On the proof complexity of logics of bounded branching

We investigate the proof complexity of extended Frege (EF) systems for basic transitive modal logics (K4, S4, GL, ...) augmented with the bounded branching axioms $\mathbf{BB}_k$. First, we study feasibility of the disjunction property and more general extension rules in EF systems for these logics: we show that the corresponding decision problems reduce to total coNP search problems (or equivalently, disjoint NP pairs, in the binary case); more precisely, the decision problem for extension rules is equivalent to a certain special case of interpolation for the classical EF system. Next, we use this characterization to prove superpolynomial (or even exponential, with stronger hypotheses) separations between EF and substitution Frege (SF) systems for all transitive logics contained in $\mathbf{S4.2GrzBB_2}$ or $\mathbf{GL.2BB_2}$ under some assumptions weaker than $\mathrm{PSPACE \ne NP}$. We also prove analogous results for superintuitionistic logics: we characterize the decision complexity of multi-conclusion Visser's rules in EF systems for Gabbay--de Jongh logics $\mathbf T_k$, and we show conditional separations between EF and SF for all intermediate logics contained in $\mathbf{T_2 + KC}$.Comment: 58 page

Elements of control

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Linguistics and Philosophy, 1999.Includes bibliographical references (leaves 234-240).How many different types of control relations exist? Is the classical distinction between Obligatory Control (OC) and Non-Obligatory Control (NOC) well-founded? What semantic and syntactic properties of infinitives determine their place in the control typology? How is the "understood subject" PRO linked to the controller? This thesis investigates these questions in two steps: First, we establish a typology of control and characterize the empirical profile of each type; second, we propose mechanisms of derivation and interpretation to account for the different types . The OC category is shown to consist of two subtypes, Exhaustive Control (EC) and Partial Control (PC). Tense in EC complements is null, and PRO must be referentially identical to the controller; Tense in PC complements is contentful, and PRO need only include the controller (although matching in syntactic number is still required). OC establishes an Agree relation between a matrix functional head and either PRO (in EC) or the infinitival Agr (in PC). The latter is parasitic on T-to-C movement occurring in tensed complements. Control via Agr blocks the transmission of semantic number from the controller to PRO, giving rise to the PC effect. The OC/NOC distinction is traced to the position of the infinitive: VP-internal clauses fall under OC, extraposed and intraposed clauses under NOC - a corollary of the CED, which constrains Agree. Extraposed clauses may be interpreted and pronounced in different positions - a claim that is supported by asymmetries between psych and non-psych predicates in Super-Equi constructions. Converging evidence from extraction confirms that infinitives displaying OC and those displaying NOC occupy different positions at LF although the same position at PF. As for the interpretation of OC, the choice of controller is subject to complex semantic/pragmatic considerations, rather than some syntactic locality principle. We also argue that OC cannot be reduced to predication, at least in the domain of adjectival complementation. Systematic contrasts between subject-gap and object-gap infinitives show that the former may denote either propositions (when occurring as arguments) or predicates (when occurring as modifiers). Thus, two sources exist for subject gaps - PRO (universally available) or A-bar trace (language-particular).by Idan Landau.Ph.D

The great transformation of political economies in Europe: a polanyian appraisal of european integration after the Maastricht Treaty

