59,145 research outputs found

    Uso de las histonas circulantes y sus modificaciones post-traduccionales como biomarcadores en sepsis y shock séptico

    Get PDF
    La sepsis es una afección potencialmente mortal causada por una respuesta anormal del huésped a una infección, produciendo respuestas fisiológicas alteradas que dañan los propios tejidos del paciente y pueden provocar disfunción orgánica e incluso la muerte. Asimismo, algunos pacientes sépticos progresan a shock séptico, caracterizado por alteraciones circulatorias, celulares y metabólicas sustanciales que aumentan el riesgo de mortalidad. A pesar de que la sepsis se caracteriza por un mal funcionamiento del sistema inmunológico, lo que a su vez conduce a una respuesta inmune alterada e inmunosupresión, la alta complejidad de la fisiopatología de la sepsis requiere una mayor investigación para comprender las respuestas inmunes que ocurren durante la sepsis. Asimismo, las histonas extracelulares circulantes han ganado relevancia como mediadores citotóxicos en la sepsis, ya que actúan como patrones moleculares asociados a daño, que inducen estrés oxidativo y activan el inflamasoma NLRP3. Estos mecanismos median la activación de la piroptosis, un mecanismo de muerte celular programada que produce inflamación mediante la expresión de IL-18, IL-1β and IL-1α. Sin embargo, a pesar de la evidencia de activación del inflamasoma en las células inmunes durante la sepsis, se desconoce si las histonas extracelulares son capaces de activar los inflamasomas endoteliales y sus consecuencias. En este trabajo destacamos el papel previamente desconocido de las histonas extracelulares, mediando la activación del inflamasoma NLRP3 y la piroptosis en las células endoteliales, contribuyendo a la disfunción endotelial y la desregulación de la respuesta inmune mediada por el endotelio. Asimismo, también demostramos cómo la acetilación de histonas disminuye la activación de la piroptosis. Además, demostramos que la piroptosis se produce en pacientes con shock séptico y los niveles de histonas circulantes se correlacionan con la expresión de citoquinas proinflamatorias y citoquinas piroptóticas, la liberación de factores de adhesión endotelial y la gravedad de la enfermedad. Proponemos la piroptosis mediada por histonas como un nuevo objetivo para desarrollar intervenciones clínicas. De manera similar, hemos analizado las respuestas inmunorelacionadas que ocurren durante las primeras etapas de la sepsis con el objetivo de proporcionar nuevos datos comparando las cantidades de citoquinas, inmunomoduladores y otros mediadores endoteliales en pacientes críticamente enfermos no sépticos, sépticos y de shock séptico. Nuestro enfoque ayudará a caracterizar rápidamente las respuestas inmunes alteradas en pacientes sépticos y de shock séptico ingresados en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos. Finalmente analizamos el papel de la metilación del ADN en el control del sistema inmune séptico. Nuestros resultados demostraron el papel central de la metilación del ADN modulando la respuesta molecular en los pacientes de shock séptico y contribuyendo a la inmunosupresión, a través de la alteración de los patrones de metilación de los promotores de IL-10 y TREM-2.Sepsis is a life-threatening condition caused by an abnormal host response to an infection that produce altered physiological responses which damages own tissues of the patient and can result in organ dysfunction and in some cases death. Likewise, a subset of septic patients progresses to septic shock, characterized by substantial circulatory, cellular and metabolic abnormalities, which substantially increase the risk of mortality. Sepsis is characterized by a malfunction of the immune system and it can lead to an altered immune response and immunosuppression. Moreover, the high complexity of the pathophysiology of sepsis requires of further investigation to characterize the immune responses in sepsis and septic shock. Likewise, circulating extracellular histones have gained relevance as cytotoxic mediators in sepsis pathophysiology, since they act as damage-associated molecular patterns, which induce oxidative stress and activate NLRP3 inflammasome. Subsequently, inflammasome mediates pyroptosis activation, a programmed cell death mechanism that produces inflammation through the release of IL-18, IL-1β and IL-1α. However, despite inflammasome activation may occur in immune cells during sepsis, it is unknown if this process also takes place in endothelial cells and particularly whether extracellular histones are capable of activating endothelial inflammasomes and their consequences. In this work we highlight a previously unknown role for extracellular histones, that mediates the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and pyroptosis in endothelial cells by contributing to endothelial dysfunction and the dysregulation of the immune response mediated by endothelium. Likewise, we demonstrated how histone acetylation decreases pyroptosis activation. Furthermore, we show how pyroptosis occurs in septic shock patients and how circulating histone levels correlate with the expression of pro-inflammatory and pyroptotic cytokines, the release of endothelial adhesion factors and septic shock severity. We propose histone-mediated pyroptosis as a new target to develop clinical interventions. Similarly, we have analyzed the immune-related responses occurring during the early stages of sepsis with the aim of providing new data by comparing the amounts of cytokines, immune modulators and other endothelial mediators in critically-ill non-septic patients, septic and septic shock patients. Our approach will help to rapidly characterize the altered immune responses in septic and septic shock patients admitted in the Intensive Care Unit. Finally, we also analyzed the role of DNA methylation in the control of septic immune system. Our results demonstrated the central role of DNA methylation modulating the molecular response in septic shock patients and contributing to immunosuppression, through the alteration of DNA methylation patterns of IL-10 and TREM2 promoters

