QUANTUM SECURE COMMUNICATION USING POLARIZATION HOPPING MULTI-STAGE PROTOCOLS

This dissertation presents a study of the security and performance of a quantum communication system using multi-stage multi-photon tolerant protocols. Multi-stage protocols are a generalization of the three-stage protocol proposed in 2006 by Subhash Kak. Multi-stage protocols use “Polarization Hopping,” which is the process of changing the polarization state at each stage of transmission. During the execution of a multi-stage protocol, the message transfer always starts by encoding a bit of information in a polarization state; for example, bit 0 is encoded using state |0⟩ and bit 1 is encoded using state|1⟩ whereas, on the channel, the state of polarization is given by α|├ 0⟩┤+β|├ 1⟩┤. In the following α and β are restricted to the real numbers i.e., the polarization stays on the equator of the Poincare sphere. A transformation applied by one communicating party at a given stage will result in new values of α and β. This dissertation analyzes the security of multi-stage, multi-photon tolerant protocols and proposes an upper bound on the average number of photons per pulse in the cases where Fock states and the cases where coherent states are used in the implementation of the three-stage protocol. The derived average number of photons is the maximum limit at which the three-stage protocol can operate at a quantum secure level while operating in a multi-photon domain. In addition, this dissertation studies the vulnerability of the multi-stage protocol to the Trojan horse attack, Photon Number splitting attack (PNS), Amplification attack, as well as the man-in-the middle attack. Moreover, this dissertation proposes a modified version of the multi-stage protocol. This modified version uses an initialization vector and implements a chaining mode between consecutive implementations of the protocol. The modified version is proposed in the case of the three-stage protocol and named a key/message expansion four variables three-stage protocol. The proposed nomenclature is based on the fact that an additional variable is added to secure the three-stage protocol. The introduction of this additional variable has the potential to secure the multi-stage protocol in the multi-photon regime. It results in the eavesdropper having a set of simultaneous equations where the number of variables exceeds the number of equations. The dissertation also addresses the performance of the multi-stage, multi-photon tolerant protocol. An average photon number of 1.5 photon/stage is used to calculate the maximum achievable distance and key transfer rates while using the single-stage protocol over fiber optic cables. We compute the increase in distance as well as data transfer rate while using the single-stage protocol. Channel losses as well as the detector losses are accounted for. Finally, an application of the multi-stage protocol in IEEE 802.11 is proposed. This application provides wireless networks with a quantum-level of security. It proposes the integration of multi-stage protocols into the four-way handshake of IEEE 802.11

A Survey on Wireless Security: Technical Challenges, Recent Advances and Future Trends

This paper examines the security vulnerabilities and threats imposed by the inherent open nature of wireless communications and to devise efficient defense mechanisms for improving the wireless network security. We first summarize the security requirements of wireless networks, including their authenticity, confidentiality, integrity and availability issues. Next, a comprehensive overview of security attacks encountered in wireless networks is presented in view of the network protocol architecture, where the potential security threats are discussed at each protocol layer. We also provide a survey of the existing security protocols and algorithms that are adopted in the existing wireless network standards, such as the Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and the long-term evolution (LTE) systems. Then, we discuss the state-of-the-art in physical-layer security, which is an emerging technique of securing the open communications environment against eavesdropping attacks at the physical layer. We also introduce the family of various jamming attacks and their counter-measures, including the constant jammer, intermittent jammer, reactive jammer, adaptive jammer and intelligent jammer. Additionally, we discuss the integration of physical-layer security into existing authentication and cryptography mechanisms for further securing wireless networks. Finally, some technical challenges which remain unresolved at the time of writing are summarized and the future trends in wireless security are discussed.Comment: 36 pages. Accepted to Appear in Proceedings of the IEEE, 201

