Virtual Reality in Marketing: A Framework, Review, and Research Agenda

[EN] Marketing scholars and practitioners are showing increasing interest in Extended Reality (XR) technologies (XRs), such as virtual reality (VR), augmented reality (AR), and mixed reality (MR), as very promising technological tools for producing satisfactory consumer experiences that mirror those experienced in physical stores. However, most of the studies published to date lack a certain measure of methodological rigor in their characterization of XR technologies and in the assessment techniques used to characterize the consumer experience, which limits the generalization of the results. We argue that it is necessary to define a rigorous methodological framework for the use of XRs in marketing. 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Validation of a low-cost virtual reality system for training street-crossing. A comparative study in healthy, neglected and non-neglected stroke individuals

Unilateral spatial neglect is a common consequence of stroke that directly affects the performance of activities of daily living. This impairment is traditionally assessed with paper-and-pencil tests that can lack correspondence to real life and are easily compensated. Virtual reality can immerse patients in more ecological scenarios, thus providing therapists with new tools to assess and train the effects of this impairment in simulated real tasks. This paper presents the clinical validation and convergent validity of a low-cost virtual reality system for training street-crossing in stroke patients with and without neglect. The performance of neglect patients was significantly worse than the performance of non-neglect and healthy participants. 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A virtual reality test battery for assessment and screening of spatial neglect. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 123(3), 167-174. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2010.01390.xGupta, V., Knott, B. A., Kodgi, S., & Lathan, C. E. (2000). Using the «VREye» System for the Assessment of Unilateral Visual Neglect: Two Case Reports. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9(3), 268-286. doi:10.1162/105474600566790Hartman-Maeir, A., & Katz, N. (1995). Validity of the Behavioral Inattention Test (BIT): Relationships With Functional Tasks. American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 49(6), 507-516. doi:10.5014/ajot.49.6.507Jannink, M. J. A., Aznar, M., de Kort, A. C., van de Vis, W., Veltink, P., & van der Kooij, H. (2009). Assessment of visuospatial neglect in stroke patients using virtual reality: a pilot study. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 32(4), 280-286. doi:10.1097/mrr.0b013e3283013b1cJehkonen, M., Laihosalo, M., & Kettunen, J. (2006). Anosognosia after stroke: assessment, occurrence, subtypes and impact on functional outcome reviewed. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 114(5), 293-306. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2006.00723.xKatz, N., Ring, H., Naveh, Y., Kizony, R., Feintuch, U., & Weiss, P. L. (2005). Interactive virtual environment training for safe street crossing of right hemisphere stroke patients with Unilateral Spatial Neglect. Disability and Rehabilitation, 27(20), 1235-1244. doi:10.1080/09638280500076079Kim, D. Y., Ku, J., Chang, W. H., Park, T. H., Lim, J. Y., Han, K., … Kim, S. I. (2010). Assessment of post-stroke extrapersonal neglect using a three-dimensional immersive virtual street crossing program. Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, 121(3), 171-177. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0404.2009.01194.xKim, J., Kim, K., Kim, D. Y., Chang, W. H., Park, C.-I., Ohn, S. H., … Kim, S. I. (2007). Virtual Environment Training System for Rehabilitation of Stroke Patients with Unilateral Neglect: Crossing the Virtual Street. 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Virtual Reality and Left Hemineglect: A Technology for Assessment and Therapy. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(3), 465-468. doi:10.1089/10949310050078922Peskine, A., Rosso, C., Box, N., Galland, A., Caron, E., Rautureau, G., … Pradat-Diehl, P. (2010). Virtual reality assessment for visuospatial neglect: importance of a dynamic task. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 82(12), 1407-1409. doi:10.1136/jnnp.2010.217513Romero, M., Sánchez, A., Marín, C., Navarro, M. D., Ferri, J., & Noé, E. (2012). Utilidad clínica de la versión en castellano del Mississippi Aphasia Screening Test (MASTsp): validación en pacientes con ictus. Neurología, 27(4), 216-224. doi:10.1016/j.nrl.2011.06.006Rose, F. D., Brooks, B. M., & Rizzo, A. A. (2005). Virtual Reality in Brain Damage Rehabilitation: Review. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(3), 241-262. doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.241Schwebel, D. C., & McClure, L. A. (2010). Using virtual reality to train children in safe street-crossing skills. Injury Prevention, 16(1), e1-e1. doi:10.1136/ip.2009.025288Simpson, G., Johnston, L., & Richardson, M. (2003). An investigation of road crossing in a virtual environment. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 35(5), 787-796. doi:10.1016/s0001-4575(02)00081-7Smith, J., Hebert, D., & Reid, D. (2007). Exploring the effects of virtual reality on unilateral neglect caused by stroke: Four case studies. Technology and Disability, 19(1), 29-40. doi:10.3233/tad-2007-19104Sugarman, H., Weisel-Eichler, A., Burstin, A. and Brown, R.Use of novel virtual reality system for the assessment and treatment of unilateral spatial neglect: A feasibility study. Paper presented at International Conference on Virtual Rehabilitation. Zürich.Tanaka, T., Sugihara, S., Nara, H., Ino, S., & Ifukube, T. (2005). Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 2(1), 31. doi:10.1186/1743-0003-2-31Thomson, J. A., Tolmie, A. K., Foot, H. C., Whelan, K. M., Sarvary, P., & Morrison, S. (2005). Influence of Virtual Reality Training on the Roadside Crossing Judgments of Child Pedestrians. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 11(3), 175-186. doi:10.1037/1076-898x.11.3.175Weiss, P. L. (Tamar), Naveh, Y., & Katz, N. (2003). Design and testing of a virtual environment to train stroke patients with unilateral spatial neglect to cross a street safely. Occupational Therapy International, 10(1), 39-55. doi:10.1002/oti.176Witmer, B. G., & Singer, M. J. (1998). Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 7(3), 225-240. doi:10.1162/105474698565686Wu, H., Ashmead, D. H. and Bodenheimer, B.Using immersive virtual reality to evaluate pedestrian street crossing decisions at a roundabout. Paper presented at 6th Symposium on appied perception in Graphics and Visualization. Chania

