter v. Bollinger and Gratz v. Bollinger

Robot path planning by means of ant systems

Tato práce se zabývá plánováním cesty robota pomocí mravenčích systémů. V teoretické části je úvod do problematiky plánování cesty mobilních robotů a přiblížení mravenčích systémů coby nástroje pro optimalizaci a plánování cesty. Praktická část práce se zabývá návrhem a programovou implementací mravenčích systémů pro plánování cesty robota v prostředí Borland Delphi 7.This thesis deals with robot path planning by means of ant systems. The theoretical part contains an introduction to the path planning of mobile robots and an introduction to ant systems as optimization and path planning tool. The practical part deals with design and program implementation of path planning by ant systems in Borland Delphi 7 environment.

Canonical coordinates for the planetary problem

In 1963, V. I. Arnold stated his celebrated Thorem on the Stability of Planetary Motions. The general proof of his wonderful statement (that he provided completely only for the particular case of three bodies constrained in a plane) turned out to be more difficult than expected and was next completed by J. Laskar, P. Robutel, M. Herman, J. F\'ejoz, L. Chierchia and the author. We refer the reader to the technical papers \cite{arnold63, laskarR95, rob95, maligeRL02, herman09, fej04, pinzari-th09, ChierchiaPi11b} for detailed information; to \cite{fejoz13, chierchia13, chierchiaPi14}, or the introduction of \cite{pinzari13} for reviews. The complete understanding of Arnold's Theorem relied on an analytic part and a geometric one, both highly non trivial. Of such two aspects, the analytic part was basically settled out since \cite{arnold63} (notwithstanding refinements next given in \cite{fejoz04, chierchiaPi10}). The geometrical aspects were instead mostly unexplored after his 1963's paper and have been only recently clarified \cite{pinzari-th09, chierchiaPi11b}. In fact, switching from the three--body case to the many--body one needed to develop new constructions, because of a dramatic degeneracy due to its invariance by rotations, which, if not suitably treated, prevents the application of Arnold's 1963's strategy. The purpose of this note is to provide a historical survey of this latter part. We shall describe previous classical approaches going back to Delaunay, Poincar\'e, Jacobi and point out more recent progresses, based on the papers \cite{pinzari-th09, chierchiaPi11a, chierchiaPi11b, chierchiaPi11c, pinzari13, pinzari14}. In the final part of the paper we discuss a set of coordinates recently found by the author which reduces completely its integrals, puts the unperturbed part in Keplerian form, preserves the symmetry by reflections and is regular for zero inclinations.Comment: 27 pages. Final version. Introduction slightly modified and misprints correcte