A comprehensive review on IoT based smart cities

A smart city uses information and communication technology to improve the utility, share knowledge with the public, and provide a strong sense of community support and local government assistance. Shrewd urban communities are those that make use of brilliant ideas and information as the required resources to address the maintainability issues that urban communities face. Many metropolitan areas are currently becoming more intelligent, utilizing information and innovation to advance transportation, energy consumption, wellness, and air quality, as well as to spur economic growth. A great city's main objective is to streamline municipal operations, promote economic development, and address resident happiness through clever developments and data analysis. We intended to spend a great amount of time reading up on several shrewd urban groups in this post. As a result, some of the key boundaries that can bebuilt include clever management, clever energy, clever building, clever flexibility, clever structure, clever invention, clever medical care, and clever residence. Urban areas collect and analyze information using IoT devices such as connected sensors, lighting, and meters. The foundation, public usage, and administrations, to name just a few, are all progressively developed in urban areas using this knowledge. Smart urban communities focus on improving the lives of their residents in such fundamental areas as strategy effectiveness, reducing waste and everyday problems, improving friendly and financial quality, and enhancing the social consideration of their residents

Smart streetlights: a feasibility study

The world's cities are growing. The effects of population growth and urbanisation mean that more people are living in cities than ever before, a trend set to continue. This urbanisation poses problems for the future. With a growing population comes more strain on local resources, increased traffic and congestion, and environmental decline, including more pollution, loss of green spaces, and the formation of urban heat islands. Thankfully, many of these stressors can be alleviated with better management and procedures, particularly in the context of road infrastructure. For example, with better traffic data, signalling can be smoothed to reduce congestion, parking can be made easier, and streetlights can be dimmed in real time to match real-world road usage. However, obtaining this information on a citywide scale is prohibitively expensive due to the high costs of labour and materials associated with installing sensor hardware. This study investigated the viability of a streetlight-integrated sensor system to affordably obtain traffic and environmental information. This investigation was conducted in two stages: 1) the development of a hardware prototype, and 2) evaluation of an evolved prototype system. In Stage 1 of the study, the development of the prototype sensor system was conducted over three design iterations. These iterations involved, in iteration 1, the live deployment of the prototype system in an urban setting to select and evaluate sensors for environmental monitoring, and in iterations 2 and 3, deployments on roads with live and controlled traffic to develop and test sensors for remote traffic detection. In the final iteration, which involved controlled passes of over 600 vehicle, 600 pedestrian, and 400 cyclist passes, the developed system that comprised passive-infrared motion detectors, lidar, and thermal sensors, could detect and count traffic from a streetlight-integrated configuration with 99%, 84%, and 70% accuracy, respectively. With the finalised sensor system design, Stage 1 showed that traffic and environmental sensing from a streetlight-integrated configuration was feasible and effective using on-board processing with commercially available and inexpensive components. In Stage 2, financial and social assessments of the developed sensor system were conducted to evaluate its viability and value in a community. An evaluation tool for simulating streetlight installations was created to measure the effects of implementing the smart streetlight system. The evaluation showed that the on-demand traffic-adaptive dimming enabled by the smart streetlight system was able to reduce the electrical and maintenance costs of lighting installations. As a result, a 'smart' LED streetlight system was shown to outperform conventional always-on streetlight configurations in terms of financial value within a period of five to 12 years, depending on the installation's local traffic characteristics. A survey regarding the public acceptance of smart streetlight systems was also conducted and assessed the factors that influenced support of its applications. In particular, the Australia-wide survey investigated applications around road traffic improvement, streetlight dimming, and walkability, and quantified participants' support through willingness-to-pay assessments to enable each application. Community support of smart road applications was generally found to be positive and welcomed, especially in areas with a high dependence on personal road transport, and from participants adversely affected by spill light in their homes. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that our cities, and roads in particular, can and should be made smarter. The technology currently exists and is becoming more affordable to allow communities of all sizes to implement smart streetlight systems for the betterment of city services, resource management, and civilian health and wellbeing. The sooner that these technologies are embraced, the sooner they can be adapted to the specific needs of the community and environment for a more sustainable and innovative future

Energy Efficient Automatic Streetlight Controlling System using Semantic Segmentation

This study aims to develop a novel streetlight management system powered by computer vision technology mounted with the close circuit television (CCTV) camera that allows the light emitting diode (LED) streetlight to automatically light up with proper brightness by recognizing the presence of pedestrians or vehicles and reversely dimming the streetlight in their absence by semantic image segmentation from video

Smart Outdoor Light Desktop Central Management System

Light pollution and nature preservation, are new trends in which the European cities are involved as they evolve into Smart Cities. Internet of Things are changing the way that sensors and management control systems are designed and implemented. In this article, our main objective is to present an Outdoor Light Desktop Central Management architecture using current IoT (Internet of Things) and GIS technologies to improve the energy efficiency, user experience and safety feeling at the same time we are going to decrease light pollution of LED lamps. The challenge is to provide a lighting control system to suit each zone, from residential areas and public spaces to industrial parks, and each context. Furthermore, the design of the technological multi-platform able to operate with any kind of electrical device will be useful in the area of outdoor lighting

