Indoor free space optics link under the weak turbulence regime: measurements and model validation

This paper is a postprint of a paper submitted to and accepted for publication in [journal] and is subject to Institution of Engineering and Technology Copyright. The copy of record is available at IET Digital LibraryIn this study, the authors present the measurements performed on a free space optics (FSO) communications link using an indoor atmospheric chamber. In particular, the authors have generated several different optical turbulence conditions, demonstrating how even the weak turbulence regime can strongly affect the FSO link performance. The authors have carried out an in-depth analysis of the data collected during the measurements, and calculated the turbulence strength (i.e. scintillation index and Rytov variance) and the important performance metrics (i.e. the Q-factor and bit error rate) to evaluate the FSO link quality. Moreover, the authors have tested, for the first time, an appositely developed temporally-correlated gamma-gamma channel model to generate the temporal irradiance fluctuations observed at the receiver. This has been accomplished by using a complete analysis tool that enables the authors to fully simulate the experimental FSO link. Finally, the authors compare the generated time-series with the collected experimental data, showing a good agreement and thus proving the effectiveness of the model.This work was supported by the European Space Agency under grant no. 5401001020. We are very grateful to Dr. E. Armandillo for enlightening discussions. J. Perez's work was support by Spanish MINECO Juan de la Cierva Fellowship JCI-2012-14805. This research project falls within the frame of COST ICT Action IC1101 - Optical Wireless Communications - An Emerging Technology (OPTICWISE).Pernice, R.; Ando, A.; Cardinale, M.; Curcio, L.; Stivala, S.; Parisi, A.; Busacca, AC.... (2015). Indoor free space optics link under the weak turbulence regime: measurements and model validation. IET Communications. 9(1):62-70. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2014.0432S627091Tsukamoto, K., Hashimoto, A., Aburakawa, Y., & Matsumoto, M. (2009). The case for free space. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 10(5), 84-92. doi:10.1109/mmm.2009.933086Suriza, A. Z., Md Rafiqul, I., Wajdi, A. K., & Naji, A. W. (2013). Proposed parameters of specific rain attenuation prediction for Free Space Optics link operating in tropical region. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, 94, 93-99. doi:10.1016/j.jastp.2012.11.008Nebuloni, R. (2005). Empirical relationships between extinction coefficient and visibility in fog. Applied Optics, 44(18), 3795. doi:10.1364/ao.44.003795García-Zambrana, A., Castillo-Vázquez, C., & Castillo-Vázquez, B. (2011). Outage performance of MIMO FSO links over strong turbulence and misalignment fading channels. Optics Express, 19(14), 13480. doi:10.1364/oe.19.013480Shokrollahi, A. (2006). Raptor codes. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 52(6), 2551-2567. doi:10.1109/tit.2006.874390MacKay, D. J. C. (2005). Fountain codes. IEE Proceedings - Communications, 152(6), 1062. doi:10.1049/ip-com:20050237Uysal, M., Jing Li, & Meng Yu. (2006). Error rate performance analysis of coded free-space optical links over gamma-gamma atmospheric turbulence channels. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 5(6), 1229-1233. doi:10.1109/twc.2006.1638639Tsiftsis, T. A. (2008). Performance of heterodyne wireless optical communication systems over gamma-gamma atmospheric turbulence channels. Electronics Letters, 44(5), 373. doi:10.1049/el:20083028Popoola, W. O., & Ghassemlooy, Z. (2009). BPSK Subcarrier Intensity Modulated Free-Space Optical Communications in Atmospheric Turbulence. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 27(8), 967-973. doi:10.1109/jlt.2008.2004950Nistazakis, H. E., Tsiftsis, T. A., & Tombras, G. S. (2009). Performance analysis of free-space optical communication systems over atmospheric turbulence channels. IET Communications, 3(8), 1402. doi:10.1049/iet-com.2008.0212Bayaki, E., Schober, R., & Mallik, R. (2009). Performance analysis of MIMO free-space optical systems in gamma-gamma fading. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 57(11), 3415-3424. doi:10.1109/tcomm.2009.11.080168Anguita, J. A., Neifeld, M. A., Hildner, B., & Vasic, B. (2010). Rateless Coding on Experimental Temporally Correlated FSO Channels. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 28(7), 990-1002. doi:10.1109/jlt.2010.2040136Andò, A., Mangione, S., Curcio, L., Stivala, S., Garbo, G., Pernice, R., & Busacca, A. C. (2013). Recovery Capabilities of Rateless Codes on Simulated Turbulent Terrestrial Free Space Optics Channel Model. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2013, 1-8. doi:10.1155/2013/692915Ghassemlooy, Z., Le Minh, H., Rajbhandari, S., Perez, J., & Ijaz, M. (2012). Performance Analysis of Ethernet/Fast-Ethernet Free Space Optical Communications in a Controlled Weak Turbulence Condition. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 30(13), 2188-2194. doi:10.1109/jlt.2012.2194271Xiaoming Zhu, & Kahn, J. M. (2002). Free-space optical communication through atmospheric turbulence channels. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 50(8), 1293-1300. doi:10.1109/tcomm.2002.800829Xu, F., Khalighi, A., Caussé, P., & Bourennane, S. (2009). Channel coding and time-diversity for optical wireless links. Optics Express, 17(2), 872. doi:10.1364/oe.17.00087

