15,534 research outputs found
A Protocol for Cast-as-Intended Verifiability with a Second Device
Numerous institutions, such as companies, universities, or non-governmental
organizations, employ Internet voting for remote elections. Since the main
purpose of an election is to determine the voters' will, it is fundamentally
important to ensure that the final election result correctly reflects the
voters' votes. To this end, modern secure Internet voting schemes aim for what
is called end-to-end verifiability. This fundamental security property ensures
that the correctness of the final result can be verified, even if some of the
computers or parties involved are malfunctioning or corrupted.
A standard component in this approach is so called cast-as-intended
verifiability which enables individual voters to verify that the ballots cast
on their behalf contain their intended choices. Numerous approaches for
cast-as-intended verifiability have been proposed in the literature, some of
which have also been employed in real-life Internet elections.
One of the well established approaches for cast-as-intended verifiability is
to employ a second device which can be used by voters to audit their submitted
ballots. This approach offers several advantages - including support for
flexible ballot/election types and intuitive user experience - and it has been
used in real-life elections, for instance in Estonia.
In this work, we improve the existing solutions for cast-as-intended
verifiability based on the use of a second device. We propose a solution which,
while preserving the advantageous practical properties sketched above, provides
tighter security guarantees. Our method does not increase the risk of
vote-selling when compared to the underlying voting protocol being augmented
and, to achieve this, it requires only comparatively weak trust assumptions. It
can be combined with various voting protocols, including commitment-based
systems offering everlasting privacy
One Small Step for Generative AI, One Giant Leap for AGI: A Complete Survey on ChatGPT in AIGC Era
OpenAI has recently released GPT-4 (a.k.a. ChatGPT plus), which is
demonstrated to be one small step for generative AI (GAI), but one giant leap
for artificial general intelligence (AGI). Since its official release in
November 2022, ChatGPT has quickly attracted numerous users with extensive
media coverage. Such unprecedented attention has also motivated numerous
researchers to investigate ChatGPT from various aspects. According to Google
scholar, there are more than 500 articles with ChatGPT in their titles or
mentioning it in their abstracts. Considering this, a review is urgently
needed, and our work fills this gap. Overall, this work is the first to survey
ChatGPT with a comprehensive review of its underlying technology, applications,
and challenges. Moreover, we present an outlook on how ChatGPT might evolve to
realize general-purpose AIGC (a.k.a. AI-generated content), which will be a
significant milestone for the development of AGI.Comment: A Survey on ChatGPT and GPT-4, 29 pages. Feedback is appreciated
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Semantic Segmentation Enhanced Transformer Model for Human Attention Prediction
Saliency Prediction aims to predict the attention distribution of human eyes
given an RGB image. Most of the recent state-of-the-art methods are based on
deep image feature representations from traditional CNNs. However, the
traditional convolution could not capture the global features of the image well
due to its small kernel size. Besides, the high-level factors which closely
correlate to human visual perception, e.g., objects, color, light, etc., are
not considered. Inspired by these, we propose a Transformer-based method with
semantic segmentation as another learning objective. More global cues of the
image could be captured by Transformer. In addition, simultaneously learning
the object segmentation simulates the human visual perception, which we would
verify in our investigation of human gaze control in cognitive science. We
build an extra decoder for the subtask and the multiple tasks share the same
Transformer encoder, forcing it to learn from multiple feature spaces. We find
in practice simply adding the subtask might confuse the main task learning,
hence Multi-task Attention Module is proposed to deal with the feature
interaction between the multiple learning targets. Our method achieves
competitive performance compared to other state-of-the-art methods
Examples of works to practice staccato technique in clarinet instrument
Klarnetin staccato tekniğini güçlendirme aşamaları eser çalışmalarıyla uygulanmıştır. Staccato
geçişlerini hızlandıracak ritim ve nüans çalışmalarına yer verilmiştir. Çalışmanın en önemli amacı
sadece staccato çalışması değil parmak-dilin eş zamanlı uyumunun hassasiyeti üzerinde de
durulmasıdır. Staccato çalışmalarını daha verimli hale getirmek için eser çalışmasının içinde etüt
çalışmasına da yer verilmiştir. Çalışmaların üzerinde titizlikle durulması staccato çalışmasının ilham
verici etkisi ile müzikal kimliğe yeni bir boyut kazandırmıştır. Sekiz özgün eser çalışmasının her
aşaması anlatılmıştır. Her aşamanın bir sonraki performans ve tekniği güçlendirmesi esas alınmıştır.