Throughout its history, many were the times the European project was pronounced dead. From 1992 Danish blockage to the Maastricht Treaty to the French and Dutch „No‟s to a European Constitution in 2005, the spectre of faltering political institutions for shaping an integrated economy seems to rise stronger every time. The hypothesis of this dissertation is that the European project is well captured by Polanyi‟s thesis of the Double Movement. The institutional architecture of European integration, it is argued, triggers a process of market disembeddedness. This architecture is characterized by an asymmetry between negative integration advanced by supranational enforcement of the Single Market and intergovernmental governance of positive (market-shaping) integration. As a result, particularly after the Maastricht Treaty, domestic institutions have been pressured to comply with market requirements. At the same time, however, protective countermovements arose to reembed a disembedded economy. This dissertation is structured as follows: Chapter 1 explores Polanyi‟s thesis of the Double Movement; chapter 2 builds on the Varieties of Capitalism approach to identify distinct market embedding institutions in Europe (according to these differences, a set of countries is chosen in order to monitor the process of market disembeddedness); chapter 3 outlines the hypothesis of asymmetric integration; chapter 4 identifies institutional arenas in which market is disembedded; chapter 5 assesses the impact upon market-embedding institutions of the selected economies and identifies protective countermovements. The dissertation concludes by drawing implications that may contribute to the ongoing debate over European integration.A construção de um Mercado Europeu foi, desde cedo, uma questão muito mais popular e exequível do que a da construção de uma integração política. Desde cedo, contudo, que os mais proeminentes europeístas como Delors ou Schuman defenderam que uma União económica não seria possível sem instituições políticas à escala Europeia que salvaguardassem a coesão social dos efeitos do mercado livre. Ao longo da sua história, o aprofundamento da integração económica foi marcado por bloqueios e convulsões que iam denunciando a resistência das sociedades relativamente a um Mercado Único Europeu sem uma Europa Social. Do „não‟ Dinamarquês ao Tratado de Maastricht, em 1992, à rejeição da Constituição Europeia nos referendos populares em França e na Holanda, em 2005, muitas foram as vezes que o projecto Europeu foi tido por condenado, traído por um mercado que tinha ido longe demais e pelo espectro da questão política. Esta dissertação parte da intuição inicial de que a arquitectura institucional da integração Europeia consubstancia uma determinada economia política que Polanyi (1947) designa por Obsoleta Mentalidade Mercantil. A Obsoleta Mentalidade Mercantil traduz a ideia de que a maximização do lucro individual e o princípio do laissez-faire correspondem a uma natureza humana e ordem social espontânea, sobre a qual instituições não mercantis (políticas, regulatórias, etc.) exercem constrangimentos artificiais; criar condições para a instalação de um mercado competitivo e sem distorções (“artificiais”) no sistema de formação de preços com base na oferta e na procura seria, portanto, condição suficiente (e ideal) para a coordenação dos actores sociais e económicos. Nada há, contudo, segundo Polanyi, de mais contrário à realidade. A Economia assenta em instituições histórica e culturalmente determinadas, e o mercado deve ser compreendido como um padrão de relacionamento parametrizado por essas estruturas social e historicamente determinadas e incrustado nelas. O que é artificial é, portanto, a desincrustação do padrão de mercado dessas estruturas. Particularmente, a ingenuidade e utopia de um tal projecto residem em que ele ignora a realidade daquilo que Polanyi designa por Mercadorias Fictícias. Trabalho, terra e moeda não foram produzidos para serem vendidos e organizados segundo o mecanismo do