Error mitigation using RaptorQ codes in an experimental indoor free space optical link under the influence of turbulence

This paper is a postprint of a paper submitted to and accepted for publication in [journal] and is subject to Institution of Engineering and Technology Copyright. The copy of record is available at IET Digital LibraryIn free space optical (FSO) communications, several factors can strongly affect the link quality. Among them, one of the most important impairments that can degrade the FSO link quality and its reliability even under the clear sky conditions consists of optical turbulence. In this work, the authors investigate the generation of both weak and moderate turbulence regimes in an indoor environment to assess the FSO link quality. In particular, they show that, due to the presence of the turbulence, the link experiences both erasure errors and packet losses during transmission, and also compare the experimental statistical distribution of samples with the predicted Gamma Gamma model. Furthermore, the authors demonstrate that the application of the RaptorQ codes noticeably improves the link quality decreasing the packet error rate (PER) by about an order of magnitude, also offering in certain cases an error-free transmission with a PER of ∼10−2 at Rytov variance value of 0.5. The results show that the recovery rate increases with the redundancy, the packet length and the number of source packets, and it decreases with increasing data rates.This work was supported by the European Space Agency under grant no. 5401001020. We are very grateful to Dr. E. Armandillo for enlightening discussions. This research project also falls within the frame of COST ICT Action IC1101 - Optical Wireless Communications - An Emerging Technology (OPTICWISE). J. Perez's work is supported by Spanish MINECO Juan de la Cierva JCI-2012-14805.Pernice, R.; Parisi, A.; Ando, A.; Mangione, S.; Garbo, G.; Busacca, AC.; Perez, J.... (2015). Error mitigation using RaptorQ codes in an experimental indoor free space optical link under the influence of turbulence. IET Communications. 9(14):1800-1806. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-com.2015.0235S18001806914Tsukamoto, K., Hashimoto, A., Aburakawa, Y., & Matsumoto, M. (2009). The case for free space. IEEE Microwave Magazine, 10(5), 84-92. doi:10.1109/mmm.2009.933086Paraskevopoulos, A., Vučić, J., Voss, S.-H., Swoboda, R., & Langer, K.-D. (2010). Optical Wireless Communication Systems in the Mb/s to Gb/s Range, Suitable for Industrial Applications. IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 15(4), 541-547. doi:10.1109/tmech.2010.2051814Ghassemlooy, Z., Le Minh, H., Rajbhandari, S., Perez, J., & Ijaz, M. (2012). Performance Analysis of Ethernet/Fast-Ethernet Free Space Optical Communications in a Controlled Weak Turbulence Condition. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 30(13), 2188-2194. doi:10.1109/jlt.2012.2194271Ciaramella, E., Arimoto, Y., Contestabile, G., Presi, M., D’Errico, A., Guarino, V., & Matsumoto, M. (2009). 1.28-Tb/s (32 $\times$ 40 Gb/s) Free-Space Optical WDM Transmission System. IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 21(16), 1121-1123. doi:10.1109/lpt.2009.2021149Parca, G. (2013). Optical wireless transmission at 1.6-Tbit/s (16×100  Gbit/s) for next-generation convergent urban infrastructures. Optical Engineering, 52(11), 116102. doi:10.1117/1.oe.52.11.116102Hulea, M., Ghassemlooy, Z., Rajbhandari, S., & Tang, X. (2014). Compensating for Optical Beam Scattering and Wandering in FSO Communications. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 32(7), 1323-1328. doi:10.1109/jlt.2014.2304182Ghassemlooy, Z., Popoola, W. O., Ahmadi, V., & Leitgeb, E. (2009). MIMO Free-Space Optical Communication Employing Subcarrier Intensity Modulation in Atmospheric Turbulence Channels. Communications Infrastructure. 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International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2013, 1-8. doi:10.1155/2013/692915MacKay, D. J. C. (2005). Fountain codes. IEE Proceedings - Communications, 152(6), 1062. doi:10.1049/ip-com:20050237Shokrollahi, A. (2006). Raptor codes. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 52(6), 2551-2567. doi:10.1109/tit.2006.874390Anguita, J. A., Neifeld, M. A., Hildner, B., & Vasic, B. (2010). Rateless Coding on Experimental Temporally Correlated FSO Channels. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 28(7), 990-1002. doi:10.1109/jlt.2010.2040136Wang, N., & Cheng, J. (2010). Moment-based estimation for the shape parameters of the Gamma-Gamma atmospheric turbulence model. Optics Express, 18(12), 12824. doi:10.1364/oe.18.012824Zvanovec, S., Perez, J., Ghassemlooy, Z., Rajbhandari, S., & Libich, J. (2013). Route diversity analyses for free-space optical wireless links within turbulent scenarios. 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A survey of IEEE 802.15.4 effective system parameters for wireless body sensor networks

