Development of a Cross-border Business-to-Business-to-Consumer (B2B2C) System to Enhance Enterprise Performance: A Case Study of Legend Harvest Group

This research focused on the efforts of Legend Harvest Group (LHG), a California startup, to realise its cross-border business-to-business-to-consumer (B2B2C) e-commerce business opportunities. The issues identified during the research demonstrated that an operational B2B2C system is more complicated than a manually operated business-to-business (B2B) trade. The complexities of cross-border e-commerce platforms include insufficient data transparency, logistical obstacles, and Customs hurdles. LHG encountered difficulties in understanding and dealing with these obstacles. My research focused on analysing the technological, operational and organisational requirements and finding the critical elements and leverage points of adopting a new B2B2C system. I developed a platform–system–technology–human (PSTH) conceptual framework based on my literature review that served as the theoretical blueprint of this action research. I adopted a participatory action research (PAR) method and a purposeful sampling strategy to conduct an action research study. The sampling population comprised LHG’s executives, as well as board members, officers, employees, and consultants associated with the company. I applied a qualitative approach as the most suitable choice in action research study, using interviews, semi-structured discussions, and observations to collect data. This research was based on three action cycles. Each action cycle consisted of four phases: reflect, plan, act and observe. The first action cycle (AC1) focused on scanning the environment to identify the barriers preventing LHG from adopting a B2B2C system. The second action cycle (AC2) addressed the technological, operational and organisational requirements, and collaborated with a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) provider to implement a trial run and collect actual data. The third action cycle (AC3) involved an in-depth thematic analysis to evaluate the trial-run results and proposed an integrators network for LHG’s future B2B2C system development. Research accomplishments include initial identification of sixty-one emergent codes as barriers to LHG’s supply chain automation quest, categorisation of these codes into fifteen actionable themes, and, finally, selection of five actionable themes as critical elements to follow in adopting a B2B2C system, namely, process automation (A), SaaS adoption (S), supply chain integration (I), collaboration (C) and trust (T). From post-trial-run analysis, I recognised these five themes as the key integrators and proposed a B2B2C supply chain model to cope with the cross-border e-commerce platforms. The interdependent nature of these five integrators led to the conceptualisation of an “ASICT” network that can be used to tackle the platforms’ demands. Based on the research findings, I learned that a sustainable B2B2C system will depend not only on technology implementation such as SaaS adoption, supply chain integration and process automation, but also on human interaction such as collaboration and trust. This research concluded that these five “ASICT” integrators are critical elements, and that trust and collaboration are the key leverage points in the company’s efforts to develop a cross-border B2B2C system. The benefits projected by adopting the B2B2C system included not only reducing LHG’s transactional costs but also enhancing its enterprise performance by automating and integrating the supply chain, allowing the management to map operational efficiency with financial outcome and to transform the e-commerce supply chain into a value chain

Contributions of architecture Dew Computing to the Internet of Things: comparisons between pilot implementations of both architectures