mercado. Isto é muito intuitivo relativamente ao trabalho humano: se o valor da mercadoria é definido pela interacção entre procura e oferta, então a mercadoria trabalho tem de estar sujeita a ser deixada de parte, sem nenhum valor atribuído, na circunstância de não haver procura e utilização para ela; isto, como é evidente, não pode ser feito sem arriscar a vida do indivíduo que é o “portador” dessa mercadoria. A mercadoria fictícia trabalho (nesta dissertação, iremos apenas focar-nos na desincrustação do mercado do ponto de vista da mercadorização do trabalho) é desmercadorizada por instituições colectivamente determinadas que definem noções de vida e de oportunidades de bem-estar que devem ser reconhecidas aos indivíduos dessa sociedade, independentemente do funcionamento do mercado. Ao mesmo tempo, contudo, estas instituições limitam a completa organização do trabalho num mercado, produzem atrito a que o seu valor reflicta a interacção entre a oferta e a procura. Reside aqui o paradoxo do mercado, ao mesmo tempo que estas instituições garantem que o seu funcionamento não resulta na destruição do indivíduo e na desagregação do tecido social, é o próprio mercado que pede que o trabalho (elemento essencial da actividade económica) esteja disponível e organizado num mercado competitivo. A criação desse mercado, contudo, ao contrário do que a Obsoleta Mentalidade Mercantil do laissez-faire quer fazer parecer, não tem nada de natural, não corresponde a nenhuma característica ou tendência essencial do mercado para se instalar como mecanismo de coordenação dos indivíduos em sociedade; antes corresponde a um processo altamente artificial de remoção dos parâmetros instalados pelas instituições referidas que colocam obstáculos e produzem atritos. Esse processo artificial de remoção de entraves à organização social num mercado competitivo, importa frisá-lo, é um processo de decisão de remoção desses parâmetros: o mercado é criado legislativa e judicialmente. A artificialidade desta construção resulta em que o mercado nunca pode ser inteiramente desincrustado das estruturas sociais que o parametrizam e que, em particular, que desmercadorizam a actividade humana. Ao mesmo tempo que decisões políticas e judiciais criam e fazem avançar o princípio organizacional do mercado, reacções espontâneas surgem sob as mais variadas formas para recalibrar o tecido institucional de forma a puxar o mercado de volta para uma posição incrustada. É este o fundamental da economia política polanyiana do Duplo Movimento que irá informar a nossa análise: o mercado é criado; a reacção social para reincrustá-lo é espontânea – “o laissez faire foi planeado; o planeamento não” (Polanyi, 2001[1944]: 147, minha tradução) A hipótese que esta dissertação se propõe a investigar é, neste quadro, a seguinte: A história da integração Europeia pode ser contada nos termos da narrativa polanyiana do Duplo Movimento. Para tanto, esta dissertação estruturar-se-á da seguinte forma: (1) o primeiro capítulo desenhará a economia política polanyiana do Duplo Movimento que servirá de quadro teórico à leitura do projecto Europeu, aqui serão identificados elementos conceptuais estratégicos que estruturarão e orientarão toda a dissertação (a noção de uma perspectiva da economia como um processe assente em instituições; o conceito de instituições de incrustação do mercado e desmercadorização do trabalho – relações industriais e Welfare States -, a artificialidade da desincrustação do mercado e o carácter defensivo e desarticulado do segundo movimento). O (2) segundo capítulo partirá da abordagem à economia enquanto processo institucional e da noção de instituições de desmercadorização do trabalho trabalhadas no capítulo 1), e identificará que configurações estas instituições assumem de facto nas economias políticas europeias (deste trabalho, um conjunto de países será seleccionado, pelas suas especificidades institucionais, com vista a uma mais próxima monitorização do processo de desincrustação, ao longo de toda a dissertação). O (3) terceiro