15 research outputs found
L'intelligence artificielle : une certaine intelligence du social
Sociologie des techniquesDu point de vue dâune sociologie de la connaissance, la recherche contemporaine en intelligence artificielle tire son originalitĂ© de lâintĂ©rĂȘt portĂ© Ă la modĂ©lisation de la connaissance ordinaire, ce savoir engagĂ© dans la vie de tous les jours (ex. aller lâĂ©picerie, prendre son petit dĂ©jeuner). Les entreprises Facebook ou Google, le fameux GAFAM ainsi que les services de musique et de vidĂ©os en ligne capturent et modĂ©lisent les faits et gestes du quidam afin de remettre les rĂ©sultats de leurs calculs en jeu dans cette mĂȘme vie courante. La recherche en IA porte Ă©galement sur la mise en forme de savoirs savants et professionnels tout comme durant les annĂ©es 1960 et 1970, mais cette thĂšse ne sây intĂ©ressera pas.
Dans le cadre dâune sociologie des sciences et des techniques, je me questionne sur ce que nous, en tant que civilisation occidentale, faisons du dĂ©veloppement technologique, du monde que nous construisons Ă lâaide des diverses techniques. Ma prĂ©occupation ne porte pas sur les choix des objets privilĂ©giĂ©s par la recherche des laboratoires publics et privĂ©s, mais sur les usages, les dĂ©bouchĂ©s selon la question trĂšs gĂ©nĂ©rale : en quoi telle technique modifie-t-elle ou non notre façon de vivre ? Or, cette question relĂšve dâun exercice de prospective dans la mesure oĂč bien souvent nous ne possĂ©dons pas assez de recul sur ces techniques. Elle demeure malgrĂ© tout une prĂ©occupation dâarriĂšre-plan de mes questions de recherche. En effet, ces modĂšles dâapprentissage machine, trouveraient-ils leur place au sein dâune civilisation qui nâaccorderait pas autant dâimportance Ă lâefficacitĂ©, Ă la productivitĂ©, Ă la rentabilitĂ©, Ă la science ou encore au travail ? Aussi, viennent-ils entĂ©riner lâordre Ă©tabli ou bien offrent-ils de nouvelles possibilitĂ©s dâexistence ?
Comprendre minimalement lâartefact dâun point de vue technique et saisir du point de vue de la sociologie la façon dont les chercheurs pensent leurs objets nous Ă©claire sur les catĂ©gories de pensĂ©es principales qui orientent ces usages et le cas Ă©chĂ©ant sur les Ă©ventuels effets sociĂ©taux. En lâoccurrence, lâidĂ©e de modĂ©liser de nombreuses activitĂ©s de la vie quotidienne repose sur une reprĂ©sentation Ă priori de celle-ci de la part de chercheurs localisĂ©s socialement par leur profession et plus gĂ©nĂ©ralement leurs relations sociales diverses. Quelle est cette reprĂ©sentation et comment est-elle opĂ©rationnalisĂ©e dans les modĂšles ? PosĂ©e autrement, de quels rapports au monde tĂ©moignent ingĂ©nieurs et informaticiens par lâintermĂ©diaire de leurs connaissances professionnelles, savantes et ordinaires ? Ainsi, dans cette thĂšse, mon travail se ramĂšne Ă informer de la dimension sociale propre Ă la technique Ă©tudiĂ©e. Ă partir dâentretiens auprĂšs de chercheurs en IA, la question de recherche est la suivante : quels sont les savoirs et raisonnements chez les chercheurs au fondement de lâĂ©laboration des algorithmes relevant de lâintelligence artificielle contemporaine et qui construisent une reprĂ©sentation opĂ©ratoire particuliĂšre de la vie sociale ? ExprimĂ©e en terme sociologique, cette question devient : en quoi les modĂšles d'apprentissage sont-ils un nouveau « modĂšle concret de connaissance » pour les usagers et informaticiens selon le concept dĂ©veloppĂ© par le sociologue Gilles Houles ?
Les modĂšles dits dâapprentissage sous-tendent une conception relationnelle de la constitution de la connaissance humaine et dâun rapport Ă la rĂ©alitĂ© mĂ©diĂ© par lâaction comme moyen dâactualisation de cette connaissance. RĂ©sumĂ© simplement, le concept sociologique de « modĂšle concret de connaissance » objective les deux modalitĂ©s dâexistence de la vie humaine que nous retrouvons empiriquement sous deux concepts informatiques : symbolique (leur modĂšle mathĂ©matique) et lâaction ou « lâagent informatique » ou « celui qui agit », que ce concept soit mobilisĂ© ou non par les chercheurs.
En somme, ces modĂšles en relation les uns avec les autres et matĂ©rialisĂ©s dans les objets dits connectĂ©s ou « smart » (ex. tĂ©lĂ©phones, Ă©lectromĂ©nagers) forment un schĂ©ma opĂ©ratoire organisateur de la vie sociale. Ce cĂŽtĂ© opĂ©ratoire repose sur la position de « tiers mĂ©diateur » ou de « mĂ©moire sociale technicisĂ©e » dans les relations humains-humains via machines. Je m'appuierai sur le concept de mĂ©moire sociale et de morphologie sociale dĂ©veloppĂ©e par le sociologue Maurice Halbwachs. Autrement dit, ce rĂ©seau dâobjets connectĂ©s et dâĂȘtres humains se ramĂšne Ă lâinstauration dâun cadre cognitif collectif particulier, issu des reprĂ©sentations sociales de groupes professionnels prĂ©cis, mais mises en jeu dans la vie courante de tous, soit une institutionnalisation en cours.
En effet, la diffusion et lâadoption des modĂšles dĂ©coulent dâun processus de reconnaissance publique de savoirs sous-jacents et dĂ©jĂ institutionnalisĂ©s, pour l'essentiel, les mathĂ©matiques et lâingĂ©nierie, le savoir implicite des « sciences de la gestion » et un savoir dit « scientifique » par les chercheurs.
Plus prĂ©cisĂ©ment, le processus en cours consiste en lâinstitution dâĂȘtres humains et de machines apprenantes en liens permanents via les objets connectĂ©s (« Internet of Things »). Au final, elle consiste en une mise en rĂ©seau des « rĂ©gularitĂ©s sociales » obtenues par classifications et rĂ©gressions effectuĂ©es par les dĂ©tenteurs des donnĂ©es. Je parlerai d'une « morphologie sociotechnique » ou dâune « configuration sociotechnique ». Ă la figure du robot polyvalent anthropomorphique censĂ© condenser toute la mise en pratique du savoir sur lâIA, se substitue celle de relations sociales informatisĂ©es comme lieux du maintien des liens entre ĂȘtres humains par un concentrĂ© de savoirs et idĂ©es hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes tels qu'un ĂȘtre humain ayant besoin d'aide ou la nĂ©cessitĂ© de la crĂ©ativitĂ© par exemple. Ă lâusage, sâĂ©tablit un type de lien social entre ĂȘtres humains via les machines pris entre la rĂ©duction propre Ă tout modĂšle de lâobjet sur lequel il porte, la flexibilitĂ© quâoffre la possibilitĂ© dâajustement (le cĂŽtĂ© « learning ») et le sens donnĂ© Ă lâaction par lâutilisateur lambda. LâidĂ©ologie comme « mode de connaissance » du rĂ©seau sociotechnique est partie prenante de cette institutionnalisation en cours. Elle offre un cadre cognitif qui remet en cause la diversitĂ© produite par la division habituelle du travail sĂ©mantique au sein des ensembles sociaux en fournissant un modĂšle de lĂ©gitimitĂ©, soit le discours du « partage ».
