GridFTP: Protocol Extensions to FTP for the Grid

GridFTP: Protocol Extensions to FTP for the Gri

Internationalization of Large Retailers and Cross-Cultural Determinants – The Singular Trajectory of Carrefour in Romania

This article discusses the large retailers’ internationalization strategy. It deals more particularly with the way in which international expansion proceeds on the level of operations management and the application of strategies used on the domestic market: does the retailer choose a universalistic perspective, thanks to the export of a well-managed retail format (the superstore format, the supermarket format), or does it opt for an adjustment to the cultural conditions of the target country, and this, even in the operational dimensions of management? To answer this question and to take part in the current debates about the stakes of international marketing, a case study was conducted on the Carrefour Group in Romania, while using a structural analysis of narrative. The research associates, for the first time, three theoretical frameworks: the internationalization of the retailer, the management of relationships in the marketing channel and the management of the cross-cultural variable. The authors bring to light a three-stage managerial cycle around a double-cultural filtration phenomenon which questions the usually used dichotomous approach to analyze the internationalization of the large retailer: universalism vs. culturalism.Carrefour Group, cultural filtration, internationalization, retailing industry, România, structural analysis of narrative

Capital account regulations and the trading system: a compatibility review

This repository item contains a single issue of the Pardee Center Task Force Reports, a publication series that began publishing in 2009 by the Boston University Frederick S. Pardee Center for the Study of the Longer-Range Future. Spanish version produced by the Center for the Study of State and Society, Buenos Aires. Portuguese version coordinated by Daniela Magalhaes Prates, a contributing author of the report, in collaboration with Ana Trivellato (translator), and Maria Inês Amorozo (graphic designer).This report is the product of the Pardee Center Task Force on Regulating Capital Flows for Long-Run Development and builds on the Task Force´s first report published in March 2012. The Pardee Center Task Force was convened initially in September 2011 as consensus was emerging that the global financial crisis has re-confirmed the need to regulate cross-border finance. The March 2012 report argues that international financial institutions – and in particular the International Monetary Fund – need to support measures that would allow capital account regulations (CARs) to become a standard and effective part of the macroeconomic policy toolkit. Yet some policymakers and academics expressed concern that many nations — and especially developing countries — may not have the flexibility to adequately deploy such regulations because of trade and investment treaties they are party to. In June 2012, the Pardee Center, with the Center for the Study of State and Society (CEDES) in Argentina and Global Development and Environment Institute (GDAE) at Tufts University, convened a second Task Force workshop in Buenos Aires specifically to review agreements at the WTO and various Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) and Bilateral Investment Treaties (BITs) for the extent to which the trading regime is compatible with the ability to deploy effective capital account regulations. This report presents the findings of that review, and highlights a number of potential incompatibilities found between the trade and investment treaties and the ability to deploy CARs. It also highlights an alarming lack of policy space to use CARs under a variety of FTAs and BITs—especially those involving the United States. Like the first report, it was written by an international group of experts whose goal is to help inform discussions and decisions by policymakers at the IMF and elsewhere that will have implications for the economic health and development trajectories for countries around the world

Cross-Border Securitization: Without Law, But Not Lawless

The Article discusses two puzzles posed by cross-border securitization. First, why do the innovators in this area give away their creations through publications and other means rather than attempt to extract licensing fees by registering copyrights, patents, and trade names? The Article shows that innovators benefit from giving away their innovations through fees of the first clients or future clients to a greater extent than through licensing fees. Second, how can securitization markets develop under fragmented and unpredictable laws? The Article argues that cross-border securitization is flourishing under a law merchant, which is later incorporated into domestic laws. In fact, innovations and standardization of law are developing in tandem and the same professionals that innovate are those that work on standardization of the law. The Article concludes that cross-border securitization serves as a case study of legal change from the bottom up, rather than from the top down

ICANN—Now and Then: ICANN’s Reform and Its Problems

This paper sheds some light upon the major problem arising from the current normative infrastructure of the DNS and provides a possible solution to the current physical problem of the DNS. The paper\u27s main focus is the single-entity control of the A Root. The paper uses as a starting point the Blueprint prepared by the Committee on ICANN Evolution and Reform and raises the question: Has this reform done anything to resolve the single-entity control of the A Root? The paper argues that the reform has done nothing to solve the problem because the international privatization of the DNS merely substitutes the administration of the DNS function without making changes to the normative infrastructure of the DNS. In light of the above, the paper argues that there is a need to declare independence from a one-entity controlled DNS. The suggested approach is to share authority over the root by acknowledging that countries that are accountable to their populations are the authorities for their own ccTLDs. Once technical and political independence has been achieved, the technical and, to some degree, political management of the DNS should be exercised through an international body. In order to initiate a discussion for a truly international body this paper offers nine principles that a new international ccTLD cooperation organization should observe when working on its own creation

Cloud service localisation

The essence of cloud computing is the provision of software and hardware services to a range of users in dierent locations. The aim of cloud service localisation is to facilitate the internationalisation and localisation of cloud services by allowing their adaption to dierent locales. We address the lingual localisation by providing service-level language translation techniques to adopt services to dierent languages and regulatory localisation by providing standards-based mappings to achieve regulatory compliance with regionally varying laws, standards and regulations. The aim is to support and enforce the explicit modelling of aspects particularly relevant to localisation and runtime support consisting of tools and middleware services to automating the deployment based on models of locales, driven by the two localisation dimensions. We focus here on an ontology-based conceptual information model that integrates locale specication in a coherent way

Efforts for Internationalizing Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna (Rmutl) in Thailand in the Asean Era: a Qualitative Case Study

The internationalization processes of numerous schools in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations region have grown exponentially over the past few years. This study is designed to explore fundamental approaches and enhance efforts needed to internationalize a large public university in Northern Thailand, Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna. Additionally, a qualitative approach and purposive sampling were applied in this study to gain rich perspectives from the in-depth qualitative interviews with 20 executives, 17 of whom are in top management at Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna. One participant is the former director of the Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization, and two participants are executives in Thai higher education institutions. Hence, we engaged in a qualitative case study in Rajamangala University of Technology Lanna to illustrate and extend current theory and research concerning internationalization of universities, both in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations region and elsewhere. Furthermore, we present a proposed model with 10 essential elements to internationalize educational institutions in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations community era. Lastly, we provide recommendations for further studies and for administrators in Thai and Association of Southeast Asian Nation universities along with suggested activities and their purposes for administrators

Capital Neutrality and Coordinated Supervision: Lessons for International Securities Regulation from the Law of International Taxation and Banking

Part I of this article provides some background on the legal forces which have influenced globalization and internationalization of the world\u27s securities markets. Part II focuses on the international tax law principle of capital neutrality. Fundamentally, the principle of capital neutrality requires that regulations should not unintentionally direct the movement of capital. Part II analyzes the bases and parameters of the principle of capital neutrality, the experiences of international taxation in applying the principle to a globalizing economy, and the possibilities for applying the principle to international securities regulation. Part III focuses on the international banking law principle of coordinated supervision. The principle of coordinated supervision is that no bank should go unsupervised, and that the supervision of banks must be adequate. Part III examines the historical impetus for coordinated supervision, the development of the principle, and its recent application to problems caused by globalization. Part III concludes with suggestions for the possible application of the principle to securities law