A new MDA-SOA based framework for intercloud interoperability

Cloud computing has been one of the most important topics in Information Technology which aims to assure scalable and reliable on-demand services over the Internet. The expansion of the application scope of cloud services would require cooperation between clouds from different providers that have heterogeneous functionalities. This collaboration between different cloud vendors can provide better Quality of Services (QoS) at the lower price. However, current cloud systems have been developed without concerns of seamless cloud interconnection, and actually they do not support intercloud interoperability to enable collaboration between cloud service providers. Hence, the PhD work is motivated to address interoperability issue between cloud providers as a challenging research objective. This thesis proposes a new framework which supports inter-cloud interoperability in a heterogeneous computing resource cloud environment with the goal of dispatching the workload to the most effective clouds available at runtime. Analysing different methodologies that have been applied to resolve various problem scenarios related to interoperability lead us to exploit Model Driven Architecture (MDA) and Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) methods as appropriate approaches for our inter-cloud framework. Moreover, since distributing the operations in a cloud-based environment is a nondeterministic polynomial time (NP-complete) problem, a Genetic Algorithm (GA) based job scheduler proposed as a part of interoperability framework, offering workload migration with the best performance at the least cost. A new Agent Based Simulation (ABS) approach is proposed to model the inter-cloud environment with three types of agents: Cloud Subscriber agent, Cloud Provider agent, and Job agent. The ABS model is proposed to evaluate the proposed framework.Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) - (Referencia da bolsa: SFRH SFRH / BD / 33965 / 2009) and EC 7th Framework Programme under grant agreement n° FITMAN 604674 (http://www.fitman-fi.eu

Intercloud-Kommunikation für Mehrwehrtdienste von Cloud-basierten Architekturen im Internet of Things