Lâaccent mis par cette thĂšse sur les « sciences de la gestion » et la notion de rĂ©seau lâinscrit dans le prolongement des Ă©tudes des trente derniĂšres annĂ©es sur cette « sociĂ©tĂ© informationnelle » de Manuel Castells, une « nouvelle reprĂ©sentation gĂ©nĂ©rale des sociĂ©tĂ©s » en rĂ©seau en suivant Luc Boltanski ou encore « lâesprit gestionnaire » qui sâempara des fonctionnaires dâĂtat selon le sociologue Albert Ogien.From the point of view of a sociology of knowledge, contemporary research in Artificial Intelligence (AI) draws its originality by its interest in the modeling of ordinary knowledge, that knowledge engaged in everyday life. The companies Facebook or Google, the so-called GAFAM, as well as online music and video services, capture and model the facts and gestures of the average person in order to put the results of their calculations back into play in its very everyday life. The research in AI also deals with academic and professional knowledge as it did in the 1960s and 1970s, but this thesis will not focus on it.
Within the framework of a sociology of science and technology, I question what We, as the Western civilization, do with technological development, about the world we build with the help of various techniques. My concern is not with the choice of research objects privileged by public and private laboratories, but with the uses, the outlets according to the very general question: In what way does such a technique modify or not our way of living? Now, this question is an exercise in foresight insofar as we often do not have enough hindsight on these techniques. Nevertheless, it remains a background concern of my research. Indeed, would these machine learning models find their place in a civilization that would not give as much importance to efficiency, productivity, profitability, science or work? Also, do they endorse the established social organization, or do they offer new possibilities of existence?
Understanding the artifact minimally from a technical perspective and grasping from a sociological point of view the way in which researchers think about their objects sheds light on the main categories of thought that guide these uses and, if applicable, on the possible societal effects. In this case, the idea of modeling many activities of daily life is based on an a priori representation of it by researchers who are socially situated by their profession. What is this representation and how is it operationalized in the models? Put differently, what relationships to the world do engineers and computer scientists have through their professional, academic and ordinary knowledge? Thus, in this thesis, my work comes down to informing the social dimension specific to the studied technique. Based on interviews with AI researchers, the question is as follows: What is the knowledge and reasoning of the researchers at the core of the algorithms of contemporary artificial intelligence and which build a specific operational representation of social life? Expressed in sociological terms, this question becomes: In what way are learning models a new "concrete model of knowledge" for users et researchers according to the concept developed by the sociologist Gilles Houles?
The so-called learning models underlie a relational constitution of human knowledge and of a relation to reality mediated by actions as a means of actualization of this knowledge. Summarized simply, the sociological concept of "concrete model of knowledge" objectifies the two modalities of existence of the human life that we find empirically under two computing concepts: symbolic (their mathematical model) and the âactionâ as "the computing agent" or "the one who acts", whether this concept is used or not by the researchers.
In sum, these models in relation to each other and materialized in the notorious connected or "smart" objects (e.g. telephones, household appliances) turn social life into a sociotechnical network. Its operational side relies on the position of "third-party intermediary" or "technical social memory" in human-human relations via machines. I will draw upon the concept of "social memory" and "social morphology" developed by the sociologist Maurice Halbwachs. In other words, this network of connected objects and human beings comes down to the establishment of a particular collective cognitive framework, stemming from the social representations of specific professional groups, but put into play in the everyday life of all, that is to say an institutionalization in progress.
Indeed, the diffusion and adoption of the models stem from a process of public recognition of underlying and already institutionalized knowledge, essentially mathematics and engineering, the implicit knowledge of the "management sciences" and a knowledge called "scientific" by researchers.
More precisely, the process underway consists in the institution of human beings and learning machines in permanent links via connected objects ("Internet of Things"). In the end, it consists in the networking of "social regularities" obtained by classifications and regressions carried out by the data's owners. I will speak of a "sociotechnical morphology" or a "sociotechnical configuration". The figure of the anthropomorphic multipurpose robot, which is supposed to condense all the practical application of knowledge on AI, is replaced by that of computerized social relations as places where links between human beings are maintained by a concentration of heterogeneous knowledge and ideas, such as a human being in need of help or the need for creativity, for example. In use, a type of social link between human beings via the machines is established, caught between the reduction proper to any modelling of the object on which it concerns, the flexibility offered by the possibility of adjustment (the "learning" side) and the meaning given to the action by the lambda user. Ideology as a "mode of knowledge" of the socio-technical network is part of this ongoing institutionalization. It offers a cognitive framework that challenges the diversity produced by the usual division of semantic labor within social groups by providing a model of legitimacy, namely the discourse of "sharing".
The emphasis placed by this thesis on the "management sciences" and the notion of network places it in the continuity of the studies of the last thirty years on this "informational society" of Manuel Castells, a "new general representation of societies" into a network according to Luc Boltanski, or the "managerial spirit" which took hold of the State civil servants according to the sociologist Albert Ogie
Composition dynamique de services sensibles au contexte dans les systĂšmes intelligents ambiants
With the appearance of the paradigms of the ambient intelligence and ubiquitaire robotics, we attend the emergence of new ambient intelligent systems to create and manage environments or intelligent ecosystems in a intuitive and transparent way. These environments are intelligent spaces characterized in particular by the opening, the heterogeneousness, the uncertainty and the dynamicitĂ© of the entities which establish(constitute) them. These characteristics so lift(raise) considerable scientific challenges for the conception(design) and the implementation of an adequate intelligent system. These challenges are mainly among five: the abstraction of the representation of the heterogeneous entities, the management of the uncertainties, the reactivity in the events, the sensibility in the context and the auto-adaptationAvec l'apparition des paradigmes de l'intelligence ambiante et de la robotique ubiquitaire, on assiste Ă l'Ă©mergence de nouveaux systĂšmes intelligents ambiants visant Ă crĂ©er et gĂ©rer des environnements ou Ă©cosystĂšmes intelligents d'une façon intuitive et transparente. Ces environnements sont des espaces intelligents caractĂ©risĂ©s notamment par l'ouverture, l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ©, l'incertitude et la dynamicitĂ© des entitĂ©s qui les constituent. Ces