A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW OF INTONATION: PSYCHOACOUSTICS MODELING OF PROSODIC PROMINENCE

Bolinger (1978:475), one of the foremost authorities on prosody of a generation ago, said that “Intonation is a half-tamed savage. To understand the tamed or linguistically harnessed half of him, one has to make friends with the wild half.” This review provides a brief explanation for the tamed and untamed halves of intonation. It is argued here that the pitch-centered approach that has been used for several decades is responsible for why one half of intonation remains untamed. To tame intonation completely, a holistic acoustic approach is required that takes intensity and duration as seriously as it does pitch. Speech is a three-dimensional physical entity in which all three correlates work independently and interdependently. Consequently, a methodology that addresses intonation comprehensively is more likely to yield better results. Psychoacoustics seems to be well positioned for this task. Nearly 100 years of experimentations have led to the discoveries of Just Noticeable Difference (JNDs) thresholds that can be summoned to help tame intonation completely. The framework discussed here expands the analytical resources and facilitates an optimal description of intonation. It calculates and ranks the relative functional load (RFL) of pitch, intensity, and duration, and uses the results to compute the melodicity score of utterances. The findings replicate, based on JNDs, how the naked ear perceives intonation on a four-point Likert melodicity scale

ENGLISH INFLUENCES IN ROMANIAN BUSINESS VOCABULARY

Our language reflects directly and ceaseless all changes that take place in a community, at the economical level, political, administrative, technical or informational. For this reason, our language creates new words with its own resources: derivation, composition, lexical family and borrowing. Usually, a language borrows from that foreign language that produces the innovation in a specific domain. If in the 19th century, the source of Romanian borrowings was literary Latin and neo-Romanics languages, especially French and Italian, and in some domains of techniques Romanian borrowed more from German, nowadays, the principal origin of borrowings is English. As we can easy check up Romanian borrows more words from English especially in domains like informatics, business, management, marketing, but also in fashion, music, showbiz and even in Romanian argotic language. From this point of view, barrowings (or loanwords) are a necessity of a language to cover a notion or concept that didn�t exist before and the Romanian language cannot create a correspondent to cover that meaning. Business language became daily language based on situations which arise daily in ordinary businesses from Monday to Friday. Words like manager, staff, credit card, design, advertising, agreement, show-room had entered in our usual vocabulary. We will analyze the importance of loanwords, their classifications and their correct use in Romanian language.loanwords, Business English, Romanian language, Anglicisation, linguistic globalisation.

THE LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE GRAMMATICAL VARIABILITY

The actuality of the subject. Variability, and optionality is observed at all levels of the language as a universal feature of language means. One of the key features of contemporary linguistic research is the general typology of language means’ variability and focusing on issues such as functional specifications of various variants in the text. In contrast to other language levels, the problem of variability in syntax has been studied less. The complexity of the investigation of variability in the syntax field is conditioned by the dual nature of syntactic units, and their structure-content layout. The sentence as a syntactic unit changes the structural-content layout and functional aspect in the evolutionary process. Simple sentences the generally accepted communicative speech unit and generally accepted syntactic units have been widely studied in various aspects of modern linguistic studies and currently is being studied further. The simple sentence being a structural type of sentence had a long way to development in the modern English language as well as in other languages, and has come to the present situation having structural-semantic improvement through certain changes during the speech as a result of simplification in sentence models, the expression means in sentences. Until now, there is no comprehensive description of the variativity features of all syntactic models of simple sentences in the studies where the syntactic structure of the English language has been described. Still, structural-semantic features, variations emerged in the historical development process can be underlined as an important issue because of the controversial issues in the syntax with a simple sentence and this proves the relevance of the topic. All of these bring to the agenda the comparisons by analyzing the structure-semantic layout of the simple sentence in different periods of the English language, revealing the changes in the simple sentence models, sentence members, and their means of expression, word order, analyzing the causes of those changes as an actual lingvo-methodological issue. Many researchers (K.Abdullayev, S.Abdullayev, D.Yunusov, F.Veysalli, and others) have examined the problem of variativity in different types of sentences in Azerbaijani linguistics and have shown valuable works in this area. The term "variativity" is applied to describe the functionality of different language units in modern linguistics and during the discovery of its unobserved aspects. In recent decades, the concept of enhanced variativity in phonology has also contributed to extensive research in other areas of linguistics, including syntax