    Rainfall Prediction: A Comparative Analysis of Modern Machine Learning Algorithms for Time-Series Forecasting

    Get PDF
    Rainfall forecasting has gained utmost research relevance in recent times due to its complexities and persistent applications such as flood forecasting and monitoring of pollutant concentration levels, among others. Existing models use complex statistical models that are often too costly, both computationally and budgetary, or are not applied to downstream applications. Therefore, approaches that use Machine Learning algorithms in conjunction with time-series data are being explored as an alternative to overcome these drawbacks. To this end, this study presents a comparative analysis using simplified rainfall estimation models based on conventional Machine Learning algorithms and Deep Learning architectures that are efficient for these downstream applications. Models based on LSTM, Stacked-LSTM, Bidirectional-LSTM Networks, XGBoost, and an ensemble of Gradient Boosting Regressor, Linear Support Vector Regression, and an Extra-trees Regressor were compared in the task of forecasting hourly rainfall volumes using time-series data. Climate data from 2000 to 2020 from five major cities in the United Kingdom were used. The evaluation metrics of Loss, Root Mean Squared Error, Mean Absolute Error, and Root Mean Squared Logarithmic Error were used to evaluate the models' performance. Results show that a Bidirectional-LSTM Network can be used as a rainfall forecast model with comparable performance to Stacked-LSTM Networks. Among all the models tested, the Stacked-LSTM Network with two hidden layers and the Bidirectional-LSTM Network performed best. This suggests that models based on LSTM-Networks with fewer hidden layers perform better for this approach; denoting its ability to be applied as an approach for budget-wise rainfall forecast applications

    Lecture Notes on Quantum Field Theory I

    Get PDF
    El documento ha sido corregido por el Servicio de Política Linguística de la Universidad de Valencia.Material docente preparado para la asignatura Teoría Cuántica de Campos en el Master de Física Avanzada.These lectures notes are based on the material covered in the course on Quantum Field Theory I in the Master in Advanced Physics at the University of Valencia, delivered in the years 2017-2021

    The chemical induction of synaesthesia

    Get PDF
    Objective: Preliminary research suggests that experiences resembling synaesthesia are frequently reported under the influence of a diverse range of chemical substances although the incidence, chemical specificity, and characteristics of these effects are poorly understood. Methods: Here we surveyed recreational drug users and self-reported developmental synaesthetes regarding their use of 28 psychoactive drugs from 12 different drug classes and whether they had experienced synaesthesia under the influence of these substances. Results: The drug class of tryptamines exhibited the highest incidence rates of drug-induced synaesthesia in controls and induction rates of novel forms of synaesthesia in developmental synaesthetes. Induction incidence rates in controls were strongly correlated with the corresponding induction and enhancement rates in developmental synaesthetes. In addition, the use of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) was the strongest predictor of drug-induced synaesthesia in both controls and developmental synaesthetes. Clear evidence was observed for a clustering of synaesthesia-induction rates as a function of drug class in both groups, denoting non-random incidence rates within drug classes. Sound-colour synaesthesia was the most commonly observed type of induced synaesthesia. Further analyses suggest the presence of synaesthesia-prone individuals, who were more likely to experience drug-induced synaesthesia with multiple drugs. Conclusions: These data corroborate the hypothesized link between drug-induced synaesthesia and serotoninergic activity, but also suggest the possibility of alternative neurochemical pathways involved in the induction of synaesthesia. They further imply that the induction and modulation of synaesthesia in controls and developmental synaesthetes share overlapping mechanisms and that certain individuals may be more susceptible to experiencing induced synaesthesia with different drugs