caractĂ©ristiques soulĂšvent ainsi des dĂ©fis scientifiques considĂ©rables pour la conception et la mise en Ćuvre d'un systĂšme intelligent adĂ©quat. Ces dĂ©fis sont principalement au nombre de cinq : l'abstraction de la reprĂ©sentation des entitĂ©s hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes, la gestion des incertitudes, la rĂ©activitĂ© aux Ă©vĂ©nements, la sensibilitĂ© au contexte et l'auto-adaptation face aux changements imprĂ©visibles qui se produisent dans l'environnement ambiant. L'approche par composition dynamique de services constitue l'une des rĂ©ponses prometteuses Ă ces dĂ©fis. Dans cette thĂšse, nous proposons un systĂšme intelligent capable d'effectuer une composition dynamique de services en tenant compte, d'une part, du contexte d'utilisation et des diverses fonctionnalitĂ©s offertes par les services disponibles dans un environnement ambiant et d'autre part, des besoins variables exprimĂ©s par les utilisateurs. Ce systĂšme est construit suivant un modĂšle multicouche, adaptatif et rĂ©actif aux Ă©vĂ©nements. Il repose aussi sur l'emploi d'un modĂšle de connaissances expressif permettant une ouverture plus large vers les diffĂ©rentes entitĂ©s de l'environnement ambiant notamment : les dispositifs, les services, les Ă©vĂ©nements, le contexte et les utilisateurs. Ce systĂšme intĂšgre Ă©galement un modĂšle de dĂ©couverte et de classification de services afin de localiser et de prĂ©parer sĂ©mantiquement les services nĂ©cessaires Ă la composition de services. Cette composition est rĂ©alisĂ©e d'une façon automatique et dynamique en deux phases principales: la phase offline et la phase online. Dans la phase offline, un graphe global reliant tous les services abstraits disponibles est gĂ©nĂ©rĂ© automatiquement en se basant sur des rĂšgles de dĂ©cision sur les entrĂ©es et les sorties des services. Dans la phase online, des sous-graphes sont extraits automatiquement Ă partir du graphe global selon les tĂąches Ă rĂ©aliser qui sont dĂ©clenchĂ©es par des Ă©vĂ©nements qui surviennent dans l'environnement ambiant. Les sous-graphes ainsi obtenus sont exĂ©cutĂ©s suivant un modĂšle de sĂ©lection et de monitoring de services pour tenir compte du contexte d'utilisation et garantir une meilleure qualitĂ© de service. Les diffĂ©rents modĂšles proposĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© mis en Ćuvre et validĂ©s sur la plateforme ubiquitaire d'expĂ©rimentation du laboratoire LISSI Ă partir de plusieurs scĂ©narii d'assistance et de maintien de personnes Ă domicil
UtilitĂ© des cadres interprĂ©tatifs pour la mise Ă lâĂ©chelle dâinnovations de promotion de la santĂ© : Ă©tude dâun cas concernant la petite enfance socialement dĂ©savantagĂ©e
La mise Ă lâĂ©chelle (scaling up) est un processus qui vise Ă accroitre lâimpact et la pĂ©rennitĂ© des effets dâinnovations jugĂ©es prometteuses. Les publications Ă ce sujet sont en progression importante dans le domaine de la santĂ© depuis une vingtaine dâannĂ©es. Toutefois, ces processus ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©tudiĂ©s de maniĂšre essentiellement technique malgrĂ© lâimportance soulignĂ©e dans la littĂ©rature dây prendre en compte des questions Ă©volutives de sens et de valeurs. Ceci est particuliĂšrement significatif pour les innovations de promotion de la santĂ©, construites sur les capacitĂ©s et collaborations de diffĂ©rents acteurs qui y partagent et nĂ©gocient diverses vues sur les problĂšmes, les actions Ă entreprendre et leur but. Les contenus de ces innovations sont susceptibles dâĂ©voluer de maniĂšre significative dans la mise Ă lâĂ©chelle, et dâaffecter la fonction dâimpact et pĂ©rennitĂ© du processus. Peu dâĂ©tudes, cependant, mobilisent des thĂ©ories et mĂ©thodologies explicites Ă cet Ă©gard. Cette thĂšse sâinscrit dans une vision sociale de la mise Ă lâĂ©chelle et propose dâajouter le concept de cadre interprĂ©tatif, ou « frame », Ă son outillage conceptuel ; elle vise Ă explorer lâutilitĂ© de cette notion au regard de la dynamique sociale de la mise Ă lâĂ©chelle dâinnovations complexes de promotion de la santĂ©. La thĂšse poursuit deux objectifs : 1) dĂ©velopper une articulation thĂ©orique de nature sociale pour la mise Ă lâĂ©chelle intĂ©grant la notion de frame ; et 2) explorer lâutilitĂ© des frames comme âreprĂ©sentationsâ pour documenter lâĂ©volution du contenu des innovations au cours de leur mise Ă lâĂ©chelle.
La rĂ©ponse au premier objectif sâappuie sur une perspective de complexitĂ© des interventions en tant que rĂ©seaux dynamiques dâacteurs pour conceptualiser la mise Ă lâĂ©chelle comme une expansion de rĂ©seaux oĂč le framing des questions de santĂ© Ă©volue au travers des relations entre acteurs. Lâarticulation thĂ©orique dĂ©veloppĂ©e combine la sociologie de lâinnovation - thĂ©orie de lâacteur-rĂ©seau - et les perspectives des frames pour envisager ceux-ci en tant que âreprĂ©sentationsâ ou âinteractionsâ. En rĂ©ponse au second objectif, lâapproche âreprĂ©sentationnelleâ aux frames est appliquĂ©e Ă lâĂ©tude dâun cas de mise Ă lâĂ©chelle dâinnovation Ă©ducative Ă caractĂšre intersectoriel concernant le dĂ©veloppement de jeunes enfants socialement dĂ©savantagĂ©s. Sur la base de documents cadres qui balisent les phases âpiloteâ et âprogramme Ă lâĂ©chelleâ de l'innovation, une analyse critique de frames est pratiquĂ©e au regard de la capacitĂ© du programme Ă grande Ă©chelle Ă supporter lâaction sur les inĂ©galitĂ©s sociales de dĂ©veloppement des enfants et lâĂ©quitĂ©. Les rĂ©sultats illustrent des diffĂ©rences significatives de dĂ©finitions du âproblĂšmeâ du DJE et de la solution prĂ©conisĂ©e pour le programme Ă grande Ă©chelle, qui constituent des amĂ©liorations, mais aussi certaines âdĂ©tĂ©riorationsâ au regard des inĂ©galitĂ©s et de lâĂ©quitĂ©.
En tant que constructions rĂ©alisĂ©es Ă partir des âproduitsâ du processus social qui sâopĂšre dans le rĂ©seau intersectoriel des acteurs, les frames comme âreprĂ©sentationsâ analysĂ©s de maniĂšre critique sont utiles pour expliciter et caractĂ©riser lâĂ©volution des contenus des innovations et leurs consĂ©quences pour la mise Ă lâĂ©chelle. MobilisĂ©s dans un Ă©change constructif avec les acteurs concernĂ©s, les frames pourraient constituer un outil intĂ©ressant pour favoriser la rĂ©flexivitĂ© Ă lâĂ©gard de ces processus et de lâimpact et de la durabilitĂ© des effets des innovations portĂ©es Ă grande Ă©chelle. Cette thĂšse contribue de maniĂšre thĂ©orique Ă la littĂ©rature de santĂ© publique en clarifiant lâutilitĂ© des frames et la maniĂšre dont ce concept peut ĂȘtre mobilisĂ© pour documenter la dynamique de la mise Ă lâĂ©chelle dâinnovations complexes de promotion de la santĂ©.Scaling up is a process that aims to increase the impact and sustainability of the effects of innovations deemed promising. Publications on this subject have markedly increased in the field of health over the past twenty years. However, these processes have essentially been studied in a technical way, despite the importance underlined in the literature to take into account their evolving meanings and values. This is particularly significant for health promotion innovations, built on the capacities and collaborations of different actors who share and negotiate various views on the problems, the actions to be taken and their goal. The contents of these innovations are likely to evolve significantly during scaling up, affecting impact and sustainability goals of the process. Few studies, however, mobilize explicit theories and methodologies in this respect. This thesis is part of a social vision of scaling up, and proposes to add the concept of âframeâ to its conceptual tools; it aims to explore the usefulness of this notion with regard to the social dynamics of scaling up health promotion innovations. The thesis pursues two objectives: 1) to develop a theoretical articulation of a social nature for scaling up, integrating the notion of frame; and 2) to explore the usefulness of frames as ârepresentationsâ to document the evolution of the content of innovations during their scaling up.