capítulo exporá a arquitectura institucional que desencadeia a desincrustação do mercado nas economias políticas europeias; esta arquitectura caracteriza-se por configurar uma assimetria fundamental entre os modos de governação das liberdades de mercado (supranacional-hierárquico) e os modos de governação da construção de instituições de incrustação do mercado à escala Europeia (negociações intergovernamentais). Em particular, identificar-se-á o período pós-Maastricht como o ponto marcante da habilitação desta estrutura de integração assimétrica, que marca a transição, na história da integração Europeia, para uma fase em que esta passa a adereçar as instituições domésticas de desmercadorização do trabalho; assinalar-se-á também o papel estratégico desempenhado pelo Tribunal de Justiça da União Europeia nesta estrutura, assim como no processo de criação do Mercado único e, sobretudo, no processo da sua desincrustação das instituições domésticas. O (4) quarto capítulo exporá como esta estrutura de integração assimétrica se traduziu em actos específicos de criação de mercado. Focar-nos-emos nas liberdades económicas que foram consolidadas com Maastricht: o princípio da livre provisão de serviços, o princípio de liberdade de estabelecimento e princípio da livre circulação de capitais. Estas garantias configuram a criação de um mercado único para a provisão de serviços e para a governação corporativa desincrustado das estruturas colectivas de relações industriais. Este quarto capítulo mostrará também como as liberdades de Mercado, no contexto de integração assimétrica, ameaçam os arranjos institucionais domésticos para desmercadorização do trabalho que se baseiam no financiamento colectivo (no modelo continental de segurança social, baseado em contribuições relacionadas com a participação no trabalho) e/ou no financiamento público (baseado nas receitas fiscais); no contexto de integração assimétrica exposto no terceiro capítulo, o mercado único desencadeia uma “concorrência de regime” (Scharpf, 2001, 2006), traduzida em pressões sobre os custos não salariais do trabalho (o que afecta particularmente os modelos de segurança social baseados nas contribuições do trabalho), e em concorrência fiscal (Ganghof and Genschel, 2007, Genschel et al. 2009). Finalmente, este capítulo prestará ainda atenção às pressões adicionais sobre as instituições dos países da zona euro pela União Económica e Monetária; especificamente, dando conta de como o paradigma subjacente ao Pacto de Estabilidade e Crescimento constrange ainda mais a opção de financiamento público dos Welfare States. Finalmente, o quinto (5) capítulo divide-se em três momentos cruciais. O primeiro identificará tendências de mudança institucional nos campos das instituições de incrustação do mercado (i.e. relações industriais e Welfare States) das economias políticas escolhidas no capítulo 2, que são consistentes com os elementos identificados no quarto capítulo. O segundo momento identificará tendências de reincrustação ao nível de cada uma destas economias, no quadro da distinção polanyiana entre a artificialidade do primeiro movimento de criação de mercado e o segundo movimento defensivo, composto por iniciativas desarticuladas e focadas em dar uma resposta de reincrustação a estímulos de mercadorização particulares. O terceiro momento identificará sinais do segundo movimento à escala Europeia, e avaliará criticamente o seu alcance, no âmbito da integração assimétrica. Finalmente, desta análise da integração europeia como hipótese polanyiana serão retiradas conclusões que possam constituir contributo à construção de uma solução europeísta e democrática para os actuais problemas e estrangulamentos da construção Europeia, não só relativamente à actual crise das dívidas soberanas, mas, mais profundamente (e porque se considera que esta é muito mais uma crise de configuração institucional do que uma crise localizada nos problemas de endividamento externo de algumas economias), relativamente ao problema estrutural da integração assimétrica