An Augmented Reality system for the treatment of phobia to small animals viewed via an optical see-through HMD. Comparison with a similar system viewed via a video see-through

This article presents an optical see-through (OST) Augmented Reality system for the treatment of phobia to small animals. The technical characteristics of the OST system are described, and a comparative study of the sense of presence and anxiety in a nonphobic population (24 participants) using the OST and an equivalent video see-though (VST) system is presented. The results indicate that if all participants are analyzed, the VST system induces greater sense of presence than the OST system. If the participants who had more fear are analyzed, the two systems induce a similar sense of presence. For the anxiety level, the two systems provoke similar and significant anxiety during the experiment. © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.Juan, M.; Calatrava, J. (2011). An Augmented Reality system for the treatment of phobia to small animals viewed via an optical see-through HMD. Comparison with a similar system viewed via a video see-through. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction. 27(5):436-449. doi:10.1080/10447318.2011.552059S436449275Azuma, R. and Bishop, G. Improving static and dynamic registration in an optical see-through HMD. Proceedings of 21st Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive techniques (SIGGRAPH'94). pp.197–204.Bimber, O., & Raskar, R. (2005). Spatial Augmented Reality. doi:10.1201/b10624Botella, C., Quero, S., Banos, R. M., Garcia-Palacios, A., Breton-Lopez, J., Alcaniz, M., & Fabregat, S. (2008). Telepsychology and Self-Help: The Treatment of Phobias Using the Internet. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 11(6), 659-664. doi:10.1089/cpb.2008.0012Botella, C. M., Juan, M. C., Baños, R. M., Alcañiz, M., Guillén, V., & Rey, B. (2005). Mixing Realities? An Application of Augmented Reality for the Treatment of Cockroach Phobia. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 8(2), 162-171. doi:10.1089/cpb.2005.8.162Carlin, A. S., Hoffman, H. G., & Weghorst, S. (1997). Virtual reality and tactile augmentation in the treatment of spider phobia: a case report. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(2), 153-158. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(96)00085-xGarcia-Palacios, A., Hoffman, H., Carlin, A., Furness, T. ., & Botella, C. (2002). Virtual reality in the treatment of spider phobia: a controlled study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(9), 983-993. doi:10.1016/s0005-7967(01)00068-7Genc, Y., Tuceryan, M., & Navab, N. (s. f.). Practical solutions for calibration of optical see-through devices. Proceedings. International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality. doi:10.1109/ismar.2002.1115086Hoffman, H. G., Garcia-Palacios, A., Carlin, A., Furness III, T. A., & Botella-Arbona, C. (2003). Interfaces That Heal: Coupling Real and Virtual Objects to Treat Spider Phobia. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 16(2), 283-300. doi:10.1207/s15327590ijhc1602_08Juan, M. C., Alcaniz, M., Monserrat, C., Botella, C., Banos, R. M., & Guerrero, B. (2005). Using Augmented Reality to Treat Phobias. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, 25(6), 31-37. doi:10.1109/mcg.2005.143Juan, M. C., Baños, R., Botella, C., Pérez, D., Alcaníiz, M., & Monserrat, C. (2006). An Augmented Reality System for the Treatment of Acrophobia: The Sense of Presence Using Immersive Photography. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 15(4), 393-402. doi:10.1162/pres.15.4.393Kato, H., & Billinghurst, M. (s. f.). Marker tracking and HMD calibration for a video-based augmented reality conferencing system. Proceedings 2nd IEEE and ACM International Workshop on Augmented Reality (IWAR’99). doi:10.1109/iwar.1999.803809Nash, E. B., Edwards, G. W., Thompson, J. A., & Barfield, W. (2000). A Review of Presence and Performance in Virtual Environments. International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction, 12(1), 1-41. doi:10.1207/s15327590ijhc1201_1Owen, C. B., Ji Zhou, Tang, A., & Fan Xiao. (s. f.). Display-Relative Calibration for Optical See-Through Head-Mounted Displays. Third IEEE and ACM International Symposium on Mixed and Augmented Reality. doi:10.1109/ismar.2004.28Özbek, C., Giesler, B. and Dillmann, R. Jedi training: Playful evaluation of head-mounted augmented reality display systems. SPIE Conference Medical Imaging. Vol. 5291, pp.454–463.Renaud, P., Bouchard, S., & Proulx, R. (2002). Behavioral avoidance dynamics in the presence of a virtual spider. IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine, 6(3), 235-243. doi:10.1109/titb.2002.802381Schwald, B. and Laval, B. An Augmented Reality system for training and assistance to maintenance in the industrial context. International Conference in Central Europe on Computer Graphics, Visualization and Computer Vision. pp.425–432.Slater, M., Usoh, M., & Steed, A. (1994). Depth of Presence in Virtual Environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 3(2), 130-144. doi:10.1162/pres.1994.3.2.130Szymanski, J., & O’Donohue, W. (1995). Fear of Spiders Questionnaire. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 26(1), 31-34. doi:10.1016/0005-7916(94)00072-

Using Combined Bipolar Semantic Scales and Eye-Tracking Metrics to Compare Consumer Perception of Real and Virtual Bottles