The response to the first objective is based on a complexity perspective of interventions as dynamic networks of actors to conceptualize scaling up as an expansion of networks where the framing of health issues evolves through the relationships between the actors. The theoretical articulation developed combines the sociology of innovation - actor-network theory - and the perspectives of frames to consider them as 'representations' or 'interactions'. In response to the second objective, the 'representational' approach to frames is applied to the study of a scaling up case concerning an intersectoral educational innovation for the development of socially disadvantaged young children. On the basis of framework documents which mark out the 'pilot' and 'at scale program' phases of the innovation, a critical analysis of frames is carried out with regard to the capacity of the large-scale program to support action on the social inequalities in child development and equity. The results illustrate significant differences in definitions of the ECD âproblemâ and of the recommended âsolutionâ for the at scale program, which constitute improvements, but also some âdeteriorationsâ with regard to inequalities and equity.
As constructions made from the 'products' of the social process that takes place in the intersectoral network of actors, the frames as 'representations' critically analyzed are useful for explaining and characterizing the evolution of the contents of innovations and their consequences for scaling up. Mobilized in a constructive exchange with the actors concerned, the frames could constitute an interesting tool to promote reflexivity with regard to these processes and to the impact and sustainability of the effects of innovations carried out on a large scale. This thesis contributes theoretically to the public health literature by clarifying the usefulness of frames and the way in which this concept can be mobilized to document the dynamics of the scaling up of complex health promotion innovations
Le financement basĂ© sur la performance au Cameroun : analyse de son Ă©mergence, sa mise en Ćuvre et ses effets sur la disponibilitĂ© des mĂ©dicaments essentiels
L'accĂšs aux mĂ©dicaments essentiels (ME) est un Ă©lĂ©ment clĂ© de la qualitĂ© des soins dans un systĂšme de santĂ©. Par ailleurs, le financement basĂ© sur la performance (FBP) attire de plus en plus l'attention des dĂ©cideurs comme une intervention pour amĂ©liorer la prestation des services de santĂ©, y compris lâaccĂšs aux ME, dans les pays Ă faible et moyen revenus (PFMR). MalgrĂ© lâintĂ©rĂȘt croissant de la recherche sur le FBP, trĂšs peu dâĂ©tude ont portĂ© sur la mise Ă lâagenda dâune telle rĂ©forme ou son maintien Ă lâordre du jour au fil du temps, encore moins sur lâinfluence de celle-ci sur lâaccĂšs aux ME dans les PFMR. A travers une analyse du programme de FBP au Cameroun, la prĂ©sente thĂšse vise Ă faire avancer les connaissances en examinant les questions suivantes : quâest-ce qui explique lâapparition du FBP au niveau de la politique nationale de la santĂ© et quel est lâimpact de ce programme sur lâaccĂšs aux ME? Le devis de recherche est celui dâune Ă©tude de cas et la dĂ©marche analytique sâappuie sur la combinaison des donnĂ©es qualitatives, Ă travers des entrevues rĂ©alisĂ©es auprĂšs des acteurs clĂ©s du programme FBP au Cameroun, et quantitatives, issues de lâĂ©valuation dâimpact de ce programme. La perspective conceptuelle est celle des cycles de politique, du cadre de transfert des politiques et de la recherche interventionnelle. Les rĂ©sultats sont structurĂ©s en quatre articles scientifiques. La mise du FBP Ă lâagenda au Cameroun sâest construite Ă partir des rapports et Ă©vĂ©nements identifiant l'absence d'une politique de financement de la santĂ© adaptĂ©e comme une question importante Ă laquelle il fallait s'attaquer (article 1). L'Ă©volution du discours politique vers une plus grande responsabilisation a permis de tester de nouveaux mĂ©canismes. Un groupe d'entrepreneurs politiques de la Banque mondiale, par le biais de nombreuses formes d'influence (financiĂšre, conceptuelle, fondĂ©e sur la connaissance et les rĂ©seaux) et en s'appuyant sur plusieurs rĂ©formes en cours, a collaborĂ© avec de hauts fonctionnaires du gouvernement pour mettre le programme FBP Ă l'ordre du jour. Des organisations non gouvernementales internationales ont Ă©tĂ© recrutĂ©es au dĂ©but du programme pour assurer sa mise en Ćuvre rapide. Toutefois, il a fallu transfĂ©rer ce rĂŽle aux organisations nationales pour assurer la pĂ©rennitĂ©, l'appropriation et l'intĂ©gration de l'intervention du FBP dans le systĂšme de santĂ© (article 2). L'expĂ©rience de ce transfert montre que les Ă©lĂ©ments favorisant la rĂ©ussite dâun tel processus incluent des directives structurĂ©es, une appropriation et planification conjointe de la transition par toutes les parties, et un soutien post-transition aux nouveaux acteurs. Les donnĂ©es qualitatives suggĂšrent que la mise en Ćuvre du programme FBP influence lâaccĂšs aux mĂ©dicaments essentiels par lâentremise de plusieurs facteurs, notamment une plus grande autonomie des formations sanitaires, une rĂ©gulation appliquĂ©e des Ă©quipes cadre de santĂ©, une plus grande responsabilisation des acteurs du mĂ©dicament et la libĂ©ralisation du systĂšme dâapprovisionnement (article 3). Cependant, le programme a eu un impact trĂšs limitĂ© sur la disponibilitĂ© des ME (article 4). L'intervention nâa Ă©tĂ© associĂ©e Ă aucune rĂ©duction des ruptures de stock de ME, sauf pour la planification familiale (PF), avec une hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© des effets entre les rĂ©gions et les zones urbaines et rurales. Ces rĂ©sultats sont la consĂ©quence d'un Ă©chec partiel de la mise en Ćuvre de ce programme, allant de la perturbation et de l'interruption des services Ă une autonomie limitĂ©e des formations sanitaires dans la gestion des dĂ©cisions et Ă un retard considĂ©rable dans le paiement des prestations.Access to essential medicines (EM) is a key element of quality of care in a health system. Accordingly, performance-based financing (PBF) is increasingly attracting the attention of policy makers as a promising intervention to improve health service delivery, including access to essential medicines, in low and middle-income countries (LMICs). Despite the growing interest in PBF research, very few studies have focused on how such a reform has been put on the agenda or how it has been maintained over time, much less how it has influenced access to EMs in low- and middle-income countries. Through an analysis of the PBF program in Cameroon, this thesis aims to advance knowledge by examining the following questions: What explains the emergence of PBF at the level of national health policy and what is the impact of this program on access to EMs? The research design is a case study and the analytical approach is based on a combination of qualitative data, through interviews conducted with key actors of the PBF program in Cameroon, and quantitative data from the impact evaluation of this program. The conceptual perspective is that of policy cycles, the policy transfer framework and intervention research. The results are structured into four scientific articles. Putting the PBF on the agenda in Cameroon was built from reports and events identifying the lack of an appropriate health financing policy as a critical issue that needed to be addressed (article 1). The evolution of political discourse towards greater accountability made it possible to test new mechanisms. A group of political entrepreneurs from the World Bank, through many forms of influence (financial, conceptual, knowledge-based and networked) and building on several ongoing reforms, worked with senior government officials to put the PBF reform on the agenda. International non-governmental organizations were recruited at the beginning of the programme to ensure its rapid implementation. However, this role had to be transferred to national organizations to ensure sustainability, ownership and integration of the PBF intervention into the health system (Article 2). The experience of this transfer shows that the elements for the success of such a process include structured guidelines, joint ownership and planning of the transition by all parties, and post-transition support to new actors. The implementation of the PBF programme influences access to essential medicines through several factors, including greater autonomy of health
