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A review of microgrid development in the United States – A decade of progress on policies, demonstrations, controls, and software tools
Microgrids have become increasingly popular in the United States. Supported by favorable federal and local policies, microgrid projects can provide greater energy stability and resilience within a project site or community. This paper reviews major federal, state, and utility-level policies driving microgrid development in the United States. Representative U.S. demonstration projects are selected and their technical characteristics and non-technical features are introduced. The paper discusses trends in the technology development of microgrid systems as well as microgrid control methods and interactions within the electricity market. Software tools for microgrid design, planning, and performance analysis are illustrated with each tool's core capability. Finally, the paper summarizes the successes and lessons learned during the recent expansion of the U.S. microgrid industry that may serve as a reference for other countries developing their own microgrid industries
Smart Grid for the Smart City
Modern cities are embracing cutting-edge technologies to improve the services they offer to the citizens from traffic control to the reduction of greenhouse gases and energy provisioning. In this chapter, we look at the energy sector advocating how Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) and signal processing techniques can be integrated into next generation power grids for an increased effectiveness in terms of: electrical stability, distribution, improved communication security, energy production, and utilization. In particular, we deliberate about the use of these techniques within new demand response paradigms, where communities of prosumers (e.g., households, generating part of their electricity consumption) contribute to the satisfaction of the energy demand through load balancing and peak shaving. Our discussion also covers the use of big data analytics for demand response and serious games as a tool to promote energy-efficient behaviors from end users
Simplified Algorithm for Dynamic Demand Response in Smart Homes Under Smart Grid Environment
Under Smart Grid environment, the consumers may respond to incentive--based
smart energy tariffs for a particular consumption pattern. Demand Response (DR)
is a portfolio of signaling schemes from the utility to the consumers for load
shifting/shedding with a given deadline. The signaling schemes include
Time--of--Use (ToU) pricing, Maximum Demand Limit (MDL) signals etc. This paper
proposes a DR algorithm which schedules the operation of home appliances/loads
through a minimization problem. The category of loads and their operational
timings in a day have been considered as the operational parameters of the
system. These operational parameters determine the dynamic priority of a load,
which is an intermediate step of this algorithm. The ToU pricing, MDL signals,
and the dynamic priority of loads are the constraints in this formulated
minimization problem, which yields an optimal schedule of operation for each
participating load within the consumer provided duration. The objective is to
flatten the daily load curve of a smart home by distributing the operation of
its appliances in possible low--price intervals without violating the MDL
constraint. This proposed algorithm is simulated in MATLAB environment against
various test cases. The obtained results are plotted to depict significant
monetary savings and flattened load curves.Comment: This paper was accepted and presented in 2019 IEEE PES GTD Grand
International Conference and Exposition Asia (GTD Asia). Furthermore, the
conference proceedings has been published in IEEE Xplor
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