This is the peer reviewed version of the following article: Moravejosharieh, Amirhossein, Lloret, Jaime. (2016). A survey of IEEE 802.15.4 effective system parameters for wireless body sensor networks.International Journal of Communication Systems, 29, 7, 1269-1292. DOI: 10.1002/dac.3098, which has been published in final form at http://doi.org/10.1002/dac.3098. This article may be used for non-commercial purposes in accordance with Wiley Terms and Conditions for Self-Archiving[EN] Wireless body sensor networks are offered to meet the requirements of a diverse set of applications such as health-related and well-being applications. For instance, they are deployed to measure, fetch and collect human body vital signs. Such information could be further used for diagnosis and monitoring of medical conditions. IEEE 802.15.4 is arguably considered as a well-designed standard protocol to address the need for low-rate, low-power and low-cost wireless body sensor networks. Apart from the vast deployment of this technology, there are still some challenges and issues related to the performance of the medium access control (MAC) protocol of this standard that are required to be addressed. This paper comprises two main parts. In the first part, the survey has provided a thorough assessment of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol performance where its functionality is evaluated considering a range of effective system parameters, that is, some of the MAC and application parameters and the impact of mutual interference. The second part of this paper is about conducting a simulation study to determine the influence of varying values of the system parameters on IEEE 802.15.4 performance gains. More specifically, we explore the dependability level of IEEE 802.5.4 performance gains on a candidate set of system parameters. Finally, this paper highlights the tangible needs to conduct more investigations on particular aspect(s) of IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol. 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Study of the Optimum Frequency at 2.4GHz ISM Band for Underwater Wireless Ad Hoc Communications

Underwater communications at low frequencies are characterized by the low data rate. But in some cases wireless sensors must be placed quite close to each other and need high data rates in order to accurately sense an ecosystem that could be contaminated by invasive plants or hazardous waste. Most researchers focus their efforts on increasing the data transfer rates for low frequencies, but, due to the wave features, this is very complicated. For this reason, we propose the use of high frequency band communications for these special cases. In this paper we measure the optimum working frequency for an underwater communication in the 2.4 GHz range. We measure the number of lost packets and the average round trip time value for a point-to-point link for different distances. These measures will be performed by varying the data rate, the type of modulation and the working frequency. We will show that we are able to transmit higher data transfer rates, by using higher frequencies, than the using acoustic waves. © 2012 Springer-Verlag.This work has been partially supported by the "Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación”, through the “Plan Nacional de I+D+i 2008-2011” in the “Subprograma de Proyectos de Investigación Fundamental”, project TEC2011-27516, and by the Polytechnic University of Valencia, though the PAID-15-11 multidisciplinary projects.Sendra Compte, S.; Lamparero Arroyo, JV.; Lloret, J.; Ardid Ramírez, M. (2012). Study of the Optimum Frequency at 2.4GHz ISM Band for Underwater Wireless Ad Hoc Communications. En Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer Verlag (Germany). 260-273. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-31638-8_20S260273Mohsin, A.H., Bakar, K.A., Adekiigbe, A., Ghafoor, K.Z.: A Survey of Energy-aware Routing protocols in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks: Trends and Challenges. 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Performance of the wavelet-transform-neural network based receiver for DPIM in diffuse indoor optical wireless links in presence of artificial light interference

Artificial neural network (ANN) has application in communication engineering in diverse areas such as channel equalization, channel modeling, error control code because of its capability of nonlinear processing, adaptability, and parallel processing. On the other hand, wavelet transform (WT) with both the time and the frequency resolution provides the exact representation of signal in both domains. Applying these signal processing tools for channel compensation and noise reduction can provide an enhanced performance compared to the traditional tools. In this paper, the slot error rate (SER) performance of digital pulse interval modulation (DPIM) in diffuse indoor optical wireless (OW) links subjected to the artificial light interference (ALI) is reported with new receiver structure based on the discrete WT (DWT) and ANN. Simulation results show that the DWT-ANN based receiver is very effective in reducing the effect of multipath induced inter-symbol interference (ISI) and ALI