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facilities, enforced regulation of district medical teams, greater accountability of drug stakeholders and liberalization of the supply system (Article 3). However, the programme had a very limited impact on the availability of EMs (Article 4). The intervention was not associated with any reduction in EM stock-outs, except for family planning (FP), where the reduction was 34% (P = 0.028), with a heterogeneity of effects between regions and urban and rural areas. These poor results were likely the consequence of partial implementation failure, ranging from disruption and discontinuation of services to limited facility autonomy in managing decisionâmaking and considerable delay in performance payment
Modélisation et simulation sociale pour l'évaluation de l'empuissancement par des politiques publiques dans les territoires ruraux au Brésil
Le BrĂ©sil a initiĂ© deux politiques publiques territoriales pour le dĂ©veloppement rural durable, le Programme National pour le DĂ©veloppement Durable des Territoires Ruraux (PRONAT) et le Programme Territoires de la CitoyennetĂ© (PTC). Ces politiques sâappliquent dans des Territoires Ruraux et visent entre autre, comme condition de leur effectivitĂ©, Ă rĂ©-Ă©quilibrer les rapports de forces entre les acteurs au sein de la CollĂ©gialitĂ© pour le DĂ©veloppement Territorial (CODETER) de chaque Territoire Rural. Notre recherche Ă©tudie lâhypothĂšse selon laquelle, dans les Territoires Ruraux soumis aux politiques publiques PRONAT et PTC, les rapports de pouvoir et de rĂ©ciprocitĂ© entre les acteurs engagĂ©s dans les CODETER ont effectivement Ă©voluĂ©, en faveur des reprĂ©sentants de la sociĂ©tĂ© civile et au dĂ©triment des pouvoirs publics Ă©tablis, notamment les mairies. Cette recherche a dĂ©veloppĂ© une mĂ©thode de modĂ©lisation et de simulation des relations de pouvoir et de rĂ©ciprocitĂ© au sein des entitĂ©s territoriales. Nous partons de lâidĂ©e que les processus sociaux territorialisĂ©s donnent lieu Ă des phĂ©nomĂšnes complexes quâil est pertinent dâapprĂ©hender par lâapproche systĂ©mique. Cela nous conduit Ă proposer un modĂšle conceptuel des territoires ruraux considĂ©rĂ©s par les politiques publiques brĂ©siliennes en matiĂšre de dĂ©veloppement durable territorialisĂ©e, Ă savoir le concept de systĂšme socioterritorial complexe, puis Ă considĂ©rer les thĂ©ories des sciences sociales qui peuvent ĂȘtre mobilisĂ©es pour Ă©tayer la reprĂ©sentation de ces systĂšmes sous la forme computationnelle de sociĂ©tĂ©s artificielles. Nous avons Ă©valuĂ© deux courants sociologiques, lâindividualisme mĂ©thodologie associĂ© Ă la rationalitĂ© limitĂ©e Ă partir de la Sociologie de lâAction OrganisĂ©e, et les SystĂšmes Sociaux de Luhmann plus attachĂ©s Ă la thĂ©orie de la complexitĂ©. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© un mĂ©tamodĂšle de la thĂ©orie luhmannienne qui sâavĂšre insuffisant pour analyser lâimpact des politiques publiques sur le territoire, mais qui peut ĂȘtre vu comme un outil pour la validation de la thĂ©orie de Luhmann. Dâautre part, nous avons adoptĂ© le mĂ©tamodĂšle SocLab, une formalisation computationnelle de la Sociologie de lâAction OrganisĂ©e, pour modĂ©liser, analyser et simuler les systĂšmes socioterritoriaux complexes. Pour Ă©valuer les effets des politiques publiques sur les Ă©changes symboliques entre les acteurs dans un modĂšle SocLab, nous proposons un indicateur, le taux de rĂ©ciprocitĂ©, basĂ© sur la thĂ©orie de la rĂ©ciprocitĂ©. Cette dĂ©marche a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e Ă lâĂ©tude de deux terrains, le Territoire Rural Sud de Sergipe et le Territoire Rural du Bas SĂŁo Francisco. Les donnĂ©es nĂ©cessaires Ă lâĂ©laboration dâun modĂšle SocLab ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es par lâanalyse documentaire et la recherche-action pour deux pĂ©riodes de rĂ©fĂ©rence, 2008-2012 et 2013-2017. Ă partir de lâĂ©tude analytique des modĂšles SocLab des deux territoires et de lâanalyse des rĂ©sultats de leur simulation (notamment la capacitĂ© dâaction, le pouvoir et le taux de rĂ©ciprocitĂ©), nous pouvons dĂ©gager des Ă©vidences pour affirmer que les politiques publiques PRONAT et PTC ont donnĂ© lieu, entre les deux pĂ©riodes considĂ©rĂ©es, Ă un nouvel Ă©quilibre des rapports de forces entre les reprĂ©sentants de la sociĂ©tĂ© civile et les pouvoirs publics. Lâapproche SocLab sâest avĂ©rĂ©e effective pour systĂ©matiser la connaissance sur les territoires, mettre en Ă©vidence la structure sociale informelle, quantifier les relations dâĂ©changes symboliques entre les acteurs, et pour tester diffĂ©rentes hypothĂšses sociologiques.Brazil has initiated two territorial public policies for a rural sustainable development, the National Program for Sustainable Development of the Rural Territories (PRONAT) and Citizenship Territory Program (PTC). These public policies aims, as a condition for its effectiveness, the equilibrium of the power relations between actors which participate in the Collegiate for Territorial Development (CODETER) of each Rural Territory. Our research studies the hypotheses that, in the Rural Territories submitted to the PRONAT and PTC public policies, the power and reciprocity relations between actors engaged in the CODETER effectively have evolved in favor of the civil society representatives to the detriment of the public powers, notably the mayors. This research has developed a method for modeling and simulation of power and reciprocity relations in the Rural Territories to assess the impact of the public policies for local development (PRONAT and PTC). We have started from the idea that the territorialized social processes are complex phenomena which can be understood by the systemic approach. This induced us to propose a conceptual model of rural territories considered by Brazilian public policies in terms of territorialized sustainable development, the concept of socioterritorial complex system, as they were established by the Brazilians public policies with focus on territorial sustainable development. Then, to consider the theories of social sciences which can be mobilized to support the representation of these systems in the computational form of artificial societies. We evaluated two sociological currents, the methodological individualism associated with the bounded rationality from the Sociology of the Organized Action, and the Luhmannâs Social Systems more attached to the complexity theory. We have developed a metamodel of the luhmannian theory that showed to be limited to the analyses of the impact of the territorial public policies, but it can be seen as a tool to instantiate parts of the Luhmann theory. On the other hand, we have adopted the metamodel SocLab, a computational formalization of the Sociology of the Organized Action, to model, analyze and simulate complex socio-territorial systems. To evaluate the effects of the public policies on the symbolic exchanges between actors in a SocLab model, we have proposed an indicator, the reciprocity rate, based on the reciprocity theory. This approach has been applied in two case studies, the Southern Rural Territory of Sergipe and the SĂŁo Francisco Rural Territory. The data needed to design the SocLab models were collected using literature review and performing