31,816 research outputs found
An Affect Theory of Social Exchange
This article develops a theory that explains how and when emotions, produced by social exchange, generate stronger or weaker ties to relations, groups, or networks. It is argued that social exchange produces positive or negative global feelings, which are internally rewarding or punishing. The theory indicates that social units (relations, groups, networks) are perceived as a source of these feelings, contingent on the degree of jointness in the exchange task. The jointness of the task is greatest if (1) actors find it difficult to distinguish their individual effects on or contributions to solving the exchange task (nonseparability) and (2) actors perceive a shared responsibility for success or failure at the exchange task. The theory explicates the effects of different exchange structures on these conditions and, in turn, on cohesion and solidarity. Implications are developed for network-to-group transformations
Emotional reactions to the outcomes of decisions: The role of counterfactual thought in the experience of regret and disappointment
decision making;consumer behavior
Perfectionism, achievement motives, and attribution of success and failure in female soccer players
While some researchers have identified adaptive perfectionism as a key characteristic to achieving elite performance in sport, others see perfectionism as a maladaptive characteristic that undermines, rather than helps, athletic performance. Arguing that perfectionism in sport contains both adaptive and maladaptive facets, the present article presents a study of N 5 74 female soccer players investigating how two facets of perfectionismâperfectionistic strivings and negative reactions to imperfection (Stoeber, Otto, Pescheck, Becker, & Stoll, 2007)âare related to achievement motives and attributions of success and failure. Results show that striving for perfection was related to hope of success and self-serving attributions (internal attribution of success). Moreover, once overlap between the two facets of perfectionism was controlled for, striving for perfection was inversely related to fear of failure and self-depreciating attributions (internal attribution of failure). In contrast,
negative reactions to imperfection were positively related to fear of failure and self-depreciating attributions (external attribution of success) and inversely related to self-serving attributions (internal attribution of success and external attribution of failure). It is concluded that striving for perfection in sport is associated with an adaptive pattern of positive motivational orientations and self-serving attributions of success and failure, which
may help athletic performance. In contrast, negative reactions to imperfection are associated with a maladaptive
pattern of negative motivational orientations and self-depreciating attributions, which is likely to undermine athletic performance. Consequently, perfectionism in sport may be adaptive in those athletes who strive for perfection, but can control their negative reactions when performance is less than perfect
Affect and Group Attachments: The Role of Shared Responsibility
This paper theorizes the role of shared responsibility in the development of affective group attachments, interweaving ideas from social exchange and social identity theories. The main arguments are that (1) people engaged in task interaction experience positive or negative emotions from those interactions; (2) tasks that promote more sense of shared responsibility across members lead people to attribute their individual emotions to groups or organizations; and (3) group attributions of own emotions are the basis for stronger or weaker group attachments. The paper suggests that social categorization and structural interdependence promote group attachments by producing task interactions that have positive emotional effects on those involved
Musical Motivation: Towards a model synthesising the research
This article explores motivation to participate in music making activities. It examines historical and current theories of motivation and sets out a model describing the way that the characteristics of the individual including, personality, self-concept and personal goals interact with the environment to influence motivation and subsequent behaviour. The environment may include culture and sub-cultures, society, time, place, institutions, family and peers and the rewards and punishments that these offer. The article then explores research relating to motivation to actively participate in music. This supports the notion that musical motivation is determined by complex interactions between the individual and the environment within which they find themselves. The article concludes with a consideration of directions for future research
A socio-cognitive and computational model for decision making and user modelling in social phishing
Systems software quality, and system security in particular, is often compromised by phishing attacks. The latter were relatively easy to detect through phishing content filters, in the past. However, it has been increasingly difficult to stop more recent and sophisticated social phishing attacks. To protect the citizens from new types of phishing attacks, software quality engineers need to provide equally sophisticating preventive technology that models peopleâs reactions. The authors considered the behaviour of people on the Internet from a socio-cognitive perspective and deduced who could be more prone to be spoofed by social phishing techniques. The authors herein propose a computational and interdisciplinary metamodelling methodology, which can assist in capturing and understanding peopleâs interactive behaviour when they are online. Online behaviour can reveal Internet usersâ knowledge, information, and beliefs in a given social context; these could also constitute significant factors for trust in social phishing circumstances which, in turn, can provide valuable insights and decision making meta-knowledge for recognition of potential victims of phishers. The proposed modelling approach is illustrated and explained using real-life phishing cases. This meta-model can i) help social computing and phishing researchers to understand usersâ trust decisions from a socio-cognitive perspective, and ii) open ways to integrate artificial intelligence design techniques within software quality management practices in order to protect citizens from being spoofed by social phishing attacks. Thus, this software design quality approach will increase system security as a proactive maintenance strategy
Longitudinal effects of task performance and self-concept on preadolescent EFL learnersâ causal attributions of grammar success and failure
Learnersâ academic self-concepts and attributions have been widely evidenced to substantially regulate their educational development. DevelopÂmenÂtally, they will not only operÂate in a muÂtually reinforcing manner. Rather, self-concepts will diÂÂÂÂrectly affect learnersâ outÂcome attriÂbuÂÂtions in a particular academic setÂting. Current research in the English as a foreign language (EFL) context has increasingly analÂÂyzed learnersâ attributions and self-concepts on a task-speÂÂcific construct level. NeverÂtheÂless, there still exist certain research gaps in the field, particÂularly conÂcerning learnersâ gramÂmar self-conÂcept and attributions. ThereÂfore, the present study aimed at analÂyzing lonÂgiÂtuÂdinal reÂÂlatÂions of prior performance and self-concept with subsequent attriÂbuÂtions of gramÂmar sucÂcess and failure in a sampÂle of preadolescent EFL learners. Findings demonstrated that attriÂbuÂtional patÂterns mostÂÂÂÂly but not enÂtireÂly depended on learnÂersâ grammar self-concept. Poor perÂÂformÂing learnÂers holdÂing a low self-concept disÂÂplayed a maladaptive attriÂbuÂtion pattern for exÂÂplainÂing both gramÂÂÂmar sucÂcess and failure. Though not with respect to all causal factors, these findings largely conÂfirm the crucial role of task-speÂcific self-concept in longitudinally explaining reÂÂlated control beliefs in the EFL conÂtext
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