Geospatial Information Research: State of the Art, Case Studies and Future Perspectives

Geospatial information science (GI science) is concerned with the development and application of geodetic and information science methods for modeling, acquiring, sharing, managing, exploring, analyzing, synthesizing, visualizing, and evaluating data on spatio-temporal phenomena related to the Earth. As an interdisciplinary scientific discipline, it focuses on developing and adapting information technologies to understand processes on the Earth and human-place interactions, to detect and predict trends and patterns in the observed data, and to support decision making. The authors – members of DGK, the Geoinformatics division, as part of the Committee on Geodesy of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities, representing geodetic research and university teaching in Germany – have prepared this paper as a means to point out future research questions and directions in geospatial information science. For the different facets of geospatial information science, the state of art is presented and underlined with mostly own case studies. The paper thus illustrates which contributions the German GI community makes and which research perspectives arise in geospatial information science. The paper further demonstrates that GI science, with its expertise in data acquisition and interpretation, information modeling and management, integration, decision support, visualization, and dissemination, can help solve many of the grand challenges facing society today and in the future

Aprendizado de máquina aplicado a dados geográficos abertos

Orientador: Alexandre Xavier FalcãoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de ComputaçãoResumo: Dados geográficos são utilizados em várias aplicações, tais como mapeamento, navegação e planificação urbana. Em particular, serviços de mapeamento são frequentemente utilizados e requerem informação geográfica atualizada. No entanto, devido a limitações orçamentárias, mapas oficiais (e.g. governamentias) sofrem de imprecisões temporais e de completude. Neste contexto projetos crowdsourcing, assim como os sistemas de informação geográfica voluntária, surgiram como uma alternativa para obter dados geográficos atualizados. OpenStreetMap (OSM) é um dos maiores projetos desse tipo com milhões de usuários (consumidores e produtores de informação) em todo o mundo e os dados coletados pelo OSM estão disponíveis gratuitamente. Uma desvantagem do OSM é o fato de poder ser editado por voluntários com diferentes habilidades de anotação, o que torna a qualidade das anotações heterogêneas em diferentes regiões geográficas. Apesar desse problema de qualidade, os dados do OSM têm sido amplamente utilizados em várias aplicações, como por exemplo no mapeamento de uso da terra. Por outro lado, é crucial melhorar a qualidade dos dados em OSM de forma que as aplicações que dependam de informações precisas, por exemplo, roteamento de carros, se tornem mais eficazes. Nesta tese, revisamos e propomos métodos baseados em aprendizado de máquina para melhorar a qualidade dos dados em OSM. Apresentamos métodos automáticos e interativos focados na melhoria dos dados em OSM para fins humanitários. Os métodos apresentados podem corrigir as anotações do OSM de edifícios em áreas rurais e permitem realizar a anotação eficiente de coqueiros a partir de imagens aéreas. O primeiro é útil na resposta a crises que afetam áreas vulneráveis, enquanto que o último é útil para monitoramento ambiental e avaliação pós-desastre. Nossa metodologia para correção automática das anotações de prédios rurais existentes em OSM consiste em três tarefas: correção de alinhamento, remoção de anotações incorretas e adição de anotações ausentes de construções. Esta metodologia obtém melhores resultados do que os métodos de segmentação semântica supervisionados e, mais importante, produz resultados vetoriais adequados para o processamento de dados geográficos. Dado que esta estratégia automática poderia não alcançar resultados precisos em algumas regiões, propomos uma abordagem interativa que reduz os esforços de humanos ao corrigir anotações de prédios rurais. Essa estratégia reduz drasticamente a quantidade de dados que os usuários precisam analisar, encontrando automaticamente a maioria dos erros de anotação existentes. A anotação de objetos de imagens aéreas é uma tarefa demorada, especialmente quando o número de objetos é grande. Assim, propomos uma metodologia na qual o processo de anotação é realizado em um espaço 2D, obtido da projeção do espaço de características das imagens. Esse método permite anotar com eficiência mais objetos do que o método tradicional de fotointerpretação, coletando amostras rotuladas mais eficazes para treinar um classificador para detecção de objetosAbstract: Geographical data are used in several applications, such as mapping, navigation, and urban planning. Particularly, mapping services are routinely used and require up-to-date geographical data. However, due to budget limitations, authoritative maps suffer from completeness and temporal inaccuracies. In this context, crowdsourcing projects, such as Volunteer Geographical Information (VGI) systems, have emerged as an alternative to obtain up-to-date geographical data. OpenStreetMap (OSM) is one of the largest VGI projects with millions of users (consumers and producers of information) around the world and the collected data in OSM are freely available. OSM is edited by volunteers with different annotation skills, which makes the annotation quality heterogeneous in different geographical regions. Despite these quality issues, OSM data have been extensively used in several applications (e.g., landuse mapping). On the other hand, it is crucial to improve the quality of the data in OSM such that applications that depend on accurate information become more effective (e.g., car routing). In this thesis, we review and propose methods based on machine learning to improve the quality of the data in OSM. We present automatic and interactive methods focused on improving OSM data for humanitarian purposes. The methods can correct the OSM annotations of building footprints in rural areas and can provide efficient annotation of coconut trees from aerial images. The former is helpful in the response to crises that affect vulnerable areas, while the later is useful for environmental monitoring and post-disaster assessment. Our methodology for automatic correction of the existing OSM annotations of rural buildings consists of three tasks: alignment correction, removal of incorrect annotations, and addition of missing building annotations. This methodology obtains better results than supervised semantic segmentation methods and, more importantly, it outputs vectorial footprints suitable for geographical data processing. Given that this automatic strategy could not attain accurate results in some regions, we propose an interactive approach which reduces the human efforts when correcting rural building annotations in OSM. This strategy drastically reduces the amount of data that the users need to analyze by automatically finding most of the existing annotation errors. The annotation of objects from aerial imagery is a time-consuming task, especially when the number of objects is high. Thus, we propose a methodology in which the annotation process is performed in a 2D space of projected image features. This method allows to efficiently annotate more objects than using traditional photointerpretation, collecting more effective labeled samples to train a classifier for object detectionDoutoradoCiência da ComputaçãoDoutor em Ciência da Computação2016/14760-5 , 2017/10086-0CAPESFAPES