Three-dimensional virtual representations of consumer products are expected to gain relevance in e-commerce applications as low cost virtual reality headsets arrive on the market in the next years. However, there are a limited number of studies related to the perceptual evaluation of virtual products and their packaging where virtual and real (photographic) representations are compared. As part of an extensive exploration toward understanding product perception in virtual stores, this work presents a study with 38 participants in which consumer perceptions of a photographic and a virtual representation of a beer bottle are examined. Perceptual evaluation is assessed using two metrics: first, an evaluation was performed by applying a bipolar semantic scale based on four axes: novelty, resolution, style and emotion. Second, eye-tracking metrics were employed to analyse participant gaze behaviour during the visualization of stimuli. Virtual bottles were modelled using a medium polygonal load (5K polygons per bottle), and render quality was also medium to intentionally recreate the computing limitations of smartphone-based virtual reality headsets. Results show that a medium render quality alters consumer perception and responses using semantic scales. Eye-tracking analysis confirms that the orientation of the bottle and how it is presented also affect consumer perception. While some orientations result in similar eye-tracking metrics, others show different results.This work was partially funded by the research programme of 'Catedra Heineken Espana S.A.-UPV' at Universitat Politecnica de Valencia.Rojas, J.; Contero, M.; Bartomeu, N.; Guixeres Provinciale, J. (2015). Using Combined Bipolar Semantic Scales and Eye-Tracking Metrics to Compare Consumer Perception of Real and Virtual Bottles. Packaging Technology and Science. 28(12):1047-1056. doi:10.1002/pts.2178S104710562812Underwood, R. L., Klein, N. M., & Burke, R. R. (2001). Packaging communication: attentional effects of product imagery. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 10(7), 403-422. doi:10.1108/10610420110410531Reutskaja, E., Nagel, R., Camerer, C. F., & Rangel, A. (2011). Search Dynamics in Consumer Choice under Time Pressure: An Eye-Tracking Study. American Economic Review, 101(2), 900-926. doi:10.1257/aer.101.2.900Moskowitz, H. R., Reisner, M., Lawlor, J. B., & Deliza, R. (2009). Packaging Research in Food Product Design and Development. doi:10.1002/9781444319330Chatterjee, A. (2011). Neuroaesthetics: A Coming of Age Story. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 23(1), 53-62. doi:10.1162/jocn.2010.21457Waterlander, W. E., Scarpa, M., Lentz, D., & Steenhuis, I. H. (2011). The virtual supermarket: An innovative research tool to study consumer food purchasing behaviour. BMC Public Health, 11(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-11-589Pieters, R., & Warlop, L. (1999). Visual attention during brand choice: The impact of time pressure and task motivation. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 16(1), 1-16. doi:10.1016/s0167-8116(98)00022-6Reimann, M., Zaichkowsky, J., Neuhaus, C., Bender, T., & Weber, B. (2010). Aesthetic package design: A behavioral, neural, and psychological investigation. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20(4), 431-441. doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2010.06.009Hoffman, J. E., & Subramaniam, B. (1995). The role of visual attention in saccadic eye movements. Perception & Psychophysics, 57(6), 787-795. doi:10.3758/bf03206794Piqueras-Fiszman, B., Velasco, C., Salgado-Montejo, A., & Spence, C. (2013). Using combined eye tracking and word association in order to assess novel packaging solutions: A case study involving jam jars. Food Quality and Preference, 28(1), 328-338. doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2012.10.006Djamasbi, S., Siegel, M., & Tullis, T. (2010). Generation Y, web design, and eye tracking. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 68(5), 307-323. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2009.12.006TE Kessels, L., & AC Ruiter, R. (2012). Eye movement responses to health messages on cigarette packages. BMC Public Health, 12(1). doi:10.1186/1471-2458-12-352Serrano, B., Botella, C., Baños, R. M., & Alcañiz, M. (2013). Using virtual reality and mood-induction procedures to test products with consumers of ceramic tiles. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 648-653. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2012.10.024Söderman, M. (2005). Virtual reality in product evaluations with potential customers: An exploratory study comparing virtual reality with conventional product representations. Journal of Engineering Design, 16(3), 311-328. doi:10.1080/09544820500128967Artacho-Ramírez, M. A., Diego-Mas, J. A., & Alcaide-Marzal, J. (2008). Influence of the mode of graphical representation on the perception of product aesthetic and emotional features: An exploratory study. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 38(11-12), 942-952. doi:10.1016/j.ergon.2008.02.020Park, H., Son, J.-S., & Lee, K.-H. (2008). Design evaluation of digital consumer products using virtual reality-based functional behaviour simulation. Journal of Engineering Design, 19(4), 359-375. doi:10.1080/09544820701474129Ledoux, T., Nguyen, A. S., Bakos-Block, C., & Bordnick, P. (2013). Using virtual reality to study food cravings. Appetite, 71, 396-402. doi:10.1016/j.appet.2013.09.006Gomes, T., Hurley, R. A., Duchowski, A., Darby, D., & Ouzts, A. (2014). The Effect of Full Body Versus Partial Body Graphic Labelling on Beverage Packaging. Packaging Technology and Science, 27(12), 933-943. doi:10.1002/pts.207

Effectiveness of Virtual Reality for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review

[EN] Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease that is specially characterized by impairments in social communication and social skills. ASD has a high prevalence in children, affecting 1 in 160 subjects. Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as an effective tool for intervention in the health field. Different recent papers have reviewed the VR-based treatments in ASD, but they have an important limitation because they only use clinical databases and do not include important technical indexes such as the Web of Science index or the Scimago Journal & Country Rank. To our knowledge, this is the first contribution that has carried out an evidence-based systematic review including both clinical and technical databases about the effectiveness of VR-based intervention in ASD. The initial search identified a total of 450 records. After the exclusion of the papers that are not studies, duplicated articles, and the screening of the abstract and full text, 31 articles met the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparison and Outcomes) criteria and were selected for analysis. The studies examined suggest moderate evidence about the effectiveness of VR-based treatments in ASD. VR can add many advantages to the treatment of ASD symptomatology, but it is necessary to develop consistent validations in future studies to state that VR can effectively complement the traditional treatments.Mesa Gresa, P.; Gil Gómez, H.; Lozano Quilis, JA.; Gil-Gómez, J. (2018). Effectiveness of Virtual Reality for Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Evidence-Based Systematic Review. Sensors. 