action-research for two referential periods, 2008-2012 and 2013-2017. From the analytic study of the SocLab models of the two territories and the analysis of the results of their simulation (notably the capacity of action, the power and the rate of reciprocity), we can draw evidences to states that the public policies PRONAT and PTC resulted in a new balance of power relations between representatives of civil society and the public authorities between the two periods under review. The SocLab approach showed a strong effectiveness to systematize the knowledge about the territories, highlighting the informal social structure, quantifying symbolic exchange relations between actors, and testing different sociological hypotheses.O Brasil iniciou duas polĂticas pĂșblicas territoriais para o desenvolvimento sustentĂĄvel, o Programa Nacional para o Desenvolvimento SustentĂĄvel de TerritĂłrios Rurais (PRONAT) e o Programa TerritĂłrios da Cidadania (PTC). Estas polĂticas pĂșblicas se aplicam aos TerritĂłrios Rurais e visam entre outros objetivos, como condição de sua efetividade, o equilĂbrio das relaçÔes de força entre os atores que participam do Colegiado de Desenvolvimento Territorial (CODETER) de cada TerritĂłrio Rural. Nossa pesquisa estuda a hipĂłtese segundo a qual, nos TerritĂłrios Rurais submetidos Ă s polĂticas pĂșblicas PRONAT e PTC, as relaçÔes de poder e reciprocidade entre os atores engajados no CODETER efetivamente evoluĂram em favor dos representantes da sociedade civil em detrimento dos poderes pĂșblicos, notadamente dos prefeitos. Esta pesquisa desenvolveu um mĂ©todo de modelagem e simulação das relaçÔes de poder e reciprocidade dentros das entidades territoriais. NĂłs partimos da ideia de que os processos sociais territorialisados sĂŁo fenĂŽmenos complexos que podem ser compreendidos pela abordagem sistĂȘmica. Isto nos conduziu a propor um modelo conceitual de territĂłrios rurais, o conceito de sistema socioterritorial complexo, assim como eles sĂŁo estabelecidos pelas polĂticas pĂșblicas brasileiras com enfoque de desenvolvimento territorial sustentĂĄvel, depois consideramos as teorias oriundas das ciĂȘncias sociais que podem ser utilizadas para sustentar a representação desses sistemas sob a forma computacional de sociedades artificiais. Avaliamos duas correntes sociolĂłgicas, o individualismo metodolĂłgico associado Ă racionalidade limitada a partir da Sociologia da Ação Organizada, e os Sistemas Sociais de Luhmann mais relacionados Ă teoria da complexidade. Desenvolvemos um metamodelo da teoria luhmanniana que se mostrou insuficiente para a anĂĄlise do impacto de polĂticas pĂșblicas territoriais, mas que pode ser visto como uma ferramenta para validação da teoria de Luhmann. Por outro lado, adotamos o metamodelo SocLab, uma formalização computacional da Sociologia da Ação Organizada, para modelar os sistemas sociais complexos. Para avaliar os efeitos das polĂticas pĂșblicas sobre as trocas simbĂłlicas entre os atores no contexto SocLab nĂłs propomos um indicador, a taxa de reciprocidade, baseado na teoria da reciprocidade. Esta abordagem foi aplicada a dois estudos de caso, o TerritĂłrio Rural Sul Sergipano e o TerritĂłrio Rural Baixo SĂŁo Francisco. Os dados necessĂĄrios para a elaboração dos modelos SocLab foram coletados por anĂĄlise documental e por pesquisa-ação para dois perĂodos de referĂȘncia, 2008-2012 e 2013-2017. A partir do estudo analĂtico e da anĂĄlise dos resultados das simulaçÔes dos modelos SocLab dos dois territĂłrios (notadamente a capacidade de ação, o poder e a taxa de reciprocidade), nos podemos retirar evidĂȘncias para afirmar que as polĂticas pĂșblicas PRONAT e PTC deram origem, entre os dois perĂodos considerados, a um novo equilĂbrio de relaçÔes de força entre os representantes da sociedade civil e os poderes pĂșblicos. A abordagem SocLab demonstrou bastante efetividade para sistematizar o conhecimento sobre os territĂłrios, colocar em evidĂȘncia a estrutura social informal, quantificar as relaçÔes de trocas simbĂłlicas entre os atores, e tambĂ©m para testar hipĂłteses sociolĂłgicas
Modélisation et simulation sociale pour l'évaluation de l'empuissancement par des politiques publiques dans les territoires ruraux au Brésil
Le BrĂ©sil a initiĂ© deux politiques publiques territoriales pour le dĂ©veloppement rural durable, le Programme National pour le DĂ©veloppement Durable des Territoires Ruraux (PRONAT) et le Programme Territoires de la CitoyennetĂ© (PTC). Ces politiques sâappliquent dans des Territoires Ruraux et visent entre autre, comme condition de leur effectivitĂ©, Ă rĂ©-Ă©quilibrer les rapports de forces entre les acteurs au sein de la CollĂ©gialitĂ© pour le DĂ©veloppement Territorial (CODETER) de chaque Territoire Rural. Notre recherche Ă©tudie lâhypothĂšse selon laquelle, dans les Territoires Ruraux soumis aux politiques publiques PRONAT et PTC, les rapports de pouvoir et de rĂ©ciprocitĂ© entre les acteurs engagĂ©s dans les CODETER ont effectivement Ă©voluĂ©, en faveur des reprĂ©sentants de la sociĂ©tĂ© civile et au dĂ©triment des pouvoirs publics Ă©tablis, notamment les mairies. Cette recherche a dĂ©veloppĂ© une mĂ©thode de modĂ©lisation et de simulation des relations de pouvoir et de rĂ©ciprocitĂ© au sein des entitĂ©s territoriales. Nous partons de lâidĂ©e que les processus sociaux territorialisĂ©s donnent lieu Ă des phĂ©nomĂšnes complexes quâil est pertinent dâapprĂ©hender par lâapproche systĂ©mique. Cela nous conduit Ă proposer un modĂšle conceptuel des territoires ruraux considĂ©rĂ©s par les politiques publiques brĂ©siliennes en matiĂšre de dĂ©veloppement durable territorialisĂ©e, Ă savoir le concept de systĂšme socioterritorial complexe, puis Ă considĂ©rer les thĂ©ories des sciences sociales qui peuvent ĂȘtre mobilisĂ©es pour Ă©tayer la reprĂ©sentation de ces systĂšmes sous la forme computationnelle de sociĂ©tĂ©s artificielles. Nous avons Ă©valuĂ© deux courants sociologiques, lâindividualisme mĂ©thodologie associĂ© Ă la rationalitĂ© limitĂ©e Ă partir de la Sociologie de lâAction OrganisĂ©e, et les SystĂšmes Sociaux de Luhmann plus attachĂ©s Ă la thĂ©orie de la complexitĂ©. Nous avons dĂ©veloppĂ© un mĂ©tamodĂšle de la thĂ©orie luhmannienne qui sâavĂšre insuffisant pour analyser lâimpact des politiques publiques sur le territoire, mais qui peut ĂȘtre vu comme un outil pour la validation de la thĂ©orie de Luhmann. Dâautre part, nous avons adoptĂ© le mĂ©tamodĂšle SocLab, une formalisation computationnelle de la Sociologie de lâAction OrganisĂ©e, pour modĂ©liser, analyser et simuler les systĂšmes socioterritoriaux complexes. Pour Ă©valuer les effets des politiques publiques sur les Ă©changes symboliques entre les acteurs dans un modĂšle SocLab, nous proposons un indicateur, le taux de rĂ©ciprocitĂ©, basĂ© sur la thĂ©orie de la rĂ©ciprocitĂ©. Cette dĂ©marche a Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©e Ă lâĂ©tude de deux terrains, le Territoire Rural Sud de Sergipe et le Territoire Rural du Bas SĂŁo Francisco. Les donnĂ©es nĂ©cessaires Ă lâĂ©laboration dâun modĂšle SocLab ont Ă©tĂ© collectĂ©es par lâanalyse documentaire et la recherche-action pour deux pĂ©riodes de rĂ©fĂ©rence, 2008-2012 et 2013-2017. Ă partir de lâĂ©tude analytique des modĂšles SocLab des deux territoires et de lâanalyse des rĂ©sultats de leur simulation (notamment la capacitĂ© dâaction, le pouvoir et le taux de rĂ©ciprocitĂ©), nous pouvons dĂ©gager des Ă©vidences pour affirmer que les politiques publiques PRONAT et PTC ont donnĂ© lieu, entre les deux pĂ©riodes considĂ©rĂ©es, Ă un nouvel Ă©quilibre des rapports de forces entre les reprĂ©sentants de la sociĂ©tĂ© civile et les pouvoirs publics. Lâapproche SocLab sâest avĂ©rĂ©e effective pour systĂ©matiser la connaissance sur les territoires, mettre en Ă©vidence la structure sociale informelle, quantifier les relations dâĂ©changes symboliques entre les acteurs, et pour tester diffĂ©rentes hypothĂšses