The Application of the Internet of Things to Enhance Urban Sustainability

This article examines opportunities and challenges faced by planners when applying Internet of Things (IoT) as a tool to facilitate urban sustainable development in the context of the Smart Cities movement. As an important element in the Smart Cities concept, IoT is expected to enhance urban sustainability through the sensor network that detects and transmits environmental data. However, there are still various challenges that add a layer of difficulty to the process of using IoT to achieve this goal. The article first identifies the concept and relationship of three key background issues: Smart Cities, Internet of Things, and sustainability. Then the article investigates the challenges of using IoT technology to assist urban sustainability in various aspects. Next, the article proposes possible responses to those challenges through three fields of application: waste management, smart streetlights, and smart homes. It is of great importance for urban planners to understand the complexity of these challenges due to the interdisciplinary nature of such applications. Therefore, it is essential for the field of urban planning to collaborate with other sectors to better utilize IoT technologies towards sustainability.https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/136581/1/Zhang_TheApplicationOfTheInternetOfThingsToEnhanceUrbanSustainability.pd

Street lighting using hybrid solar/wind system for Balai Cerapan UTM

Global issues such as global warming, rising sea level, deprivation of fossil fuel and rising electricity cost have accelerated the research and development on alternative energy sources. In recent years, wind and solar sources have become the prominent source of alternative energy. Wind and solar sources are popularly integrated together in renewable energy systems because solar cells can produce the electricity needed during sunny days while wind turbines can cover the electricity needs during windy days. In UTM, there are lots of street lights, powered by utility electricity installed. As the campus area of UTM is very wide, the amount of electricity cost incurred to UTM is very high. Hence, in this study, an alternative has been searched to reduce the dependency on fossil fuel electricity. Therefore, an appropriate hybrid solar/micro wind unit into a dedicated LED street lighting system has been proposed and installed at UTM’s Balai Cerapan. The hybrid street light comprises of a 80W mini PV panel, a 300W micro wind turbine, a 90Ah battery, control unit and a 30W LED street light. The built in energy management control has been modified and tested to provide smarter control between PV panel and micro wind system throughout the day for a smarter energy management. This new algorithm is able to dim the LED lamp brightness when there is no motion detected. From the simulation, it has been found that potential energy savings of at least 77% can be achieved by using the new energy management algorithm. Hence, it can be concluded that the proposed hybrid solar/wind with dedicated LED street lighting system has been successfully installed, modified (through simulation) and operated at UTM’s Balai Cerapan. As implication, it is hoped that installation of this similar proposed units will help to save the UTM’s electricity bills on the street lighting purpose, without compromising the security and comfort to the users

Integration of utilities infrastructures in a future internet enabled smart city framework

Improving efficiency of city services and facilitating a more sustainable development of cities are the main drivers of the smart city concept. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) play a crucial role in making cities smarter, more accessible and more open. In this paper we present a novel architecture exploiting major concepts from the Future Internet (FI) paradigm addressing the challenges that need to be overcome when creating smarter cities. This architecture takes advantage of both the critical communications infrastructures already in place and owned by the utilities as well as of the infrastructure belonging to the city municipalities to accelerate efficient provision of existing and new city services. The paper highlights how FI technologies create the necessary glue and logic that allows the integration of current vertical and isolated city services into a holistic solution, which enables a huge forward leap for the efficiency and sustainability of our cities. Moreover, the paper describes a real-world prototype, that instantiates the aforementioned architecture, deployed in one of the parks of the city of Santander providing an autonomous public street lighting adaptation service. This prototype is a showcase on how added-value services can be seamlessly created on top of the proposed architecture.The work described in this paper has been carried out under the framework of the OUTSMART project which has been partially funded by the European Commission under the contract number FP7-ICT-28503

Wireless ad hoc Sensor Networks for City Street Light Maintenance

Wireless embedded devices, especially those of the open source hardware/software kind have seen rapid growth in recent years. This kind of devices when combined with ad hoc networks and sensor data can be a low-cost and highly scalable solution to many applications. In this paper we describe the experience of taking this concept of network infrastructure, developing application infrastructure and applying it, as a prototype, to a practical situation for a medium-sized city in the Buenos Aires province outer area, Argentina. We implement a novel sensor data delivery platform using open source hardware and software focused on streetlight maintenance at a fraction of the commercial implementation costs. To the extent of our knowledge this is the first system developed, deployed and documented in a Latin American country. Also presented in this paper is the system architecture as well as the design of hardware and software components as well as the results obtained.Sociedad Argentina de Informática e Investigación Operativ

Assessment of availability of street light system: A study of Warri, Delta State, Nigeria

The study computes the availability of street lighting system in Warri. This system under study consists of subsystems that are known as workstations. A generator and sets of street light make up a workstation. The power source and the street lighting were modeled into series and parallel  combinations. Reliability Block Diagrams and Path Tracing Method were employed assuming independent failure of the components. The availability of the set of street lightings, workstations and hence the availability of the system were determined. Results of the study show that users in Cemetery road had the least availability of 62.19% for the period. The implication is that users travelling along this road experienced wide variation of light that could lead to accidents. Keywords: Availability, Street Lighting and Reliability block diagra