18(8):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18082486S115188World Health Organizationhttp://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/autism-spectrum-disordersColombi, C., & Ghaziuddin, M. (2017). Neuropsychological Characteristics of Children with Mixed Autism and ADHD. Autism Research and Treatment, 2017, 1-5. doi:10.1155/2017/5781781Merriam-Websterhttps://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/virtual%20realityBird, M.-L., Cannell, J., Jovic, E., Rathjen, A., Lane, K., Tyson, A., … Smith, S. (2017). A Randomized Controlled Trial Investigating the Efficacy of Virtual Reality in Inpatient Stroke Rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 98(10), e27. doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2017.08.084Albiol-Pérez, S., Gil-Gómez, J.-A., Muñoz-Tomás, M.-T., Gil-Gómez, H., Vial-Escolano, R., & Lozano-Quilis, J.-A. (2017). The Effect of Balance Training on Postural Control in Patients with Parkinson’s Disease Using a Virtual Rehabilitation System. Methods of Information in Medicine, 56(02), 138-144. doi:10.3414/me16-02-0004Garcia-Palacios, A., Herrero, R., Vizcaíno, Y., Belmonte, M. A., Castilla, D., Molinari, G., … Botella, C. (2015). Integrating Virtual Reality With Activity Management for the Treatment of Fibromyalgia. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 31(6), 564-572. doi:10.1097/ajp.0000000000000196Bekelis, K., Calnan, D., Simmons, N., MacKenzie, T. A., & Kakoulides, G. (2017). Effect of an Immersive Preoperative Virtual Reality Experience on Patient Reported Outcomes. Annals of Surgery, 265(6), 1068-1073. doi:10.1097/sla.0000000000002094Orlosky, J., Itoh, Y., Ranchet, M., Kiyokawa, K., Morgan, J., & Devos, H. (2017). Emulation of Physician Tasks in Eye-Tracked Virtual Reality for Remote Diagnosis of Neurodegenerative Disease. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 23(4), 1302-1311. doi:10.1109/tvcg.2017.2657018Areces, D., Rodríguez, C., García, T., Cueli, M., & González-Castro, P. (2016). Efficacy of a Continuous Performance Test Based on Virtual Reality in the Diagnosis of ADHD and Its Clinical Presentations. Journal of Attention Disorders, 22(11), 1081-1091. doi:10.1177/1087054716629711Phé, V., Cattarino, S., Parra, J., Bitker, M.-O., Ambrogi, V., Vaessen, C., & Rouprêt, M. (2016). Outcomes of a virtual-reality simulator-training programme on basic surgical skills in robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery. The International Journal of Medical Robotics and Computer Assisted Surgery, 13(2), e1740. doi:10.1002/rcs.1740Pulijala, Y., Ma, M., Pears, M., Peebles, D., & Ayoub, A. (2018). Effectiveness of Immersive Virtual Reality in Surgical Training—A Randomized Control Trial. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, 76(5), 1065-1072. doi:10.1016/j.joms.2017.10.002Jarrold, W., Mundy, P., Gwaltney, M., Bailenson, J., Hatt, N., McIntyre, N., … Swain, L. (2013). Social Attention in a Virtual Public Speaking Task in Higher Functioning Children With Autism. Autism Research, 6(5), 393-410. doi:10.1002/aur.1302Mishkind, M. C., Norr, A. M., Katz, A. C., & Reger, G. M. (2017). Review of Virtual Reality Treatment in Psychiatry: Evidence Versus Current Diffusion and Use. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19(11). doi:10.1007/s11920-017-0836-0Liu, X., Wu, Q., Zhao, W., & Luo, X. (2017). Technology-Facilitated Diagnosis and Treatment of Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An Engineering Perspective. Applied Sciences, 7(10), 1051. doi:10.3390/app7101051Van Bennekom, M. J., de Koning, P. P., & Denys, D. (2017). Virtual Reality Objectifies the Diagnosis of Psychiatric Disorders: A Literature Review. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 8. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00163Provoost, S., Lau, H. M., Ruwaard, J., & Riper, H. (2017). Embodied Conversational Agents in Clinical Psychology: A Scoping Review. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 19(5), e151. doi:10.2196/jmir.6553Lau, H. M., Smit, J. H., Fleming, T. M., & Riper, H. (2017). Serious Games for Mental Health: Are They Accessible, Feasible, and Effective? A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 7. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00209Parsons, S. (2016). Authenticity in Virtual Reality for assessment and intervention in autism: A conceptual review. Educational Research Review, 19, 138-157. doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2016.08.001Den Brok, W. L. J. E., & Sterkenburg, P. S. (2014). Self-controlled technologies to support skill attainment in persons with an autism spectrum disorder and/or an intellectual disability: a systematic literature review. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology, 10(1), 1-10. doi:10.3109/17483107.2014.921248Ip, H. H. S., Wong, S. W. L., Chan, D. F. Y., Byrne, J., Li, C., Yuan, V. S. N., … Wong, J. Y. W. (2018). Enhance emotional and social adaptation skills for children with autism spectrum disorder: A virtual reality enabled approach. Computers & Education, 117, 1-15. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2017.09.010Chen, C.-H., Lee, I.-J., & Lin, L.-Y. (2016). Augmented reality-based video-modeling storybook of nonverbal facial cues for children with autism spectrum disorder to improve their perceptions and judgments of facial expressions and emotions. Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 477-485. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.033Didehbani, N., Allen, T., Kandalaft, M., Krawczyk, D., & Chapman, S. (2016). Virtual Reality Social Cognition Training for children with high functioning autism. Computers in Human Behavior, 62, 703-711. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2016.04.033Lorenzo, G., Lledó, A., Pomares, J., & Roig, R. (2016). Design and application of an immersive virtual reality system to enhance emotional skills for children with autism spectrum disorders. Computers & Education, 98, 192-205. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2016.03.018Wade, J., Zhang, L., Bian, D., Fan, J., Swanson, A., Weitlauf, A., … Sarkar, N. (2016). A Gaze-Contingent Adaptive Virtual Reality Driving Environment for Intervention in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorders. ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems, 6(1), 1-23. doi:10.1145/2892636Ke, F., & Lee, S. (2015). Virtual reality based collaborative design by children with high-functioning autism: design-based flexibility, identity, and norm construction. Interactive Learning Environments, 24(7), 1511-1533. doi:10.1080/10494820.2015.1040421Chen, C.