sociologiques.Brazil has initiated two territorial public policies for a rural sustainable development, the National Program for Sustainable Development of the Rural Territories (PRONAT) and Citizenship Territory Program (PTC). These public policies aims, as a condition for its effectiveness, the equilibrium of the power relations between actors which participate in the Collegiate for Territorial Development (CODETER) of each Rural Territory. Our research studies the hypotheses that, in the Rural Territories submitted to the PRONAT and PTC public policies, the power and reciprocity relations between actors engaged in the CODETER effectively have evolved in favor of the civil society representatives to the detriment of the public powers, notably the mayors. This research has developed a method for modeling and simulation of power and reciprocity relations in the Rural Territories to assess the impact of the public policies for local development (PRONAT and PTC). We have started from the idea that the territorialized social processes are complex phenomena which can be understood by the systemic approach. This induced us to propose a conceptual model of rural territories considered by Brazilian public policies in terms of territorialized sustainable development, the concept of socioterritorial complex system, as they were established by the Brazilians public policies with focus on territorial sustainable development. Then, to consider the theories of social sciences which can be mobilized to support the representation of these systems in the computational form of artificial societies. We evaluated two sociological currents, the methodological individualism associated with the bounded rationality from the Sociology of the Organized Action, and the Luhmannâs Social Systems more attached to the complexity theory. We have developed a metamodel of the luhmannian theory that showed to be limited to the analyses of the impact of the territorial public policies, but it can be seen as a tool to instantiate parts of the Luhmann theory. On the other hand, we have adopted the metamodel SocLab, a computational formalization of the Sociology of the Organized Action, to model, analyze and simulate complex socio-territorial systems. To evaluate the effects of the public policies on the symbolic exchanges between actors in a SocLab model, we have proposed an indicator, the reciprocity rate, based on the reciprocity theory. This approach has been applied in two case studies, the Southern Rural Territory of Sergipe and the SĂŁo Francisco Rural Territory. The data needed to design the SocLab models were collected using literature review and performing action-research for two referential periods, 2008-2012 and 2013-2017. From the analytic study of the SocLab models of the two territories and the analysis of the results of their simulation (notably the capacity of action, the power and the rate of reciprocity), we can draw evidences to states that the public policies PRONAT and PTC resulted in a new balance of power relations between representatives of civil society and the public authorities between the two periods under review. The SocLab approach showed a strong effectiveness to systematize the knowledge about the territories, highlighting the informal social structure, quantifying symbolic exchange relations between actors, and testing different sociological hypotheses.O Brasil iniciou duas polĂticas pĂșblicas territoriais para o desenvolvimento sustentĂĄvel, o Programa Nacional para o Desenvolvimento SustentĂĄvel de TerritĂłrios Rurais (PRONAT) e o Programa TerritĂłrios da Cidadania (PTC). Estas polĂticas pĂșblicas se aplicam aos TerritĂłrios Rurais e visam entre outros objetivos, como condição de sua efetividade, o equilĂbrio das relaçÔes de força entre os atores que participam do Colegiado de Desenvolvimento Territorial (CODETER) de cada TerritĂłrio Rural. Nossa pesquisa estuda a hipĂłtese segundo a qual, nos TerritĂłrios Rurais submetidos Ă s polĂticas pĂșblicas PRONAT e PTC, as relaçÔes de poder e reciprocidade entre os atores engajados no CODETER efetivamente evoluĂram em favor dos representantes da sociedade civil em detrimento dos poderes pĂșblicos, notadamente dos prefeitos. Esta pesquisa desenvolveu um mĂ©todo de modelagem e simulação das relaçÔes de poder e reciprocidade dentros das entidades territoriais. NĂłs partimos da ideia de que os processos sociais territorialisados sĂŁo fenĂŽmenos complexos que podem ser compreendidos pela abordagem sistĂȘmica. Isto nos conduziu a propor um modelo conceitual de territĂłrios rurais, o conceito de sistema socioterritorial complexo, assim como eles sĂŁo estabelecidos pelas polĂticas pĂșblicas brasileiras com enfoque de desenvolvimento territorial sustentĂĄvel, depois consideramos as teorias oriundas das ciĂȘncias sociais que podem ser utilizadas para sustentar a representação desses sistemas sob a forma computacional de sociedades artificiais. Avaliamos duas correntes sociolĂłgicas, o individualismo metodolĂłgico associado Ă racionalidade limitada a partir da Sociologia da Ação Organizada, e os Sistemas Sociais de Luhmann mais relacionados Ă teoria da complexidade. Desenvolvemos um metamodelo da teoria luhmanniana que se mostrou insuficiente para a anĂĄlise do impacto de polĂticas pĂșblicas territoriais, mas que pode ser visto como uma ferramenta para validação da teoria de Luhmann. Por outro lado, adotamos o metamodelo SocLab, uma formalização computacional da Sociologia da Ação Organizada, para modelar os sistemas sociais complexos. Para avaliar os efeitos das polĂticas pĂșblicas sobre as trocas simbĂłlicas entre os atores no contexto SocLab nĂłs propomos um indicador, a taxa de reciprocidade, baseado na teoria da reciprocidade. Esta abordagem foi aplicada a dois estudos de caso, o TerritĂłrio Rural Sul Sergipano e o TerritĂłrio Rural Baixo SĂŁo Francisco. Os dados necessĂĄrios para a elaboração dos modelos SocLab foram coletados por anĂĄlise documental e por pesquisa-ação para dois perĂodos de referĂȘncia, 2008-2012 e 2013-2017. A partir do estudo analĂtico e da anĂĄlise dos resultados das simulaçÔes dos modelos SocLab dos dois territĂłrios (notadamente a capacidade de ação, o poder e a taxa de reciprocidade), nos podemos retirar evidĂȘncias para afirmar que as polĂticas pĂșblicas PRONAT e PTC deram origem, entre os dois perĂodos considerados, a um novo equilĂbrio de relaçÔes de força entre os representantes da sociedade civil e os poderes pĂșblicos. A abordagem SocLab demonstrou bastante efetividade para sistematizar o conhecimento sobre os territĂłrios, colocar em evidĂȘncia a estrutura social informal, quantificar as relaçÔes de trocas simbĂłlicas entre os atores, e tambĂ©m para testar hipĂłteses sociolĂłgicas
Factors Influencing Customer Satisfaction towards E-shopping in Malaysia
Online shopping or e-shopping has changed the world of business and quite a few people have
decided to work with these features. What their primary concerns precisely and the responses from
the globalisation are the competency of incorporation while doing their businesses. E-shopping has
also increased substantially in Malaysia in recent years. The rapid increase in the e-commerce
industry in Malaysia has created the demand to emphasize on how to increase customer satisfaction
while operating in the e-retailing environment. It is very important that customers are satisfied with
the website, or else, they would not return. Therefore, a crucial fact to look into is that companies
must ensure that their customers are satisfied with their purchases that are really essential from the ecommerceâs
point of view. With is in mind, this study aimed at investigating customer satisfaction
towards e-shopping in Malaysia. A total of 400 questionnaires were distributed among students
randomly selected from various public and private universities located within Klang valley area.