Externalities, learning and governance perspectives on local economic development

In the late seventies, John Friedmann made an attempt to formulate a new paradigm for regional development. His basic proposition was that the then prevailing development paradigm had been dominated by functional integration (Friedmann and Weaver, 1979). The integrity of local territorial life had been surrendered in the interests of growth and efficiency. Efficient large-scale functional organisation meant centralisation at higher levels. The trans-national corporation was seen as the ultimate embodiment of this approach. In his view regional planning was at a crossroads; it would have to choose between function and territory. He subsequently formulatedthe'development of territory as an alternative paradigm. As a guiding principle this was more egalitarian, distributive and integrative, including economic, social as well as political dimensions of development. Friedmann and Weaver's book received a mixed reception. One of the critiques was by Jos Hilhorst, my predecessor (Hilhorst, 1980). The formulation of function and territory as two opposites had, in his view, a number of basic flaws. Subsequent developments in the literature have proven Hilhorst to be right in a number of respects. The interaction between function and territory became, in the late eighties and early nineties, an important dimension of localised economic growth and embedded development

Worlding Cape Town by design:creative cityness, policy mobilities and urban governance in postapartheid Cape Town

Das Leitbild der ‚creative city‘ ist innerhalb der letzten zwei Jahrzehnte zu einer international präsenten Stadtentwicklungsvision geworden. Auch in Kapstadt hat sich seit Mitte der 2000er ein intensiver Diskurs um das Versprechen einer ‚kreativeren' Stadt entwickelt, insbesondere mit Blick auf die nach wie vor nur sehr langsam voranschreitende urbane Integration zwanzig Jahre nach dem formalen Ende der Apartheid. Am Beispiel der Bewerbung um den Titel „World Design Capital 2014“ konzipiert die vorliegende Arbeit Kapstadts aufstrebende 'Kreativstadtlichkeit' (creative cityness) als ein relationales und sich ständig weiterentwickelndes Konstrukt unterschiedlicher politischer, sozialer, räumlicher und ökonomischer Stadtsteuerungslogiken, welche gleichzeitig auf verschiedenen Maßstabsebenen wirken und deren Genealogie die Arbeit empirisch detailliert aufarbeitet und analysiert.Over the past two decades the creative city has become a seemingly ubiquitous international urban development paradigm. Since the mid-2000s, the promise of a more creative city has also permeated Cape Town’s urban transformation agenda, not least in light of the sluggish pace of urban integration twenty years after the formal end of apartheid. Using the case of the city’s bid for the title of “World Design Capital 2014”, the thesis conceptualises Cape Town’s aspirational creative cityness as a relational construct of different political, social, spatial and economic urban governance logics that simultaneously operate at various scales. The thesis empirically reconstructs this genealogy and provides a detailed analysis of the intricate knowledge/power complex emerging around the notion of the ‘first African design(er) city’

Re-Inventing the Public Sphere: Critical Theory, Social Responsibility, Schools, and the Press.

This study examines the contemporary discourses of journalism and pedagogy from the standpoint of critical theory to assess the impact of technocratic rationality and instrumental logic on the practices of communication and education. It is premised on the observation that, spurred by the imperatives of trans-national capital accumulation, privatization inimical to democratic interests has begun to colonize public education. The study represents an effort to reactivate a concept and rhetoric of social responsibility that would animate a project of reclaiming cultural space to be occupied by a public sphere, in a struggle analagous to that waged against feudalism and monarchical Divine Right. . The study argues that communication and education, the essential minima of language, are the basic elements of all cultural development. It makes the case that, by deploying artificial antinomies, education and communication techno-bureaucracy conceals fundamental similarities between the projects of journalism and pedagogy at the levels of both theory and practice--with respect to their complementary roles in enabling citizen participation and appropriating social knowledge in democratic culture--in order to better facilitate reproduction of dominant corporatist ideologies. Taking as the paradigm case the U.S. Supreme Court\u27s 1968 decision in the matter of Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier, the study applies a Foucauldian analytic to evaluate both the Court\u27s decision and responses to it in mainstream press editorials, press industry trade and association periodicals, and journalism reviews. It finds mainstream acceptance on the grounds of its representation of real world conditions, equivocal balance in the trades, and resistance themes in the reviews. The study then thematizes the operation of techno-bureaucratic rationality in the decline of the bourgeois public sphere, and responds to critics who have disparaged social responsibility theory. Finally, it argues for the relevance of such a theory, and explores its implications as a rationale for educational praxis based on the public sphere as counterpoise to the hegemony of state corporatism. Suggestions for further research on the impact potential of desk-top publishing installed in communities, condominium-style, and prepared for by teaching journalistic praxis for a democratic local press, are proffered

Deconstituting transition : law and justice in post-apartheid South Africa.