Spatial and Temporal Sentiment Analysis of Twitter data

The public have used Twitter world wide for expressing opinions. This study focuses on spatio-temporal variation of georeferenced Tweets’ sentiment polarity, with a view to understanding how opinions evolve on Twitter over space and time and across communities of users. More specifically, the question this study tested is whether sentiment polarity on Twitter exhibits specific time-location patterns. The aim of the study is to investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of georeferenced Twitter sentiment polarity within the area of 1 km buffer around the Curtin Bentley campus boundary in Perth, Western Australia. Tweets posted in campus were assigned into six spatial zones and four time zones. A sentiment analysis was then conducted for each zone using the sentiment analyser tool in the Starlight Visual Information System software. The Feature Manipulation Engine was employed to convert non-spatial files into spatial and temporal feature class. The spatial and temporal distribution of Twitter sentiment polarity patterns over space and time was mapped using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Some interesting results were identified. For example, the highest percentage of positive Tweets occurred in the social science area, while science and engineering and dormitory areas had the highest percentage of negative postings. The number of negative Tweets increases in the library and science and engineering areas as the end of the semester approaches, reaching a peak around an exam period, while the percentage of negative Tweets drops at the end of the semester in the entertainment and sport and dormitory area. This study will provide some insights into understanding students and staff ’s sentiment variation on Twitter, which could be useful for university teaching and learning management

Scalable Methods to Collect and Visualize Sidewalk Accessibility Data for People with Mobility Impairments

Poorly maintained sidewalks pose considerable accessibility challenges for people with mobility impairments. Despite comprehensive civil rights legislation of Americans with Disabilities Act, many city streets and sidewalks in the U.S. remain inaccessible. The problem is not just that sidewalk accessibility fundamentally affects where and how people travel in cities, but also that there are few, if any, mechanisms to determine accessible areas of a city a priori. To address this problem, my Ph.D. dissertation introduces and evaluates new scalable methods for collecting data about street-level accessibility using a combination of crowdsourcing, automated methods, and Google Street View (GSV). My dissertation has four research threads. First, we conduct a formative interview study to establish a better understanding of how people with mobility impairments currently assess accessibility in the built environment and the role of emerging location-based technologies therein. The study uncovers the existing methods for assessing accessibility of physical environment and identify useful features of future assistive technologies. Second, we develop and evaluate scalable crowdsourced accessibility data collection methods. We show that paid crowd workers recruited from an online labor marketplace can find and label accessibility attributes in GSV with accuracy of 81%. This accuracy improves to 93% with quality control mechanisms such as majority vote. Third, we design a system that combines crowdsourcing and automated methods to increase data collection efficiency. Our work shows that by combining crowdsourcing and automated methods, we can increase data collection efficiency by 13% without sacrificing accuracy. Fourth, we develop and deploy a web tool that lets volunteers to help us collect the street-level accessibility data from Washington, D.C. As of writing this dissertation, we have collected the accessibility data from 20% of the streets in D.C. We conduct a preliminary evaluation on how the said web tool is used. Finally, we implement proof-of-concept accessibility-aware applications with accessibility data collected with the help of volunteers. My dissertation contributes to the accessibility, computer science, and HCI communities by: (i) extending the knowledge of how people with mobility impairments interact with technology to navigate in cities; (ii) introducing the first work that demonstrates that GSV is a viable source for learning about the accessibility of the physical world; (iii) introducing the first method that combines crowdsourcing and automated methods to remotely collect accessibility information; (iv) deploying interactive web tools that allow volunteers to help populate the largest dataset about street-level accessibility of the world; and (v) demonstrating accessibility-aware applications that empower people with mobility impairments