-H., Lee, I.-J., & Lin, L.-Y. (2015). Augmented reality-based self-facial modeling to promote the emotional expression and social skills of adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 36, 396-403. doi:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.10.015Cheng, Y., Huang, C.-L., & Yang, C.-S. (2015). Using a 3D Immersive Virtual Environment System to Enhance Social Understanding and Social Skills for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Focus on Autism and Other Developmental Disabilities, 30(4), 222-236. doi:10.1177/1088357615583473Kim, K., Rosenthal, M. Z., Gwaltney, M., Jarrold, W., Hatt, N., McIntyre, N., … Mundy, P. (2014). A Virtual Joy-Stick Study of Emotional Responses and Social Motivation in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45(12), 3891-3899. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2036-7Parsons, S. (2015). Learning to work together: Designing a multi-user virtual reality game for social collaboration and perspective-taking for children with autism. International Journal of Child-Computer Interaction, 6, 28-38. doi:10.1016/j.ijcci.2015.12.002Bai, Z., Blackwell, A. F., & Coulouris, G. (2015). Using Augmented Reality to Elicit Pretend Play for Children with Autism. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 21(5), 598-610. doi:10.1109/tvcg.2014.2385092Bekele, E., Crittendon, J., Zheng, Z., Swanson, A., Weitlauf, A., Warren, Z., & Sarkar, N. (2014). Assessing the Utility of a Virtual Environment for Enhancing Facial Affect Recognition in Adolescents with Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(7), 1641-1650. doi:10.1007/s10803-014-2035-8Escobedo, L., Tentori, M., Quintana, E., Favela, J., & Garcia-Rosas, D. (2014). Using Augmented Reality to Help Children with Autism Stay Focused. IEEE Pervasive Computing, 13(1), 38-46. doi:10.1109/mprv.2014.19Finkelstein, S., Barnes, T., Wartell, Z., & Suma, E. A. (2013). Evaluation of the exertion and motivation factors of a virtual reality exercise game for children with autism. 2013 1st Workshop on Virtual and Augmented Assistive Technology (VAAT). doi:10.1109/vaat.2013.6786186Maskey, M., Lowry, J., Rodgers, J., McConachie, H., & Parr, J. R. (2014). Reducing Specific Phobia/Fear in Young People with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs) through a Virtual Reality Environment Intervention. PLoS ONE, 9(7), e100374. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0100374Stichter, J. P., Laffey, J., Galyen, K., & Herzog, M. (2013). iSocial: Delivering the Social Competence Intervention for Adolescents (SCI-A) in a 3D Virtual Learning Environment for Youth with High Functioning Autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44(2), 417-430. doi:10.1007/s10803-013-1881-0Bekele, E., Zheng, Z., Swanson, A., Crittendon, J., Warren, Z., & Sarkar, N. (2013). Understanding How Adolescents with Autism Respond to Facial Expressions in Virtual Reality Environments. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics, 19(4), 711-720. doi:10.1109/tvcg.2013.42Cai, Y., Chia, N. K. H., Thalmann, D., Kee, N. K. N., Zheng, J., & Thalmann, N. M. (2013). Design and Development of a Virtual Dolphinarium for Children With Autism. IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering, 21(2), 208-217. doi:10.1109/tnsre.2013.2240700Ke, F., & Im, T. (2013). Virtual-Reality-Based Social Interaction Training for Children with High-Functioning Autism. The Journal of Educational Research, 106(6), 441-461. doi:10.1080/00220671.2013.832999Lorenzo, G., Pomares, J., & Lledó, A. (2013). Inclusion of immersive virtual learning environments and visual control systems to support the learning of students with Asperger syndrome. Computers & Education, 62, 88-101. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.028Modugumudi, Y. R., Santhosh, J., & Anand, S. (2013). Efficacy of Collaborative Virtual Environment Intervention Programs in Emotion Expression of Children with Autism. Journal of Medical Imaging and Health Informatics, 3(2), 321-325. doi:10.1166/jmihi.2013.1167Wang, M., & Reid, D. (2013). Using the Virtual Reality-Cognitive Rehabilitation Approach to Improve Contextual Processing in Children with Autism. The Scientific World Journal, 2013, 1-9. doi:10.1155/2013/716890Milne, M., Luerssen, M. H., Lewis, T. W., Leibbrandt, R. E., & Powers, D. M. W. (2010). Development of a virtual agent based social tutor for children with autism spectrum disorders. The 2010 International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN). doi:10.1109/ijcnn.2010.5596584Loomes, R., Hull, L., & Mandy, W. P. L. (2017). What Is the Male-to-Female Ratio in Autism Spectrum Disorder? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 56(6), 466-474. doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.03.013Mesa-Gresa, P., Lozano, J. A., Llórens, R., Alcañiz, M., Navarro, M. D., & Noé, E. (2011). Clinical Validation of a Virtual Environment Test for Safe Street Crossing in the Assessment of Acquired Brain Injury Patients with and without Neglect. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, 44-51. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-23771-3_4Spreij, L. A., Visser-Meily, J. M. A., van Heugten, C. M., & Nijboer, T. C. W. (2014). Novel insights into the rehabilitation of memory post acquired brain injury: a systematic review. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 8. doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00993Pietrzak, E., Pullman, S., & McGuire, A. (2014). Using Virtual Reality and Videogames for Traumatic Brain Injury Rehabilitation: A Structured Literature Review. Games for Health Journal, 3(4), 202-214. doi:10.1089/g4h.2014.001

Development and Calibration of an Eye-Tracking Fixation Identification Algorithm for Immersive Virtual Reality