Theses (M.A.)-University of Natal, Durban, 2000.The aim of this study is to suggest, by selective example, a form of jurisprudence which relates to and may have a salutary effect upon law and justice in post-apartheid South Africa. I describe three ways in which South Africa can be regarded as negotiating a transition - from apartheid to post-apartheid, from modem to post modern and from colonial to postcolonial. I argue for a jurisprudence which directly concerns itself with each of these three overlapping and mutually informing modes of transition: an approach to law and justice which is post-apartheid, postmodem and postcolonial. Since my account of law and justice engages with all three transitions, it has the potential to bring about a positive transformation in the conservative legal theory currently in favour with the judiciary. I suggest that the positivist approach followed by the judiciary during apartheid led in most cases to a removal of ethics from the legal universe and a diremption of law and justice. I contend further that the current approach of the judiciary still bears the hallmarks of positivism, in its continued adherence to the 'literal approach' to constitutional interpretation and its misunderstanding of the role of morality in adjudication. I argue that positivism, with its potential to produce injustice, should be abandoned in favour of an approach based on a postmodem epistemology which incorporates a concept of justice which is both substantive and avoids the pitfalls of natural law: the historical exhaustion of classical teleology and the failure of religious transcendence to command widespread respect. The postmodem theorists I draw on, Michel Foucault, lacques Derrida and lean-Francois Lyotard, cumulatively point to the fai lure of the Enlightenment to ground legal practice upon the universalising faculty of reason. Postmodem jurisprudence. informed by postcolonial theory, postulates justice as an ethic of alterity and is able to reintroduce ethics into law in a manner which avoids the critique of Enlightenment epistemology. Having set out the jurisprudential views of these theorists, I turn to the activity of constitutional interpretation to demonstrate the way in which the judiciary's current approach to interpretation could be positively transformed through the introduction of interpretative techniques related to poststructuralism and specifically deconstruction. I argue that interpretation is an activity necessarily informed by values and that the indeterminacy of the language of the Constitution provides the interpreter with choice. Provided the choice is ethically motivated, interpretation is a transforrnative activity. Having concluded the expository section of this dissertation, I provide a close reading of two Constitutional Court judgements, Azanian Peoples Organisation (AZAPO) v President of (he Republic of South Africa and S v Makwanyane and Another. These judgements, decided under the interim Constitution, are arguably the most important judgements of the Constitutional Court to date. They represent sites of the judiciary's internal struggle to respond to the requirement for a new epistemology and practice of interpretation, which provide the means to adjudicate justly and also suggest ways in which to justify its decisions. My study is largely restricted to these two cases, and although I refer to other cases for their bearing on particular issues, I do not aim at a comprehensive survey of the Constitutional Court's record to date. Nevertheless. this study concludes with some provisional remarks about the record of the Constitutional Court since its inception and suggests possible ways in which the jurisprudence I have argued for may be pursued in furtherance of justice

The impact of international tertiary education policy on social capital in universities : a comparative case study of three state universities in Mexico

EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

The 'global' and the 'local' : a comparative study of development practices in three South African municipalities

On first impression, it would seem that globalisation is producing an increasingly homogenous trans-border world, whereby, as a result of key changes including the impact of technological improvements, foreign travel, the spread of westernised cultural identities, market capitalism, and liberal democracy, the point has been reached where it is now becoming difficult to tell different localities apart. In this process, it is often forgotten what role individual places assume in the creation of this globalised world and that not all will benefit from globalisation. In many respects, locally specific activities, including urban renewal, place promotion, and infrastructural developments pursued within a selection of the planet's most strategically connected cities are now the primary catalysts of, and the influence behind, globalisation. Likewise, community-businesses, rural micro-industries, and alternative livelihoods are some of the key mechanisms that under-privileged localities in developing countries are employing to either respond to the marginalization imposed by globalisation, or to simply ensure survival. The emergence of localisation theory has therefore acknowledged and exemplified the importance of the locality in the context of the global economy as either a key node within it or a point within which people must engage in coping strategies, often as a result of the negative impacts of globalisation. In recent years, varying styles of locality-based development have become central to enhancing both the pro-growth global competitiveness of a number of South African localities, as well as for initiating pro-poor interventions in several of the country's smaller towns and rural areas. In the City of Cape Town, millions of Rands have been invested by the municipality and the private sector in urban regeneration strategies,which have led to an economic rebirth in the city centre and have generated numerous jobs in the tertiary and construction sectors that have helped to enhance the city's global stature. In Ndlambe Municipality, two community-businesses, which have received national funding and have strong municipal support, employ fifty people between them and have demonstrated the advantages of participatory action in propoor local development, within the context of the open market. In Emalahleni Municipality, attempts at locality-based development have been instigated directly by the local poor themselves and have been organised by members of the community in the face of non-existent local government support, which have resulted in the creation of several hundred income-earning opportunities for area residents. In summary, these three cases illustrate a range of approaches to locality-based development cunently undertaken in South Africa by different localities possessing widely differing resources, skills, and degrees of global connectivity in order to initiate growth and enhance standards of living. From a theoretical perspective this study provides a South African slant on global theories and processes and further indicates the role that a series of localities in the South are playing in a changing global system.KMBT_363Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-i