Bu çalışmada staccato tekniğinin hangi alanlarda kullanıldığı, nasıl sonuçlar elde edildiği bilgisine
yer verilmiştir. Notaların parmak ve dil uyumu ile nasıl şekilleneceği ve nasıl bir çalışma disiplini
içinde gerçekleşeceği planlanmıştır. Kamış-nota-diyafram-parmak-dil-nüans ve disiplin
kavramlarının staccato tekniğinde ayrılmaz bir bütün olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırmada literatür
taraması yapılarak staccato ile ilgili çalışmalar taranmıştır. Tarama sonucunda klarnet tekniğin de
kullanılan staccato eser çalışmasının az olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Metot taramasında da etüt
çalışmasının daha çok olduğu saptanmıştır. Böylelikle klarnetin staccato tekniğini hızlandırma ve
güçlendirme çalışmaları sunulmuştur. Staccato etüt çalışmaları yapılırken, araya eser çalışmasının
girmesi beyni rahatlattığı ve istekliliği daha arttırdığı gözlemlenmiştir. Staccato çalışmasını yaparken
doğru bir kamış seçimi üzerinde de durulmuştur. Staccato tekniğini doğru çalışmak için doğru bir
kamışın dil hızını arttırdığı saptanmıştır. Doğru bir kamış seçimi kamıştan rahat ses çıkmasına
bağlıdır. Kamış, dil atma gücünü vermiyorsa daha doğru bir kamış seçiminin yapılması gerekliliği
vurgulanmıştır. Staccato çalışmalarında baştan sona bir eseri yorumlamak zor olabilir. Bu açıdan
çalışma, verilen müzikal nüanslara uymanın, dil atış performansını rahatlattığını ortaya koymuştur.
Gelecek nesillere edinilen bilgi ve birikimlerin aktarılması ve geliştirici olması teşvik edilmiştir.
Çıkacak eserlerin nasıl çözüleceği, staccato tekniğinin nasıl üstesinden gelinebileceği anlatılmıştır.
Staccato tekniğinin daha kısa sürede çözüme kavuşturulması amaç edinilmiştir. Parmakların
yerlerini öğrettiğimiz kadar belleğimize de çalışmaların kaydedilmesi önemlidir. Gösterilen azmin ve
sabrın sonucu olarak ortaya çıkan yapıt başarıyı daha da yukarı seviyelere çıkaracaktır
Coloniality and the Courtroom: Understanding Pre-trial Judicial Decision Making in Brazil
This thesis focuses on judicial decision making during custody hearings in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The impetus for the study is that while national and international protocols mandate the use of pre-trial detention only as a last resort, judges continue to detain people pre-trial in large numbers. Custody hearings were introduced in 2015, but the initiative has not produced the reduction in pre-trial detention that was hoped. This study aims to understand what informs judicial decision making at this stage. The research is approached through a decolonial lens to foreground legacies of colonialism, overlooked in mainstream criminological scholarship. This is an interview-based study, where key court actors (judges, prosecutors, and public defenders) and subject matter specialists were asked about influences on judicial decision making. Interview data is complemented by non-participatory observation of custody hearings. The research responds directly to Aliverti et al.'s (2021) call to ‘decolonize the criminal question’ by exposing and explaining how colonialism informs criminal justice practices. Answering the call in relation to judicial decision making, findings provide evidence that colonial-era assumptions, dynamics, and hierarchies were evident in the practice of custody hearings and continue to inform judges’ decisions, thus demonstrating the coloniality of justice. This study is significant for the new empirical data presented and theoretical innovation is also offered via the introduction of the ‘anticitizen’. The concept builds on Souza’s (2007) ‘subcitizen’ to account for the active pursuit of dangerous Others by judges casting themselves as crime fighters in a modern moral crusade. The findings point to the limited utility of human rights discourse – the normative approach to influencing judicial decision making around pre-trial detention – as a plurality of conceptualisations compete for dominance. This study has important implications for all actors aiming to reduce pre-trial detention in Brazil because unless underpinning colonial logics are addressed, every innovation risks becoming the next lei para inglês ver (law [just] for the English to see)
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Home and School Literacy Practices of Children in a Rural Village in India: An Ethnography
The Indian state is responsible for providing free and compulsory education to all its 6-14-year-old children. A significant majority of these children attend state schools and belong to some of the most socio-economically disadvantaged sections of the country. Researchers who document teaching in these schools continue to provide accounts of teacher-led instruction. Both international and Indian assessments of literacy also evidence dismal levels of learning among children.