Das Internet of Things (IoT) ist aktuell ein junger Wachstumsmarkt, dessen Bedeutung für unsere Gesellschaft in naher Zukunft vielen Menschen erst noch wirklich bewusst werden wird. Die Subdomänen Smart-Home, Smart-Grid, Smart-Mobility, Industrie 4.0, Smart-Health und viele mehr sind wichtig für unsere zukünftige Wettbewerbsfähigkeit, die Herausforderungen zur Bewältigung des Klimawandels, unsere Gesundheit, aber auch für trivialere Dinge wie Komfort. Andererseits ergibt sich hierbei bereits dasselbe große Problem, das in einer ähnlichen Form schon bei klassischem Cloud-Computing bekannt ist: Vendor-Silos, die keinen hersteller- oder anbieterübergreifenden Austausch von Gerätedaten ermöglichen, verhindern eine schnelle Verbreitung dieser neuen Technologie. Diensteanbieter müssen ihre Produkte aufwendig für unzählige Technologien bereitstellen, was die Entwicklung von Diensten unnötig teuer macht und letztendlich das Dienstangebot insgesamt einschränkt. Cloud-Computing wird dabei in Zukunft eine wichtige Rolle spielen. Die Dissertation beschäftigt sich daher mit dem Problem IoT-Gerätedaten an IoT-Clouds plattformübergreifend und anbieterübergreifend nutzbar zu machen. Die Motivation und die adressierte Forschungslücke zeigen die Notwendigkeit der Beschäftigung mit dem Thema auf. Ausgehend davon, wird das Konzept einer dezentral organisierten IoT-Intercloud vorgeschlagen, welches in der Lage ist heterogene IoT-Clouds zu integrieren. Die Analyse des Standes der Technik zeigt, das IoT-Clouds genügend Eigenschaften teilen, um in Zukunft eine Adaption zu einer einheitlichen Schnittstelle für die IoT-Intercloud zu schaffen. Das Konzept umfasst zunächst die Komponentenarchitektur eines Intercloud-Brokers zur Etablierung einer IoT-Intercloud. Ausgehend davon wird in vertiefenden Teilkonzepten ein Discovery-Service zum Finden von Gerätedaten und einem Push-Stream-Provider, für die Zustellung von IoT-Event-Notifications in Echtzeit, behandelt. Eine Evaluation zeigt letztlich die praxistaugliche Realisierbarkeit, Skalierbarkeit und Performance der Konzeption und des implementierten Prototyps.:1 Einleitung 1.1 Problemstellung und Motivation 1.2 Ziele der Dissertation 1.2.1 Thesen 1.2.2 Forschungsfragen 1.3 Aufbau der Dissertation 2 Grundlagen zu Cloud-Computing im Internet of Things 2.1 Definition von Cloud-Computing 2.1.1 Generelle Eigenschaften 2.1.2 Architekturschichten 2.1.3 Einsatzformen 2.2 Internet of Things 2.2.1 Middleware im IoT 2.3 Architekturen verteilter Systeme zur Bereitstellung der IoT-Middleware 2.3.1 Geräte-zentrische IoT-Architektur 2.3.2 Gateway-zentrische IoT-Architektur 2.3.3 Cloud-zentrische IoT-Architektur 2.3.4 Zusammenfassung 2.4 Eigenschaften von verteilten Event-basierten Systemen 2.4.1 Interaktionsmodelle 2.4.2 Filtermodelle von Subscriptions 2.4.3 Verteiltes Notfication-Routing 2.5 Discovery im IoT 2.5.1 Grundlegende Begrifflichkeiten 2.5.2 Topologien von Discovery-Services 2.5.3 Funktionale Anforderungen für Discovery-Services im IoT 2.5.4 Ausgewählte Ansätze von Discovery-Services im IoT 3 Stand der Technik 3.1 Device-as-a-Service-Schnittstellen von IoT-Clouds 3.1.1 Gerätedatenmodell 3.1.2 Datenabruf mit Pull-Semantik 3.1.3 Datenabruf mit Push-Semantik 3.1.4 Steuerung von Gerätedaten 3.1.5 Datenzugriff durch Drittparteien 3.2 Analyse der DaaS-Schnittstellen verschiedener IoT-Clouds 3.2.1 Google Nest 3.2.2 Samsung Artik 3.2.3 AWS IoT 3.2.4 Microsoft Azure IoT Suite 3.2.5 Kiwigrid IoT-Plattform 3.2.6 Digi Device Cloud 3.2.7 DeviceHive 3.2.8 Eurotech Everyware Cloud 3.3 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion des Standes der