Dew computing ó la computación de rocío o lágrima ha despertado gran interés en la academia, debido a la separación de los procesos de computación distribuida; donde se encuentran las capas de cloud Computing (computación en la nube), Fog Computing (computación de niebla), Edge Computing (computación de borde) y por último Dew Computing. Estas capas están mencionadas de orden descendente (de mayor a menor) siendo Dew Computing la más cercana al usuario final. Esto se realiza para una mayor comprensión entre las tecnologías y procesos que en ellas se realizan permitiendo su diferenciación. La arquitectura de Internet of Things (IoT) es un paradigma tecnológico que se está formando dentro del ecosistema de computación distribuida, por ende, se requiere resaltar la capa de Dew Computing y su aporte al modelo tecnológico. Es por esto, que se realiza un estado del arte de las arquitecturas Dew Computing e IoT que permitan su comparación con el fin de saber su aporte de forma independiente y en dado caso, cómo podrían integrarse. Se realiza una prueba piloto entre las arquitecturas y una integración de las misma para encontrar los aportes que un modelo del entrega al otro y por último, se plantean posibles escenarios de aplicación que evidencien los beneficios y déficit de la implementación de cada arquitectura en diferentes ámbitos sociales.INTRODUCCIÓN 1. PROBLEMA, PREGUNTA E HIPÓTESIS DE INVESTIGACIÓN 11 2. JUSTIFICACIÓN 11 3. OBJETIVOS DEL PROYECTO 13 3.1 OBJETIVO GENERAL 13 3.2 OBJETIVOS ESPECÍFICOS 13 4. MARCO REFERENCIAL 14 4.1 MARCO CONCEPTUAL 14 4.1.1 Internet of Things 15 4.1.2 Cloud Computing 15 4.1.3 Fog Computing 16 4.1.4 Edge Computing 17 4.1.5 Dew Computing 20 4.2 MARCO TEÓRICO 21 4.3 ESTADO DEL ARTE 22 4.3.1 Revisión sistemática de la literatura 22 4.3.2 Análisis estado del arte 28 4.4 MARCO CONTEXTUAL Y ANTECEDENTES 28 4.5 NORMAS Y ESTÁNDARES 29 4.5.1 Normatividad colombiana 29 4.5.2 Estándares y documentos de referencia 30 4.6 EMPRESAS TECNOLÓGICAS 31 4.6.1 Microsoft Azure IoT Edge 31 4.6.2 Amazon IoT GreenGrass 32 5. DESCRIPCIÓN DEL PROCESO INVESTIGATIVO 34 5.1 ENFOQUE Y TIPO DE INVESTIGACIÓN 34 5.2 FASES Y ACTIVIDADES 34 5.2.1 Elaboración del estado del arte de Dew computing 35 5.2.2 Análisis comparativo entre frameworks para Dew Computing 35 5.2.3 Dispositivo para pruebas 36 5.2.4 Pruebas de ambas arquitecturas 40 5.2.5 Análisis de pruebas 45 6. RESULTADOS 48 6.1 REVISIÓN COMPARATIVA DE DEW COMPUTING E IOT 48 6.2 VENTAJAS Y DESVENTAJAS DE DEW COMPUTING CON IOT. 52 6.2.1 Física 53 6.2.2 Economía 54 6.2.3 Ubicación 54 6.3 OPORTUNIDADES QUE BRINDA DEW COMPUTING 55 6.3.1 Manejo de la energía 55 6.3.2 Procesamiento 55 6.3.3 Almacenamiento 55 6.3.4 Protocolos de comunicación 55 6.3.5 Lenguajes de programación 55 6.3.6 Seguridad de los datos 56 6.3.7 Visualización de los datos 56 7. CONCLUSIONES Y RECOMENDACIONES 57 8. REFERENCIAS 58MaestríaDew Computing or the dew or tear computation has aroused considerable interest in the academy, due to the separation of the processes of distributed computing; where are the layers of Cloud Computing (cloud computing), Fog Computing (fog computing), Edge Computing (edge computing) and finally Dew Computing. These layers are mentioned in descending order (from highest to lowest) with Dew Computing being the closest to the end user. This is done for a better understanding of the technologies and processes that are carried out in them, allowing their differentiation

The Cloud-to-Thing Continuum

The Internet of Things offers massive societal and economic opportunities while at the same time significant challenges, not least the delivery and management of the technical infrastructure underpinning it, the deluge of data generated from it, ensuring privacy and security, and capturing value from it. This Open Access Pivot explores these challenges, presenting the state of the art and future directions for research but also frameworks for making sense of this complex area. This book provides a variety of perspectives on how technology innovations such as fog, edge and dew computing, 5G networks, and distributed intelligence are making us rethink conventional cloud computing to support the Internet of Things. Much of this book focuses on technical aspects of the Internet of Things, however, clear methodologies for mapping the business value of the Internet of Things are still missing. We provide a value mapping framework for the Internet of Things to address this gap. While there is much hype about the Internet of Things, we have yet to reach the tipping point. As such, this book provides a timely entrée for higher education educators, researchers and students, industry and policy makers on the technologies that promise to reshape how society interacts and operates

Air Traffic Management Abbreviation Compendium

As in all fields of work, an unmanageable number of abbreviations are used today in aviation for terms, definitions, commands, standards and technical descriptions. This applies in general to the areas of aeronautical communication, navigation and surveillance, cockpit and air traffic control working positions, passenger and cargo transport, and all other areas of flight planning, organization and guidance. In addition, many abbreviations are used more than once or have different meanings in different languages. In order to obtain an overview of the most common abbreviations used in air traffic management, organizations like EUROCONTROL, FAA, DWD and DLR have published lists of abbreviations in the past, which have also been enclosed in this document. In addition, abbreviations from some larger international projects related to aviation have been included to provide users with a directory as complete as possible. This means that the second edition of the Air Traffic Management Abbreviation Compendium includes now around 16,500 abbreviations and acronyms from the field of aviation