Mapping and the Citizen Sensor

Maps are a fundamental resource in a diverse array of applications ranging from everyday activities, such as route planning through the legal demarcation of space to scientific studies, such as those seeking to understand biodiversity and inform the design of nature reserves for species conservation. For a map to have value, it should provide an accurate and timely representation of the phenomenon depicted and this can be a challenge in a dynamic world. Fortunately, mapping activities have benefitted greatly from recent advances in geoinformation technologies. Satellite remote sensing, for example, now offers unparalleled data acquisition and authoritative mapping agencies have developed systems for the routine production of maps in accordance with strict standards. Until recently, much mapping activity was in the exclusive realm of authoritative agencies but technological development has also allowed the rise of the amateur mapping community. The proliferation of inexpensive and highly mobile and location aware devices together with Web 2.0 technology have fostered the emergence of the citizen as a source of data. Mapping presently benefits from vast amounts of spatial data as well as people able to provide observations of geographic phenomena, which can inform map production, revision and evaluation. The great potential of these developments is, however, often limited by concerns. The latter span issues from the nature of the citizens through the way data are collected and shared to the quality and trustworthiness of the data. This book reports on some of the key issues connected with the use of citizen sensors in mapping. It arises from a European Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST) Action, which explored issues linked to topics ranging from citizen motivation, data acquisition, data quality and the use of citizen derived data in the production of maps that rival, and sometimes surpass, maps arising from authoritative agencies

European Handbook of Crowdsourced Geographic Information

"This book focuses on the study of the remarkable new source of geographic information that has become available in the form of user-generated content accessible over the Internet through mobile and Web applications. The exploitation, integration and application of these sources, termed volunteered geographic information (VGI) or crowdsourced geographic information (CGI), offer scientists an unprecedented opportunity to conduct research on a variety of topics at multiple scales and for diversified objectives. The Handbook is organized in five parts, addressing the fundamental questions: What motivates citizens to provide such information in the public domain, and what factors govern/predict its validity?What methods might be used to validate such information? Can VGI be framed within the larger domain of sensor networks, in which inert and static sensors are replaced or combined by intelligent and mobile humans equipped with sensing devices? What limitations are imposed on VGI by differential access to broadband Internet, mobile phones, and other communication technologies, and by concerns over privacy? How do VGI and crowdsourcing enable innovation applications to benefit human society? Chapters examine how crowdsourcing techniques and methods, and the VGI phenomenon, have motivated a multidisciplinary research community to identify both fields of applications and quality criteria depending on the use of VGI. Besides harvesting tools and storage of these data, research has paid remarkable attention to these information resources, in an age when information and participation is one of the most important drivers of development. The collection opens questions and points to new research directions in addition to the findings that each of the authors demonstrates. Despite rapid progress in VGI research, this Handbook also shows that there are technical, social, political and methodological challenges that require further studies and research.

Geoinformatics in Citizen Science

The book features contributions that report original research in the theoretical, technological, and social aspects of geoinformation methods, as applied to supporting citizen science. Specifically, the book focuses on the technological aspects of the field and their application toward the recruitment of volunteers and the collection, management, and analysis of geotagged information to support volunteer involvement in scientific projects. Internationally renowned research groups share research in three areas: First, the key methods of geoinformatics within citizen science initiatives to support scientists in discovering new knowledge in specific application domains or in performing relevant activities, such as reliable geodata filtering, management, analysis, synthesis, sharing, and visualization; second, the critical aspects of citizen science initiatives that call for emerging or novel approaches of geoinformatics to acquire and handle geoinformation; and third, novel geoinformatics research that could serve in support of citizen science

LIPIcs, Volume 277, GIScience 2023, Complete Volume

LIPIcs, Volume 277, GIScience 2023, Complete Volum