Unlike previous studies from India which have focused on teachers and teaching, this study broadens its focus to include children and learning. It does this by exploring the range of literacy practices that children engage with at home and school, and by taking into consideration the beliefs of caregivers and teachers shaping these practices. Theoretically rooted in a sociocultural theory, it shines a light on how children’s literacy practices are cultural and personal and, consequently, uncovers the relationship between home and school practices.
Ethnography provides the methodological framework for the study. The five participant children live in a resource-poor, agrarian village and attend the state school within the village. The literacy practices of two are discussed in detail in this current study. Participant observation of children’s practices in naturalistic settings, that is, their homes and school, and conversations with them lie at the heart of the fieldwork. Interviews with caregivers and teachers were also undertaken. Data were recorded with audio and video devices, in the form of fieldnotes, and children’s texts were captured through photographs. Consequently, it is the first known research to endeavour a qualitative exploration of children’s home literacy practices in India and to do so within a rural community.
This study makes significant contributions to theory. This has been possible because of the depth of its fieldwork and the theories it has chosen to draw on for analysis. The cultural nature of children’s practices has been highlighted using Gee’s (2002, 2012, 2014) conceptualisation of Discourse and identity and their personal nature has been examined using Hedges and her colleagues (Hedges et al., 2011; Hedges & Cooper, 2016) theorisation of interests. As a result, this study has been successful in highlighting the personal nature of children’s literacy practices. It also provides evidence of the potential of both theories to illuminate the nature of children’s literacy practices
A preliminary research to identify the biomimetic entities for generating novel wave energy converters
Biomimetics and creatures could contribute to novel design inspirations for wave energy converter as to other engineering branches since we have seen numerous examples in engineering applications. But how to obtain valuable biological entities or bionic design cases that could produce inspirations for novel designs may be challenging for the designers of wave energy converters (WECs). This research work carries out a preliminary research on acquiring the biological entities for designers, so to obtain the innovative bio-inspired ideas for designing novel WECs. In the proposed method, the first step is to draw out the engineering terminologies based on the functions, structures and energy extraction principles of existing WECs. Then by applying ‘WordNet’, the candidate biological terminologies can be obtained. Next, using ‘AskNature’ and through manual selection and filtering, the biological terminologies can be acquired. Lastly, to use the biological terminologies to establish the reference biological entities and the information and knowledge so for designing an innovative WEC. Using the proposed methodology, a novel WEC was conceived and verified
Design principles and architecture of a second language learning chatbot
The purpose of this article is to set out the design principles and architecture of a second language (L2) learning voice chatbot. Building on L2 acquisition theories and chatbot research, in this article, we report on a South Korean government-funded longitudinal project in which we designed and developed a chatbot called “Ellie”. Chatbot Ellie has three chat modes, “General Chat,” “Task Chat,” and “Skills”. In the General Chat mode, L2 users can have short talks about personal information, whereas in the Task Chat mode, they can engage in a wide range of problem-solving L2 tasks to achieve task goals by exchanging meanings with Ellie. The Skills mode offers form-focused language practice. Ellie was piloted among 137 Korean high school students, who used Ellie individually or in a group, for seven weeks in their English classes. The quality of the chatbot was investigated in terms of the appropriateness of language level, continuity of conversation, and success in task performance. Based on the results of the pilot, Ellie appears to have considerable potential to become an effective language learning companion for L2 learners, and has implications for the design and developments of future L2 chatbots
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