Total 369 questionnaires were returned, out of which 341 questionnaires were found usable for
further analysis. Finally, SEM was employed to test the hypotheses. This study found that customer
satisfaction towards e-shopping in Malaysia is to a great extent influenced by ease of use, trust,
design of the website, online security and e-service quality. Finally, recommendations and future
study direction is provided.
Keywords: E-shopping, Customer satisfaction, Trust, Online security, E-service quality, Malaysia
13th International Conference on Modeling, Optimization and Simulation - MOSIM 2020
ComitĂ© dâorganisation: UniversitĂ© Internationale dâAgadir â Agadir (Maroc) Laboratoire Conception Fabrication Commande â Metz (France)Session RS-1 âSimulation et Optimisationâ / âSimulation and Optimizationâ Session RS-2 âPlanification des Besoins MatiĂšres PilotĂ©e par la Demandeâ / âDemand-Driven Material Requirements Planningâ Session RS-3 âIngĂ©nierie de SystĂšmes BasĂ©es sur les ModĂšlesâ / âModel-Based System Engineeringâ Session RS-4 âRecherche OpĂ©rationnelle en Gestion de Productionâ / "Operations Research in Production Management" Session RS-5 "Planification des MatiĂšres et des Ressources / Planification de la Productionâ / âMaterial and Resource Planning / Production Planning" Session RS-6 âMaintenance Industrielleâ / âIndustrial Maintenanceâ Session RS-7 "Etudes de Cas Industrielsâ / âIndustrial Case Studies" Session RS-8 "DonnĂ©es de Masse / Analyse de DonnĂ©esâ / âBig Data / Data Analytics" Session RS-9 "Gestion des SystĂšmes de Transportâ / âTransportation System Management" Session RS-10 "Economie Circulaire / DĂ©veloppement Durable" / "Circular Economie / Sustainable Development" Session RS-11 "Conception et Gestion des ChaĂźnes Logistiquesâ / âSupply Chain Design and Management" Session SP-1 âIntelligence Artificielle & Analyse de DonnĂ©es pour la Production 4.0â / âArtificial Intelligence & Data Analytics in Manufacturing 4.0â Session SP-2 âGestion des Risques en Logistiqueâ / âRisk Management in Logisticsâ Session SP-3 âGestion des Risques et Evaluation de Performanceâ / âRisk Management and Performance Assessmentâ Session SP-4 "Indicateurs ClĂ©s de Performance 4.0 et Dynamique de Prise de DĂ©cisionâ / â4.0 Key Performance Indicators and Decision-Making Dynamics" Session SP-5 "Logistique Maritimeâ / âMarine Logistics" Session SP-6 âTerritoire et Logistique : Un SystĂšme Complexeâ / âTerritory and Logistics: A Complex Systemâ Session SP-7 "Nouvelles AvancĂ©es et Applications de la Logique Floue en Production Durable et en Logistiqueâ / âRecent Advances and Fuzzy-Logic Applications in Sustainable Manufacturing and Logistics" Session SP-8 âGestion des Soins de SantĂ©â / âHealth Care Managementâ Session SP-9 âIngĂ©nierie Organisationnelle et Gestion de la ContinuitĂ© de Service des SystĂšmes de SantĂ© dans lâEre de la Transformation NumĂ©rique de la SociĂ©tĂ©â / âOrganizational Engineering and Management of Business Continuity of Healthcare Systems in the Era of Numerical Society Transformationâ Session SP-10 âPlanification et Commande de la Production pour lâIndustrie 4.0â / âProduction Planning and Control for Industry 4.0â Session SP-11 âOptimisation des SystĂšmes de Production dans le Contexte 4.0 Utilisant lâAmĂ©lioration Continueâ / âProduction System Optimization in 4.0 Context Using Continuous Improvementâ Session SP-12 âDĂ©fis pour la Conception des SystĂšmes de Production Cyber-Physiquesâ / âChallenges for the Design of Cyber Physical Production Systemsâ Session SP-13 âProduction AvisĂ©e et DĂ©veloppement Durableâ / âSmart Manufacturing and Sustainable Developmentâ Session SP-14 âLâHumain dans lâUsine du Futurâ / âHuman in the Factory of the Futureâ Session SP-15 âOrdonnancement et PrĂ©vision de ChaĂźnes Logistiques RĂ©silientesâ / âScheduling and Forecasting for Resilient Supply Chains
Langage, engagement et émotions (les ressources de la génération linguistique et de l'intégration émotionnelle dans le discours scientifique)
L'Ă©motion et le discours scientifique sont traditionnellement deux domaines considĂ©rĂ©s comme incompatibles du fait du caractĂšre subjectif de la premiĂšre et des exigences d'objectivitĂ© et de neutralitĂ© du dernier. La thĂšse propose une Ă©tude des processus en Ćuvre dans la gĂ©nĂ©ration des Ă©motions en relation avec la constitution du discours, et ensuite des stratĂ©gies ou modes d'intĂ©gration des phĂ©nomĂšnes de manifestations Ă©motionnelles dans le discours final. L'Ă©tude combine une approche psychologique et linguistique des Ă©motions et s'articule autour de la transition entre le domaine mental et celui de la prĂ©paration et de l'expression finale des Ă©motions gĂ©nĂ©rĂ©es dans le discours (lien entre l'Ă©valuation cognitive et l'Appraisal theory en linguistique). Une synthĂšse de grandes typologies des modes d'inclusion, ainsi que des grands types de manifestations de charges Ă©motionnelles-affectives globale est prĂ©sentĂ©e dans la thĂšse. Cette mĂȘme synthĂšse est issue de la recherche et de l'analyse de manifestations d'Ă©motions incluses volontairement ou non dans un corpus d'articles de la presse scientifique anglophone soumise Ă comitĂ© de relecture. L'un des objectifs Ă©tant de dĂ©terminer si le discours scientifique prĂ©sente des manifestations de subjectivitĂ© des auteurs, et par quels biais ces phĂ©nomĂšnes de subjectivitĂ© et d'Ă©motion s'encodent dans des textes devant, selon les normes et conventions, ĂȘtre aussi objectifs et neutres que possible, quelle que soit la discipline concernĂ©e. A donc Ă©tĂ© soulevĂ©e la question de la part prise par l'Ă©motion dans le discours en gĂ©nĂ©ral, de sa constitution Ă son expression.Emotion and scientific discourse are, by tradition, considered to be incompatible due to the subjective nature of the former and the objectivity requirements of the latter. The thesis deals with a study of the processes involved in emotion generation in relation with discourse generation. This is followed by the approach of the modes or strategies of inclusion of emotion manifestation phenomena in the final discourse. The study combines a psychological and linguistic approach of emotions, and revolves around the transition stage between the mental domain and that of language elaboration, leading to communicating the previously generated emotions in discourse (link between cognitive appraisal and the Appraisal theory in linguistics). The thesis sums up the broad categories of inclusion modes, as well as the main global emotion/affect load manifestation types. This very synthesis is the result of the research and analysis of emotion manifestations deliberately or accidentally included into a selection of articles sampled out from english-speaking peer-reviewed scientific press. One of the goals was to determine if scientific discourse contains and displays the authors' subjectivity and emotion manifestations, and how these phenomena are encoded in texts that are primarily meant (according to norms and conventions) to be as objective and neutral as possible, regardless of the subject. Thus was raised the question of the importance of the share taken by emotion in any discourse, from its generation to the moment it is uttered.BREST-SCD-Bib. electronique (290199901) / SudocSudocFranceF