Technik 4 Intercloud-Computing für das IoT 4.1 Intercloud-Computing nach Toosi 4.1.1 Ansätze zur Interoperabilität 4.1.2 Szenarien zur Cloud-übergreifenden Interoperabilität 4.1.3 Herausforderungen für Komponenten 4.2 Intercloud-Computing nach Grozev 4.2.1 Klassifikation der Architekturen 4.2.2 Klassifikation des Brokering-Mechanismus 4.2.3 Klassifikation verteilter Cloudanwendungen 4.3 Verwandte Arbeiten 4.3.1 Intercloud-Architekturen außerhalb der IoT-Domäne 4.3.2 Intercloud-Architekturen für das IoT 4.4 Analyse der verwandten Arbeiten 4.4.1 Systematik zur Bewertung 4.4.2 Bewertung und Abgrenzung 5 Anforderungsanalyse 5.1 Akteure in einer IoT-Intercloud 5.1.1 Menschliche Akteure 5.1.2 Systemakteure 5.2 Anwendungsfälle 5.2.1 Anwendungsfälle von IoT-Diensten 5.2.2 Anwendungsfälle von IoT-Clouds 5.2.3 Anwendungsfälle von IoT-Geräten 5.2.4 Anwendungsfälle von Intercloud-Brokern 5.3 Anforderungen 5.4 Ausschlusskriterien 6 Intercloud-Architektur für das IoT 6.1 Systemmodell einer IoT-Intercloud 6.1.1 IoT-Datenmodell für die Intercloud 6.1.2 Etablierung einer Vertrauensbeziehung zwischen zwei Clouds 6.2 Komponentenarchitektur des Intercloud-Brokers 6.2.1 Service-Connector, IC-DaaS-IF und Service-Protocol 6.2.2 Intercloud-Proxy, ICC-IF und Protokoll 6.2.3 Cloud-Adapter und IC-DaaS-Adapter-IF 6.3 Zusammenfassung 7 Verteilter Discovery-Service 7.1 Problembeschreibung 7.1.1 Topologie des Discovery-Service 7.2 Einfache Cloud-Discovery mit Broadcasting-Weiterleitung 7.2.1 Schnittstelle und Protokoll des einfachen Discovery-Service 7.2.2 Diskussion des einfachen Discovery-Service 7.3 Cloud-Discovery mit Geräteverzeichnis und Multicast-Weiterleitung 7.3.1 Geeignete Geräteinformationen für das Verzeichnis 7.3.2 Struktur und Schnittstelle des Verzeichnisses 7.3.3 Verzeichnissynchronisation und erweitertes Protokoll 7.4 Zusammenfassung beider Ansätze des Discovery-Service 8 Verteilter Push-Stream-Provider 8.1 Verteilter Push-Stream-Provider im Modell des Broker-Overlay-Netzwerks 8.2 Verteilter Push-Stream-Provider mit einfachem Routing-Modell 8.2.1 Systemmodell 8.2.2 Integration der Subkomponenten in die verteilte ICB-Architektur 8.3 Redundanz und Redundanzvermeidung des Push-Stream-Providers 8.3.1 Beschreibung des Redundanzproblems und des Lösungsansatzes 8.3.2 Lösungsansatz 8.4 Verteilter Push-Stream-Provider mit vereinigungsbasiertem Routing-Modell 8.4.1 Erkennen von ähnlichen Filtern 8.4.2 Konstruktion eines Vereinigungsfilters 8.4.3 Rekonstruktion der Datenströme 8.4.4 Komponente: Merge-Controller 8.4.5 Komponente: Stream-Processing-Engine 8.4.6 Integration in die bisherige Architektur 8.4.7 Diskussion des Ansatzes zur Redundanzvermeidung 8.5 Zusammenfassung zum Konzept des Push-Stream-Providers 9 Evaluation 9.1 Prototypische Implementierung der Konzeptarchitektur 9.1.1 Intercloud-Broker 9.1.2 IoT-Cloud und IoT-Geräte 9.1.3 IoT-Dienste 9.1.4 Grenzen des Prototyps und Fokus der experimentellen Evaluation 9.2 Aufbau der Evaluationsumgebung 9.3 Experimentelle Untersuchung der prototypischen Implementierung des Konzepts 9.3.1 Ermittlung einer Performance-Baseline 9.3.2 Experiment 1: Performance bei variabler Nachrichtengröße und Nachrichtenanzahl 9.3.3 Experiment 2: Performance bei multiplen Subscriptions 9.3.4 Experiment 3: Ermittlung des maximalen Durchsatzes und Skalierbarkeit des ICB 9.3.5 Experiment 4: Effizienzvergleich zwischen einfachem und vereinigungsbasiertem Routing 9.4 Zusammenfassung und Diskussion der Evaluation 10 Zusammenfassung 10.1 Beiträge der Dissertation 10.2 Ausblick A Abbildungen B Tabellen Inhaltsverzeichnis C Algorithmen D Listings Literaturverzeichni