[EN] Fixation identification is an essential task in the extraction of relevant information from gaze patterns; various algorithms are used in the identification process. However, the thresholds used in the algorithms greatly affect their sensitivity. Moreover, the application of these algorithm to eye-tracking technologies integrated into head-mounted displays, where the subject's head position is unrestricted, is still an open issue. Therefore, the adaptation of eye-tracking algorithms and their thresholds to immersive virtual reality frameworks needs to be validated. This study presents the development of a dispersion-threshold identification algorithm applied to data obtained from an eye-tracking system integrated into a head-mounted display. Rules-based criteria are proposed to calibrate the thresholds of the algorithm through different features, such as number of fixations and the percentage of points which belong to a fixation. The results show that distance-dispersion thresholds between 1-1.6 degrees and time windows between0.25-0.4s are the acceptable range parameters, with 1 degrees and0.25s being the optimum. The work presents a calibrated algorithm to be applied in future experiments with eye-tracking integrated into head-mounted displays and guidelines for calibrating fixation identification algorithmsWe thank Pepe Roda Belles for the development of the virtual reality environment and the integration of the HMD with Unity platform. We also thank Masoud Moghaddasi for useful discussions and recommendations.Llanes-Jurado, J.; Marín-Morales, J.; Guixeres Provinciale, J.; Alcañiz Raya, ML. (2020). Development and Calibration of an Eye-Tracking Fixation Identification Algorithm for Immersive Virtual Reality. Sensors. 20(17):1-15. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20174956S1152017Cipresso, P., Giglioli, I. A. C., Raya, M. A., & Riva, G. (2018). The Past, Present, and Future of Virtual and Augmented Reality Research: A Network and Cluster Analysis of the Literature. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02086Chicchi Giglioli, I. A., Pravettoni, G., Sutil Martín, D. L., Parra, E., & Raya, M. A. (2017). A Novel Integrating Virtual Reality Approach for the Assessment of the Attachment Behavioral System. Frontiers in Psychology, 8. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00959Marín-Morales, J., Higuera-Trujillo, J. L., De-Juan-Ripoll, C., Llinares, C., Guixeres, J., Iñarra, S., & Alcañiz, M. (2019). Navigation Comparison between a Real and a Virtual Museum: Time-dependent Differences using a Head Mounted Display. Interacting with Computers, 31(2), 208-220. doi:10.1093/iwc/iwz018Kober, S. E., Kurzmann, J., & Neuper, C. (2012). Cortical correlate of spatial presence in 2D and 3D interactive virtual reality: An EEG study. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 83(3), 365-374. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2011.12.003Borrego, A., Latorre, J., Llorens, R., Alcañiz, M., & Noé, E. (2016). Feasibility of a walking virtual reality system for rehabilitation: objective and subjective parameters. Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation, 13(1). doi:10.1186/s12984-016-0174-1Clemente, M., Rodríguez, A., Rey, B., & Alcañiz, M. (2014). Assessment of the influence of navigation control and screen size on the sense of presence in virtual reality using EEG. Expert Systems with Applications, 41(4), 1584-1592. doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2013.08.055Borrego, A., Latorre, J., Alcañiz, M., & Llorens, R. (2018). Comparison of Oculus Rift and HTC Vive: Feasibility for Virtual Reality-Based Exploration, Navigation, Exergaming, and Rehabilitation. Games for Health Journal, 7(3), 151-156. doi:10.1089/g4h.2017.0114Jensen, L., & Konradsen, F. (2017). A review of the use of virtual reality head-mounted displays in education and training. Education and Information Technologies, 23(4), 1515-1529. doi:10.1007/s10639-017-9676-0Jost, T. A., Drewelow, G., Koziol, S., & Rylander, J. (2019). A quantitative method for evaluation of 6 degree of freedom virtual reality systems. Journal of Biomechanics, 97, 109379. doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109379Chandrasekera, T., Fernando, K., & Puig, L. (2019). Effect of Degrees of Freedom on the Sense of Presence Generated by Virtual Reality (VR) Head-Mounted Display Systems: A Case Study on the Use of VR in Early Design Studios. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 47(4), 513-522. doi:10.1177/0047239518824862Bălan, O., Moise, G., Moldoveanu, A., Leordeanu, M., & Moldoveanu, F. (2020). An Investigation of Various Machine and Deep Learning Techniques Applied in Automatic Fear Level Detection and Acrophobia Virtual Therapy. Sensors, 20(2), 496. doi:10.3390/s20020496Armstrong, T., & Olatunji, B. O. (2012). Eye tracking of attention in the affective disorders: A meta-analytic review and synthesis. Clinical Psychology Review, 32(8), 704-723. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2012.09.004Rayner, K. (1998). Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. Psychological Bulletin, 124(3), 372-422. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.124.3.372Irwin, D. E. (1992). Memory for position and identity across eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18(2), 307-317. doi:10.1037/0278-7393.18.2.307Tanriverdi, V., & Jacob, R. J. K. (2000). Interacting with eye movements in virtual environments. Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI ’00. doi:10.1145/332040.332443Skulmowski, A., Bunge, A., Kaspar, K., & Pipa, G. (2014). Forced-choice decision-making in modified trolley dilemma situations: a virtual reality and eye tracking study. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 8. doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00426Juvrud, J., Gredebäck, G., Åhs, F., Lerin, N., Nyström, P., Kastrati, G., & Rosén, J. (2018). The Immersive Virtual Reality Lab: Possibilities for Remote Experimental Manipulations of Autonomic Activity on a Large Scale. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 12. doi:10.3389/fnins.2018.00305Hessels, R. S., Niehorster, D. C., Nyström, M., Andersson, R., & Hooge, I. T. C. (2018). Is the eye-movement field confused about fixations and saccades? A survey among 124 researchers. Royal Society Open Science, 5(8), 180502. doi:10.1098/rsos.180502Diaz, G., Cooper, J., Kit, D., & Hayhoe, M. (2013). Real-time recording and classification of eye movements in an immersive virtual environment. Journal of Vision, 13(12), 5-5. doi:10.1167/13.12.5Duchowski, A. T., Medlin, E., Gramopadhye, A., Melloy, B., & Nair, S. (2001). Binocular eye tracking in VR for visual inspection training. Proceedings of the ACM symposium on Virtual reality software and technology - VRST ’01. doi:10.1145/505008.505010Lim, J. Z., Mountstephens, J., & Teo, J. (2020). Emotion Recognition Using Eye-Tracking: Taxonomy, Review and Current Challenges. Sensors, 20(8), 2384. doi:10.3390/s20082384Manor, B. R., & Gordon, E. (2003). Defining the temporal threshold for ocular fixation in free-viewing visuocognitive tasks. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 128(1-2), 85-93. doi:10.1016/s0165-0270(03)00151-1Salvucci, D. D., & Goldberg, J. H. (2000). Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols. Proceedings of the symposium on Eye tracking research & applications - ETRA ’00. doi:10.1145/355017.355028Duchowski, A., Medlin, E., Cournia, N., Murphy, H., Gramopadhye, A., Nair, S., … Melloy, B. (2002). 3-D eye movement analysis. Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 34(4), 573-591. doi:10.3758/bf03195486Bobic, V., & Graovac, S. (2016). Development, implementation and evaluation of new eye tracking methodology. 2016 24th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR). doi:10.1109/telfor.2016.7818800Sidenmark, L., & Lundström, A. (2019). Gaze behaviour on interacted objects during hand interaction in virtual reality for eye tracking calibration. Proceedings of the 11th ACM Symposium on Eye Tracking Research & Applications. doi:10.1145/3314111.3319815Alghamdi, N., & Alhalabi, W. (2019). Fixation Detection with Ray-casting in Immersive Virtual Reality. International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, 10(7). doi:10.14569/ijacsa.2019.0100710Blignaut, P. (2009). Fixation identification: The optimum threshold for a dispersion algorithm. Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 71(4), 881-895. doi:10.3758/app.71.4.881Shic, F., Scassellati, B., & Chawarska, K. (2008). The incomplete fixation measure. Proceedings of the 2008 symposium on Eye tracking research & applications - ETRA ’08. doi:10.1145/1344471.1344500Vive Pro Eyehttps://www.vive.com/us

I walk, therefore I am: a multidimensional study on the influence of the locomotion method upon presence in virtual reality

[EN] A defining virtual reality (VR) metric is the sense of presence, a complex, multidimensional psychophysical construct that represents how intense is the sensation of actually being there, inside the virtual environment (VE), forgetting how technology mediates the experience. Our paper explores how locomotion influences presence, studying two different ways of artificial movement along the VE: walking-in-place (through head bobbing detection) and indirect walking (through touchpad). To evaluate that influence, a narrative-neutral maze was created, from where 41 participants (N=41) had to escape. Measuring presence is a controversial topic since there is not a single, objective measure but a wide range of metrics depending on the different theoretical basis. For this reason, we have used for the first time, representative metrics from all three traditional dimensions of presence: subjective presence (SP) (self-reported through questionnaires), behavioral presence (BP) (obtained from unconscious reactions while inside the VE), and physiological presence (PP) [usually measured using heart rate or electrodermal activity (EDA)]. SP was measured with the ITC-SOPI questionnaire, BP by collecting the participants' reactions, and PP by using a bracelet that registered EDA. The results show two main findings: (i) There is no correlation between the different presence metrics. This opens the door to a simpler way of measuring presence in an objective, reliable way. (ii) There is no significant difference between the two locomotion techniques for any of the three metrics, which shows that the authenticity of VR does not rely on how you move within the VE.Soler-Domínguez, JL.; Juan-Ripoll, CD.; Contero, M.; Alcañiz Raya, ML. (2020). I walk, therefore I am: a multidimensional study on the influence of the locomotion method upon presence in virtual reality. Journal of Computational Design and Engineering. 7(5):577-590. https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwaa040S57759075Baños, R. M., Botella, C., Garcia-Palacios, A., Villa, H., Perpiña, C., & Alcañiz, M. (2000). Presence and Reality Judgment in Virtual Environments: A Unitary Construct? CyberPsychology & Behavior, 3(3), 327-335. doi:10.1089/10949310050078760Biocca, F. (1992). Will Simulation Sickness Slow Down the Diffusion of Virtual Environment Technology? Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(3), 334-343. doi:10.1162/pres.1992.1.3.334Biocca, F., Harms, C., & Burgoon, J. K. (2003). Toward a More Robust Theory and Measure of Social Presence: Review and Suggested Criteria. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 12(5), 456-480. doi:10.1162/105474603322761270Boletsis, C. (2017). The New Era of Virtual Reality Locomotion: A Systematic Literature Review of Techniques and a Proposed Typology. Multimodal Technologies and Interaction, 1(4), 24. doi:10.3390/mti1040024Boletsis, C., & Cedergren, J. E. (2019). VR Locomotion in the New Era of Virtual Reality: An Empirical Comparison of Prevalent Techniques. Advances in Human-Computer Interaction, 2019, 1-15. doi:10.1155/2019/7420781Bowman, D. A., Koller, D., & Hodges, L. F. (1998). A methodology for the evaluation of travel techniques for immersive virtual environments. Virtual Reality, 3(2), 120-131. doi:10.1007/bf01417673Bozgeyikli, E., Raij, A., Katkoori, S., & Dubey, R. (2016). Point & Teleport Locomotion Technique for Virtual Reality. Proceedings of the 2016 Annual Symposium on Computer-Human Interaction in Play. doi:10.1145/2967934.2968105Bozgeyikli, E., Raij, A., Katkoori, S., & Dubey, R. (2019). Locomotion in virtual reality for room scale tracked areas. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 122, 38-49. doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.08.002BRESLOW, N. (1970). A generalized Kruskal-Wallis test for comparing K samples subject to unequal patterns of censorship. Biometrika, 57(3), 579-594. doi:10.1093/biomet/57.3.579Chertoff, D. B., Goldiez, B., & LaViola, J. J. (2010). Virtual Experience Test: A virtual environment evaluation questionnaire. 2010 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference (VR). doi:10.1109/vr.2010.5444804Cohen, J. (1992). Statistical Power Analysis. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 1(3), 98-101. doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10768783Critchley, H. D. (2002). Review: Electrodermal Responses: What Happens in the Brain. The Neuroscientist, 8(2), 132-142. doi:10.1177/107385840200800209Hale, K. S., & Stanney, K. M. (Eds.). (2014). Handbook of Virtual Environments. doi:10.1201/b17360Larsson, P., Västfjäll, D., & Kleiner, M. (2001). The Actor-Observer Effect in Virtual Reality Presentations. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4(2), 239-246. doi:10.1089/109493101300117929Lee, K. M. (2004). Presence, Explicated. Communication Theory, 14(1), 27-50. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00302.xLessiter, J., Freeman, J., Keogh, E., & Davidoff, J. (2001). A Cross-Media Presence Questionnaire: The ITC-Sense of Presence Inventory. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 10(3), 282-297. doi:10.1162/105474601300343612Lilliefors, H. W. (1967). On the Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test for Normality with Mean and Variance Unknown. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 62(318), 399-402. doi:10.1080/01621459.1967.10482916Mantovani, G., & Riva, G. (1999). «Real» Presence: How Different Ontologies Generate Different Criteria for Presence, Telepresence, and Virtual Presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 8(5), 540-550. doi:10.1162/105474699566459Meehan, M., Razzaque, S., Insko, B., Whitton, M., & Brooks, F. P. (2005). Review of Four Studies on the Use of Physiological Reaction as a Measure of Presence in StressfulVirtual Environments. Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback, 30(3), 239-258. doi:10.1007/s10484-005-6381-3Peck, T. C., Fuchs, H., & Whitton, M. C. (2011). An evaluation of navigational ability comparing Redirected Free Exploration with Distractors to Walking-in-Place and joystick locomotio interfaces. 2011 IEEE Virtual Reality Conference. doi:10.1109/vr.2011.5759437Riva, G., Wiederhold, B. K., & Mantovani, F. (2019). Neuroscience of Virtual Reality: From Virtual Exposure to Embodied Medicine. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 22(1), 82-96. doi:10.1089/cyber.2017.29099.griSanchez-Vives, M. V., & Slater, M. (2005). From presence to consciousness through virtual reality. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 6(4), 332-339. doi:10.1038/nrn1651Sano, A., Picard, R. W., & Stickgold, R. (2014). Quantitative analysis of wrist electrodermal activity during sleep. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 94(3), 382-389. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2014.09.011Schloerb, D. W. (1995). A Quantitative Measure of Telepresence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 4(1), 64-80. doi:10.1162/pres.1995.4.1.64Schubert, T., Friedmann, F., & Regenbrecht, H. (2001). The Experience of Presence: Factor Analytic Insights. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 10(3), 266-281. doi:10.1162/105474601300343603Schuemie, M. J., van der Straaten, P., Krijn, M., & van der Mast, C. A. P. G. (2001). Research on Presence in Virtual Reality: A Survey. CyberPsychology & Behavior, 4(2), 183-201. doi:10.1089/109493101300117884Sheridan, T. B. (1992). Musings on Telepresence and Virtual Presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 1(1), 120-126. doi:10.1162/pres.1992.1.1.120Sheridan, T. B. (1996). Further Musings on the Psychophysics of Presence. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 5(2), 241-246. doi:10.1162/pres.1996.5.2.241Slater, M. (2004). How Colorful Was Your Day? Why Questionnaires Cannot Assess Presence in Virtual Environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 13(4), 484-493. doi:10.1162/1054746041944849Slater, M., & Steed, A. (2000). A Virtual Presence Counter. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 9(5), 413-434. doi:10.1162/105474600566925Slater, M., & Usoh, M. (1993). Representations Systems, Perceptual Position, and Presence in Immersive Virtual Environments. Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments, 2(3), 221-233. doi:10.1162/pres.1993.2.3.221SLATER, M., USOH, M., & STEED, A. (1994). STEPS AND LADDERS IN VIRTUAL REALITY. Virtual Reality Software and Technology. doi:10.1142/9789814350938_0005Slater, M., Steed, A., & Usoh, M. (1995). The Virtual Treadmill: A Naturalistic Metaphor for Navigation in Immersive Virtual Environments. Virtual Environments ’95, 135-148. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-9433-1_12Slater, M., Usoh, M., & Steed, A. (1995). Taking steps. ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction, 2(3), 201-219. doi:10.1145/210079.210084Slater, M., McCarthy, J., & Maringelli, F. (1998). The Influence of Body Movement on Subjective Presence in Virtual Environments. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 40(3), 469-477. doi:10.1518/001872098779591368So, R. H. Y., Lo, W. T., & Ho, A. T. K. (2001). Effects of Navigation Speed on Motion Sickness Caused by an Immersive Virtual Environment. Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society, 43(3), 452-461. doi:10.1518/001872001775898223Steuer, J. (1992). Defining Virtual Reality: Dimensions Determining Telepresence. Journal of Communication, 42(4), 73-93. doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.1992.tb00812.xSullivan, G. M., & Feinn, R. (2012). Using Effect Size—or Why the P Value Is Not Enough. 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Multi-Sensory Virtual Environments for Investigating the Past

[EN] A human depends on all five senses: visuals, audio, smell, taste and touch to perceive an environment. It is not only the individual senses, but also their interaction that plays a key role in enabling us to understand the world around us. Virtual archaeology is being increasingly used to investigate the past. Failure to consider all senses in these reconstructions runs the very real danger of misrepresenting ancient environments and how they may have been perceived by our ancestors. This paper describes Real Virtuality: true high-fidelity multi-sensory virtual environments, and shows how such an approach may give historians a more valid means of considering the past.[ES] Los seres humanos dependemos de los cinco sentidos: vista, oído, olfato, gusto y tacto para percibir el medio ambiente. Estos sentidos y la interacción que se produce entre ellos es lo que desempeña un papel clave en la comprensión del mundo que nos rodea. La Arqueología virtual cada vez se utiliza más para investigar el pasado. Por ello si no tomamos en consideración todos los sentidos a la hora de realizar reconstrucciones virtuales corremos el peligro real de tergiversar los entornos antiguos y la forma en la que estos entornos pudieron haber sido percibidos por nuestros antepasados. Este artículo describe la Virtualidad Real: entornos virtuales multi-sensoriales de gran fidelidad, y muestra cómo este enfoque puede proporcionar a los historiadores un medio más válido para estudiar el pasado.Chalmers, A.; Zányi, E. (2010). Multi-Sensory Virtual Environments for Investigating the Past. Virtual Archaeology Review. 1(1):13-16. https://doi.org/10.4995/var.2010.4750OJS131611AGGLETON, J., AND WASKETT, L. (1999): "The ability of odours to serve as state-dependent cues for real-world memories: Can Viking smells aid the recall of Viking experiences? 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