Empirical Techniques To Detect Rogue Wireless Devices

Media Access Control (MAC) addresses in wireless networks can be trivially spoofed using off-the-shelf devices. We proposed a solution to detect MAC address spoofing in wireless networks using a hard-to-spoof measurement that is correlated to the location of the wireless device, namely the Received Signal Strength (RSS). We developed a passive solution that does not require modification for standards or protocols. The solution was tested in a live test-bed (i.e., a Wireless Local Area Network with the aid of two air monitors acting as sensors) and achieved 99.77%, 93.16%, and 88.38% accuracy when the attacker is 8–13 m, 4–8 m, and less than 4 m away from the victim device, respectively. We implemented three previous methods on the same test-bed and found that our solution outperforms existing solutions. Our solution is based on an ensemble method known as Random Forests. We also proposed an anomaly detection solution to deal with situations where it is impossible to cover the whole intended area. The solution is totally passive and unsupervised (using unlabeled data points) to build the profile of the legitimate device. It only requires the training of one location which is the location of the legitimate device (unlike the misuse detection solution that train and simulate the existing of the attacker in every possible spot in the network diameter). The solution was tested in the same test-bed and yield about 79% overall accuracy. We build a misuseWireless Local Area Network Intrusion Detection System (WIDS) and discover some important fields in WLAN MAC-layer frame to differentiate the attackers from the legitimate devices. We tested several machine learning algorithms and found some promising ones to improve the accuracy and computation time on a public dataset. The best performing algorithms that we found are Extra Trees, Random Forests, and Bagging. We then used a majority voting technique to vote on these algorithms. Bagging classifier and our customized voting technique have good results (about 96.25 % and 96.32 %respectively) when tested on all the features. We also used a data mining technique based on Extra Trees ensemble method to find the most important features on AWID public dataset. After selecting the most 20 important features, Extra Trees and our voting technique are the best performing classifiers in term of accuracy (96.31 % and 96.32 % respectively)

China: Rule-taker or Rule-maker in the International Intellectual Property System?

Intellectual property has been a crucial issue for China in the past four decades. Internationally, it was central to China’s fifteen-year negotiation on its accession to the WTO and has been a priority in China-US bilateral relations. Domestically, changes in the regulation and use of intellectual property reflect a larger picture of rapid economic and social transition in China. Initially, China was a rule-taker in intellectual property, experiencing pressure from abroad to do much more on intellectual property. In response, China enacted comprehensive domestic intellectual property laws. From 2001, the Chinese Trademark Office was registering more trademarks than any other office in the world and from 2011, the State Intellectual Property Office of China (SIPO) became the world's largest patent office. Today the Chinese government promotes intellectual property protection in its national strategy of “innovation-driven development” and seeks to transform China into the world’s leading intellectual property power. This thesis focuses on whether the large-scale deployment of intellectual property by China in various markets means that it has become a regulatory power in intellectual property, in the sense of being an agenda setter and source of global influence over IP rules. The UK in the nineteenth century and the US in the twentieth were regulatory IP powers in this sense. China’s regulatory and international influence over IP rules is tracked empirically through case studies on geographical indications (Chapter 3), the disclosure obligation (Chapter 4), and intellectual property and standardization (Chapter 5), along with an examination of China’s international IP engagement at the bilateral level (Chapter 6) and plurilateral and multilateral levels (Chapter 7). This thesis also analyses the roles of sub-state actors and non-state actors in China’s international intellectual property engagement (Chapter 8). This thesis argues that China’s role in international intellectual property regulation is more nuanced and complicated than a binary categorization of “rule-maker” or “rule-taker”. China’s international IP engagement is guided by a group of key principles, specifically the principles of IP instrumentalism and a set of foreign policy principles. These principles have been implemented through a process of modeling, while potential conflicts have been minimized through a strategy of balancing. The effects of modeling are compliance and institutional isomorphism which makes the Chinese IP system similar to those of developed countries. Balancing leads to constructed inconsistency and has led China into keeping a low-profile in international policy debates on intellectual property

Journal of Telecommunications and Information Technology, 2014, nr 3

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