    Stock Identification Methods Working Group (SIMWG). 2021

    Get PDF
    The Stock Identification Methods Working Group (SIMWG) reviews new methods for the definition and investigation of stock structure and provides recommendations to other ICES expert groups on how to interpret patterns of population structure. In 2021, SIMWG continued providing annual updates on recent applications of stock identification methods to species assessed by ICES and on advances in stock identification methods. Based on the wide expertise of SIMWG members, the group provides reviews of recent literature on genetics, growth marks in calcified structures, life history parameters, morphometrics/ meristics, tagging, otolith shape, otolith chemistry, parasites and interdisciplinary approaches. The key activity of SIMWG is to address requests by ICES working groups for technical advice on issues of stock identity. In 2021, SIMWG reviewed the report of a project on herring stock structure upon request by the ICES Herring Assessment Working Group (HAWG). SIMWG contributes to the general understanding of the biological features of the north Atlantic ecosystem through its work to describe fish population structure. Additionally, SIMWG annual reviews on advances in stock identification methods keep ICES members abreast of best practices in this field of study. SIMWG expert reviews on questions of stock structure for particular ICES species are directly relevant to the appropriate definition of stock and contribute to the accuracy of stock assessment and effectiveness of management actions. We see an important role for SIMWG in the future as ICES is coping with the shifting distributions of fishery resources and questions regarding the appropriate definition of fish stocks. Understanding stock structure is a fundamental requirement before any assessment or modelling on a stock can be contemplated and SIMWG will continue to work with ICES expert groups to address pressing stock identification issues

    The Lived Experiences of Yoga Practice for Female Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis

    Get PDF
    Childhood sexual abuse (CSA) permeates all aspects of personhood including the body. There is a surge in the interest in reviewing yoga’s potential usefulness for trauma survivors in clinical trials. However, very little research focuses on women’s perspectives who experienced CSA and have subsequently practised yoga in community settings. This study investigated six women’s lived experiences of yoga practice, mainly focusing on the helpful and unhelpful aspects of yoga that mediated their recovery. Adult women survivors with experience of movement-based yoga in a group setting for at least eight weeks in the last year were recruited. Data were collected using individual, face-to-face, and semi-structured interviews. The transcribed data were analysed using Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) underpinned by constructivist ontology, phenomenological epistemology, and feminist axiology. Three emergent themes were identified- “Coming to yoga”, “Process of becoming” and “Reclaiming life”. Women’s narratives in this study illustrated that they found yoga a useful and resilience-building resource in their journey of healing. With consistent and frequent practice, they reported feeling more present, self-aware, and compassionate towards themselves. Teacher’s qualities such as fostering safety, choice and holistic focus were identified as significant mediating factors that aided this journey, whereas crowded, mixed-gender, and posture-focused practice presented challenges for some respondents. This study has the potential to help Counselling psychologists (CoP), therapists, psychologists, mental health practitioners, yoga teachers, and health professionals involved in the care of the CSA survivors in implementing an evidence-based and holistic approach that facilitates self-directed recovery of CSA survivors. Further research is needed to establish if the benefits and challenges of different aspects of practice apply to the diverse population and its potential usefulness in various phases of recovery. Also, find ways to standardize the yoga practice considering variations in the approach to ensure safe and ethical practice

    A stochastic differential equation approach to the analysis of the UK 2017 and 2019 general election polls

    Get PDF
    Human dynamics and sociophysics build on statistical models that can shed light on and add to our understanding of social phenomena. We propose a generative model based on a stochastic differential equation that enables us to model the opinion polls leading up to the UK 2017 and 2019 general elections, and to make predictions relating to the actual result of the elections. After a brief analysis of the time series of the poll results, we provide empirical evidence that the gamma distribution, which is often used in financial modelling, fits the marginal distribution of this time series. We demonstrate that the proposed poll-based forecasting model may improve upon predictions based solely on polls. The method uses the Euler-Maruyama method to simulate the time series, measuring the prediction error with the mean absolute error and the root mean square error, and as such could be used as part of a toolkit for forecasting elections