Trusted Energy-Efficient Cloud-based Services Brokerage Platform

The use of cloud computing can increase service efficiency and service level agreements for cloud users, by linking them to an appropriate cloud service provider, using the cloud services brokerage paradigm. Cloud service brokerage represents a promising new layer which is to be added to the cloud computing network, which manages the use, performance and delivery of cloud services, and negotiates relationships between cloud service providers and cloud service consumers. The work presented in this paper studies the research related to cloud service brokerage systems along with the weaknesses and vulnerabilities associated with each of these systems, with a particular focus on the multicloud-based services environment. In addition, the paper will conclude with a proposed multi-cloud framework that overcomes the weaknesses of other listed cloud brokers. The new framework aims to find the appropriate data centre in terms of energy efficiency, QoS and SLA. Moreover, it presents a security model aims to protect the proposed multicloud framework and highlights the key features that must be available in multi-cloud-based brokerage systems

Internet of Things Applications - From Research and Innovation to Market Deployment

The book aims to provide a broad overview of various topics of Internet of Things from the research, innovation and development priorities to enabling technologies, nanoelectronics, cyber physical systems, architecture, interoperability and industrial applications. It is intended to be a standalone book in a series that covers the Internet of Things activities of the IERC – Internet of Things European Research Cluster from technology to international cooperation and the global "state of play".The book builds on the ideas put forward by the European research Cluster on the Internet of Things Strategic Research Agenda and presents global views and state of the art results on the challenges facing the research, development and deployment of IoT at the global level. Internet of Things is creating a revolutionary new paradigm, with opportunities in every industry from Health Care, Pharmaceuticals, Food and Beverage, Agriculture, Computer, Electronics Telecommunications, Automotive, Aeronautics, Transportation Energy and Retail to apply the massive potential of the IoT to achieving real-world solutions. The beneficiaries will include as well semiconductor companies, device and product companies, infrastructure software companies, application software companies, consulting companies, telecommunication and cloud service providers. IoT will create new revenues annually for these stakeholders, and potentially create substantial market share shakeups due to increased technology competition. The IoT will fuel technology innovation by creating the means for machines to communicate many different types of information with one another while contributing in the increased value of information created by the number of interconnections among things and the transformation of the processed information into knowledge shared into the Internet of Everything. The success of IoT depends strongly on enabling technology development, market acceptance and standardization, which provides interoperability, compatibility, reliability, and effective operations on a global scale. The connected devices are part of ecosystems connecting people, processes, data, and things which are communicating in the cloud using the increased storage and computing power and pushing for standardization of communication and metadata. In this context security, privacy, safety, trust have to be address by the product manufacturers through the life cycle of their products from design to the support processes. The IoT developments address the whole IoT spectrum - from devices at the edge to cloud and datacentres on the backend and everything in between, through ecosystems are created by industry, research and application stakeholders that enable real-world use cases to accelerate the Internet of Things and establish open interoperability standards and common architectures for IoT solutions. Enabling technologies such as nanoelectronics, sensors/actuators, cyber-physical systems, intelligent device management, smart gateways, telematics, smart network infrastructure, cloud computing and software technologies will create new products, new services, new interfaces by creating smart environments and smart spaces with applications ranging from Smart Cities, smart transport, buildings, energy, grid, to smart health and life. Technical topics discussed in the book include: • Introduction• Internet of Things Strategic Research and Innovation Agenda• Internet of Things in the industrial context: Time for deployment.• Integration of heterogeneous smart objects, applications and services• Evolution from device to semantic and business interoperability• Software define and virtualization of network resources• Innovation through interoperability and standardisation when everything is connected anytime at anyplace• Dynamic context-aware scalable and trust-based IoT Security, Privacy framework• Federated Cloud service management and the Internet of Things• Internet of Things Application

Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing

The importance of demonstrating the value achieved from IT investments is long established in the Computer Science (CS) and Information Systems (IS) literature. However, emerging technologies such as the ever-changing complex area of cloud computing present new challenges and opportunities for demonstrating how IT investments lead to business value. Recent reviews of extant literature highlights the need for multi-disciplinary research. This research should explore and further develops the conceptualization of value in cloud computing research. In addition, there is a need for research which investigates how IT value manifests itself across the chain of service provision and in inter-organizational scenarios. This open access book will review the state of the art from an IS, Computer Science and Accounting perspective, will introduce and discuss the main techniques for measuring business value for cloud computing in a variety of scenarios, and illustrate these with mini-case studies

Measuring the Business Value of Cloud Computing

The importance of demonstrating the value achieved from IT investments is long established in the Computer Science (CS) and Information Systems (IS) literature. However, emerging technologies such as the ever-changing complex area of cloud computing present new challenges and opportunities for demonstrating how IT investments lead to business value. Recent reviews of extant literature highlights the need for multi-disciplinary research. This research should explore and further develops the conceptualization of value in cloud computing research. In addition, there is a need for research which investigates how IT value manifests itself across the chain of service provision and in inter-organizational scenarios. This open access book will review the state of the art from an IS, Computer Science and Accounting perspective, will introduce and discuss the main techniques for measuring business value for cloud computing in a variety of scenarios, and illustrate these with mini-case studies

Optimal Selection Techniques for Cloud Service Providers

Nowadays Cloud computing permeates almost every domain in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) and, increasingly, most of the action is shifting from large, dominant players toward independent, heterogeneous, private/hybrid deployments, in line with an ever wider range of business models and stakeholders. The rapid growth in the numbers and diversity of small and medium Cloud providers is bringing new challenges in the as-a-Services space. Indeed, significant hurdles for smaller Cloud service providers in being competitive with the incumbent market leaders induce some innovative players to "federate" deployments in order to pool a larger, virtually limitless, set of resources across the federation, and stand to gain in terms of economies of scale and resource usage efficiency. Several are the challenges that need to be addressed in building and managing a federated environment, that may go under the "Security", "Interoperability", "Versatility", "Automatic Selection" and "Scalability" labels. The aim of this paper is to present a survey about the approaches and challenges belonging to the "Automatic Selection" category. This work provides a literature review of different approaches adopted in the "Automatic and Optimal Cloud Service Provider Selection", also covering "Federated and Multi-Cloud" environments