    Co-registration of eye movements and fixation-related potentials in natural reading: Practical issues of experimental design and data analysis

    Get PDF
    A growing number of studies are using co-registration of eye movement (EM) and fixation-related potential (FRP) measures to investigate reading. However, the number of co-registration experiments remains small when compared to the number of studies in the literature conducted with EMs and event-related potentials (ERPs) alone. One reason for this is the complexity of the experimental design and data analyses. The present paper is designed to support researchers who might have expertise in conducting reading experiments with EM or ERP techniques and are wishing to take their first steps towards co-registration research. The objective of this paper is threefold. First, to provide an overview of the issues that such researchers would face. Second, to provide a critical overview of the methodological approaches available to date to deal with these issues. Third, to offer an example pipeline and a full set of scripts for data preprocessing that may be adopted and adapted for one's own needs. The data preprocessing steps are based on EM data parsing via Data Viewer (SR Research), and the provided scripts are written in Matlab and R. Ultimately, with this paper we hope to encourage other researchers to run co-registration experiments to study reading and human cognition more generally

    Influencia del procesamiento de la leche humana donada sobre la microbiota intestinal, la expresión genómica y el equilibrio oxidativo en recién nacidos pretérmino menores de 32 semanas de edad gestacional

    Get PDF
    A nivel mundial, 15 millones de bebés nacen prematuros cada año. El período neonatal es un período de vida excepcionalmente vulnerable durante el cual los recién nacidos a término (RNT) pero especialmente los prematuros tienen, un mayor riesgo de mortalidad y morbilidad que puede conducir a secuelas neurocognitivas, motoras y sensoriales permanentes, constituyendo así un grave problema de salud económico y social. Una colonización microbiana adecuada durante este periodo es fundamental para la maduración apropiada del sistema inmune, el metabolismo así como el desarrollo del sistema nervioso central, favoreciendo la maduración de funciones cognitivas y sensoriales, como la visión. Las alteraciones de la microbiota pueden tener consecuencias importantes para la salud. Los RNT cuentan con un sistema de defensa antioxidante que les protegerá frente al aumento en la producción de radicales libres de oxígeno (ROS) y de nitrógeno (RNS). Sin embargo, los recién nacidos prematuros tienen un sistema de defensa antioxidante inmaduro. La leche materna (LM) ha sido reconocida como el estándar de oro para la nutrición humana. Tiene compuestos bioactivos se consideran no solo protectores sino que también estimulan el crecimiento y neurodesarrollo junto con la maduración del sistema inmune inmaduro. La leche humana donada (LHD) pasteurizada es la mejor alternativa en los prematuros menores de 32 semanas de edad gestacional, menores de 1500 gramos, cuando la leche de la propia madre (LM) no está disponible. Los beneficios demostrados de alimentar a los recién nacidos con LHD frente a las fórmulas artificiales son a corto plazo: su protección frente a la enterocolitis necrotizante la infección nosocomial y mejor tolerancia enteral. Y a largo plazo, presentan un mejor neurodesarrollo que aquellos alimentados con fórmula y un menor riesgo cardiovascular durante la adolescencia. La pasteurización causa la pérdida de algunas de las propiedades biológicas, estructurales y funcionales de la LM. OBJETIVOS: Nuestro objetivo fue determinar el impacto de la LHD sobre la microbiota intestinal, el estrés oxidativo en orina y la expresión genómica en células intestinales epiteliales exfoliadas (CIEE), en recién nacidos prematuros ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales de referencia. POBLACIÓN Y MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio de cohortes, prospectivo, observacional y unicéntrico dónde se incluyen, durante un periodo de 12 meses, todos los recién nacidos ≤ 32 semanas de edad gestacional, ≤ 1500 gramos, ingresados en la Unidad de Neonatología del Hospital Universitario y Politécnico La Fe (Valencia, España), Se recogieron muestras fecales y de orina de 69 prematuros, cuando se consiguió la alimentación enteral completa (definida como ≥150 cc / kg / día) con LM, LHD o fórmula de prematuro (FP). La composición de la microbiota intestinal se analizó mediante secuenciación del gen de ARNr 16S. La determinación de biomarcadores de daño oxidativo al ADN y a las proteínas en muestras de orina de RNPT se realizó siguiendo un método de cromatografía líquida Ultra Performance previamente validado - espectrometría de masas en tándem (UPLC-MS / MS). El ARN total de CIEE se hibridó en el micromatriz Clariom S Human. RESULTADOS: A pesar de una mayor variabilidad, no se encontraron diferencias en la diversidad y riqueza microbiana, aunque el tipo de alimentación influyó significativamente en la composición de la microbiota intestinal en los prematuros y en los perfiles funcionales predictivos. Por otra parte, la evaluación in vivo no invasiva del estrés oxidativo no mostró diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ninguno de los 22 biomarcadores en orina, entre ambos grupos (LM vs LHD) en el momento en que se consiguió la nutrición enteral completa (150 ml / kg / día). Los genes expresados diferencialmente (DEG) derivados del análisis ANOVA (valor p <0.05) revelaron cambios estadísticamente significativos en 1629 transcripciones de CIE en neonatos alimentados con LM versus LHD. El grupo de LM sobreexpresó el gen de la lactoalbúmina alfa (LALBA), el gen de la subunidad I de la citocromo C oxidasa (COX1) y el gen kappa de las caseínas (CSN3), el gen beta (CSN2) y el gen alfa (CSN1S1) y el gen del factor citosólico de neutrófilos 1 (NCF1) infraexpresado en comparación al grupo LHD. Esto explica la falta de activación de las vías inflamatorias, la formación de citocinas no inflamatorias y el bloqueo de la generación de radicales libres de oxígeno (ROS). CONCLUSIONES: 1. La leche humana de donante favorece el desarrollo de un microbioma intestinal que se asemeja más al microbioma adquirido por los lactantes alimentados con LM propia que el microbioma de los lactantes alimentados con fórmula. 2. A pesar de estas diferencias, la leche humana de donante confiere efectos beneficiosos potenciales sobre la funcionalidad intestinal, el sistema inmunitario y las actividades metabólicas. 3. Los neonatos prematuros alimentados con leche humana de donante tienen una capacidad antioxidante similar a la de los prematuros alimentados con leche materna propia, como se refleja en el nivel de biomarcadores urinarios de daño oxidativo en proteínas, ADN o lípidos. 4. La variabilidad en términos de expresión transcriptómica en las células intestinales exfoliadas fue del 12,1% entre la LM propia y la LHD. Sin embargo, 1629 genes se expresaron de forma diferencial entre ambos grupos. 5. Los genes candidatos con diferente expresión entre los prematuros alimentados con LM propia y con LHD fueron Lactoalbúmina alfa (LALBA), Caseína kappa (CSN3), Caseína beta (CSN2), Caseína alfa-1 (CSN1S1), Citocromo C oxidasa subunidad 1 (COX1), Factor citosólico de neutrófilos 1 (NCF1). 6. El análisis biológico de estos genes indica que la LHD tiene un menor potencial antiinflamatorio que la leche materna propia. Esto es importante en cuanto a su capacidad de protección contra los patógenos y el desarrollo de la enterocolitis necrotizante. 7. A pesar de las diferencias, nuestros estudios muestran muchos datos a favor de las importantes ventajas de la LHD sobre la leche de fórmula. Sin embargo, deberían desarrollarse nuevos métodos de pasteurización más respetuosos con la integridad de la leche humana de donante.Worldwide, 15 million babies are born prematurely each year, which is to be estimated at approximately 11% of all births, with an increasing tendency in most of the countries. The neonatal period is an exceptionally vulnerable period of life during which not only full-term newborns but also, and especially premature ones have, compared to other stages of life, an increased risk of mortality and morbidity that can lead to permanent neurocognitive, motor and sensory sequelae, thus constituting a major economic and social problem. An adequate microbial colonization during this period is essential for proper maturation of the immune system, metabolism as well as the development of the central nervous system, encouraging the maturation of cognitive and sensory functions, such as vision. Microbiota alterations can have important health consequences. Full-term newborns have an antioxidant defense system that will protect them against increased production of oxygen-free radicals (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS). Nevertheless, premature newborns have an immature antioxidant defense system. Breast milk (BM) has been recognized as the gold standard for human nutrition. Those bioactive compounds are considered not only protectors but also stimulators of growth and neurodevelopment along with the maturation of the immature immune system. Pasteurized