Business Integration as a Service

This paper presents Business Integration as a Service (BIaS) which enables connections between services operating in the Cloud. BIaS integrates different services and business activities to achieve a streamline process. We illustrate this integration using two services; Return on Investment (ROI) Measurement as a Service (RMaaS) and Risk Analysis as a Service (RAaaS) in two case studies at the University of Southampton and Vodafone/Apple. The University of Southampton case study demonstrates the cost-savings and the risk analysis achieved, so two services can work as a single service. The Vodafone/Apple case study illustrates statistical analysis and 3D Visualisation of expected revenue and associated risk. These two cases confirm the benefits of BIaS adoption, including cost reduction and improvements in efficiency and risk analysis. Implementation of BIaS in other organisations is also discussed. Important data arising from the integration of RMaaS and RAaaS are useful for management of University of Southampton and potential and current investors for Vodafone/Apple

A Game-Theoretic Approach to Strategic Resource Allocation Mechanisms in Edge and Fog Computing

With the rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT), cloud-centric application management raises questions related to quality of service for real-time applications. Fog and edge computing (FEC) provide a complement to the cloud by filling the gap between cloud and IoT. Resource management on multiple resources from distributed and administrative FEC nodes is a key challenge to ensure the quality of end-user’s experience. To improve resource utilisation and system performance, researchers have been proposed many fair allocation mechanisms for resource management. Dominant Resource Fairness (DRF), a resource allocation policy for multiple resource types, meets most of the required fair allocation characteristics. However, DRF is suitable for centralised resource allocation without considering the effects (or feedbacks) of large-scale distributed environments like multi-controller software defined networking (SDN). Nash bargaining from micro-economic theory or competitive equilibrium equal incomes (CEEI) are well suited to solving dynamic optimisation problems proposing to ‘proportionately’ share resources among distributed participants. Although CEEI’s decentralised policy guarantees load balancing for performance isolation, they are not faultproof for computation offloading. The thesis aims to propose a hybrid and fair allocation mechanism for rejuvenation of decentralised SDN controller deployment. We apply multi-agent reinforcement learning (MARL) with robustness against adversarial controllers to enable efficient priority scheduling for FEC. Motivated by software cybernetics and homeostasis, weighted DRF is generalised by applying the principles of feedback (positive or/and negative network effects) in reverse game theory (GT) to design hybrid scheduling schemes for joint multi-resource and multitask offloading/forwarding in FEC environments. In the first piece of study, monotonic scheduling for joint offloading at the federated edge is addressed by proposing truthful mechanism (algorithmic) to neutralise harmful negative and positive distributive bargain externalities respectively. The IP-DRF scheme is a MARL approach applying partition form game (PFG) to guarantee second-best Pareto optimality viii | P a g e (SBPO) in allocation of multi-resources from deterministic policy in both population and resource non-monotonicity settings. In the second study, we propose DFog-DRF scheme to address truthful fog scheduling with bottleneck fairness in fault-probable wireless hierarchical networks by applying constrained coalition formation (CCF) games to implement MARL. The multi-objective optimisation problem for fog throughput maximisation is solved via a constraint dimensionality reduction methodology using fairness constraints for efficient gateway and low-level controller’s placement. For evaluation, we develop an agent-based framework to implement fair allocation policies in distributed data centre environments. In empirical results, the deterministic policy of IP-DRF scheme provides SBPO and reduces the average execution and turnaround time by 19% and 11.52% as compared to the Nash bargaining or CEEI deterministic policy for 57,445 cloudlets in population non-monotonic settings. The processing cost of tasks shows significant improvement (6.89% and 9.03% for fixed and variable pricing) for the resource non-monotonic setting - using 38,000 cloudlets. The DFog-DRF scheme when benchmarked against asset fair (MIP) policy shows superior performance (less than 1% in time complexity) for up to 30 FEC nodes. Furthermore, empirical results using 210 mobiles and 420 applications prove the efficacy of our hybrid scheduling scheme for hierarchical clustering considering latency and network usage for throughput maximisation.Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University, Bauchi (Tetfund, Nigeria