donated human milk (DHM) is the best alternative in premature children under 32 weeks of gestational age, lighter than 1.500 grams, when mother's own milk (OMM) is not available. The proven benefits of feeding newborns with DHM versus artificial formulas are for a short-term: protection against necrotizing enterocolitis, nosocomial infection and better enteral tolerance. For the long term, they have a better neurodevelopment than those fed with formula and a lower cardiovascular risk during adolescence. Pasteurization causes the loss of some of the biological, structural and functional properties. OBJECTIVES: Our objective was to determine the impact of DHM on the gut microbiota, oxidative stress in urine and genomic expression in exfoliated epithelial intestinal cells (EEIC), in premature newborns admitted to a reference neonatal intensive care unit. POPULATION AND METHODS: A cohort, prospective, observational and unicentric study was carried out where all newborns are included for a period of 12 months, ≤ 32 weeks gestational age, ≤ 1.500 grams, admitted in the Neonatology Unit of the University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe (Valencia, Spain). Fecal and urine samples of 69 preterm were collected, when the neonates reached complete enteral feeding (defined as ≥150 cc/ kg / day). There were 3 groups: neonates fed with OMM, DHM or premature formula (FP). The composition of the gut microbiota was analyzed by sequencing the 16S RNAr gene. The determination of biomarkers of oxidative damage to DNA and proteins in urine samples of premature newborns, as well as lipid peroxidation biomarkers mediated by individual free radicals, was performed following a pre-validated Ultra Performance liquid chromatography method - tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The total RNA of CIEE was processed with the Clariom S Human micro-matrix. RESULTS: Despite greater variability, no differences in diversity and microbial wealth were found, even though the type of diet significantly influenced the composition of the gut microbiota in preterm ones and in the predictive functional profiles. Moreover, the non-invasive in vivo evaluation of oxidative stress revealed no statistically significant differences in any of the 22 biomarkers in urine, between the two groups (OMM vs. DHM) when they reached full enteral nutrition (150 ml / kg / day). The OMM group overexpressed the lactalbumin alpha gene (LALBA), the cytochrome C oxidase subunit I gene (COX1) and the casein kappa gene (CSN3), the beta gene (CSN2) and the alpha gene (CSN1S1) and the neutrophil cytosolic factor gene 1 (NCF1) was down-expressed in comparison with the DHM group. This explains the lack of activation of inflammatory pathways, the formation of non-inflammatory cytokines and the blocking of oxygen-free radical generation (ROS). CONCLUSIONS: 1. Donor human milk favors the development of a gut microbiome that resembles the microbiome acquired by infants nourished by their own mother’s milk more than microbiome in formula fed infants. Nonetheless, preterm infants nourished donor human milk, have a distinct microbial profile but shortage in the microbial diversity and richness present in the gut microbiome of infants fed with own mother’s milk. 2. Despite these differences, donor human milk confers beneficial potential effects upon intestinal functionality, immune system and metabolic activities. 3. Preterm infants nourished with donor human milk have similar antioxidant capacity as preterm fed own mother's milk as reflected in the level of urinary biomarkers of oxidative damage to proteins, DNA or lipids. 4. The variability in terms of transcriptomic expression in exfoliated intestinal cells was 12.1% between own mother´s milk and donor human milk. Nevertheless, 1629 genes were differentially expressed between both groups. 5. The candidate genes with different expression between preterm nourished with owns mother milk and donor human milk were Lactalbumin alpha (LALBA),)Casein kappa (CSN3), Casein beta (CSN2), Casein alpha-1 (CSN1S1), Cytochrome C oxidase subunit 1 (COX1), Neutrophil cytosolic factor 1 (NCF1). 6. The biological analysis of these genes indicates that donor human milk possesses a lower anti-inflammatory potential than its own mother´s milk. This is important in terms of its ability to protect against pathogens and the development of necrotizing enterocolitis. 7. Notwithstanding the differences, our studies show many data in favor of important advantages of donor human milk over formula milk. Conversely, new pasteurization methods that preserve the integrity of donor human milk should be developed
    corecore