Production and Marketing Risks Management System in Grazed Systems: Destocking and Marketing Algorithm

This study was carried out to explore potential approaches to managing production and market risks associated with climatic variability in dryland grazed systems. The methodology is novel in that it considers farmers’ ability to make sequential adjustments to their production activities when information on uncertain events becomes available. Traditional approaches to evaluation of farmers’ response to risk assume perfect knowledge of production resources and that risk emanates from uncertainty in yield returns. Strategic approaches are mostly considered in evaluating farmer’s risk attitude implying that managing the variability (risk) assumes that different production activities resource requirements are known (non-embedded risk). In real farming systems, the producers make sequential decisions and adjust the timing and methods of their activities as a season progresses and more information on uncertainty becomes available (embedded risk). This chapter describes a platform adopted in making destocking and marketing decisions by simulating the impact of implementing alternative tactical adjustments. The algorithm was successfully tested in a research that investigated the physical and economic impact of incorporating tactical responses in risk management strategies in dryland sheep production systems in New Zealand. The algorithm can be integrated into existing grazing models and can also be used as a standalone system

The environmental implications of manure use in organic farming systems (OF0161)

This is the final report of Defra project OF0161. A desk study was undertaken (a) to identify the important N flows in three types of organic farming systems (extensive upland, intensive lowland mixed and stockless vegetable systems) in relation to manure use and (b) to determine the effects of changed management practice on these flows. A study of the published literature has highlighted the key stages for nutrient management prior to land spreading. Dietary inputs - amounts of N excreted and the partitioning between urine and faeces is important in determining the fate of N through the farming system. Diet affects this partition, but we were unable to find evidence of differences between organic and non-organic rations. Clearly, a crude N balance (N in feed - N in milk) provides a good guide to risk. Because N removal in milk is a small component, the more intensive systems are likely to generate more N as excreta. Housing - it is estimated that, in the UK, NH3 losses from housing constitute c. 35% of the total NH3 emissions from cattle production systems (compared with 14% from manure storage) and about 20% of total N2O emissions. The limited available information suggests that losses by NH3 emission during housing are larger from slurry based systems than from cattle housed on straw. The converse is true of N2O losses. Solid manure storage - composting offers advantages (namely sterilisation) but also can exacerbate loss of nitrogen as NH3. Losses of up to almost 80% of the total N have been reported. Our analysis of the numerous experiments suggests that the C:N ratio should be >30 at the start of composting to retain N (i.e. to reduce losses to <10%). Loose covering had little effect on retaining nitrogen. NPK are lost in leachate during manure storage (but only represent a true loss if the leachate is not collected for recycling). Slurry storage - losses are predominantly as NH3 and typically 0.05% (winter) - 0.1% (summer) of the total N content per day. A crust would approximately halve losses. Stirring increases volatilisation. Aeration would have similar effects, but may also increase N2O emissions if it produces intermittent aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Covering stores would substantially decrease losses and options range from straw to concrete structures. Effectiveness increases with cost! A simple N model was constructed to calculate the integrated effects of management practices during housing and storage. Our calculations suggested that an all-slurry system (though not permitted under organic regulations) would retain more N than a straw-based system: losses from slurry are greater during housing, less during storage (assuming the slurry lagoon is covered or has a crust and is not regularly stirred), and greater in the field (as ammonia and nitrate in particular): N losses from FYM after spreading are less, especially if composted. The question that inevitably will be asked is ‘do conventionally managed systems provide more of a risk than organic systems?’ There is no straightforward answer. Many of the loss processes from manure will be the same between systems but they will be modified by management and by the intensity of the enterprise. It is this latter point - i.e. the nutrient balance - that will have most impact on any comparison; farms with a large nutrient excess will be more prone to large losses. Thus, generally, organic farms provide less emissions than conventional farming systems involving livestock. The move to more solid-based systems should result in smaller losses of N during housing, but practical measures to reduce losses during storage need to be investigated. The outcome of all management processes is the production of manures that vary widely in composition between farms and often within farms. Our analyses of 14 cattle slurries and 45 cattle manures confirm the wide variations in nutrient contents as affected by many management factors. Generally, NPK values were c. 20-40% less than published values for ‘conventionally’ produced manures (although these mean values were also associated with a wide range of values). This probably reflects the lower intensity of organic production systems

Novel risk management integrated model implementation: Comparison between manufacturing and service companies

Do sada nije pronađen okvir za definisanje zajedničkog i objedinjenog modela zasnovanog na riziku za integrisane menadžment sisteme koji je pogodan za upotrebu u svim vrstama konteksta. Budući da je glavni cilj primene standarda sistema menadžmenta u organizacijama utvrđivanje rizika koji utiču na sposobnost organizacije da postigne svoje ciljeve i željene rezultate, pored organizovanja i koordinacije svih operacija i optimalnog korišćenja resursa, ciljevi ovog rada su razvoj i provera integrisanog modela upravljanja rizikom za standardizovane sisteme upravljanja sa rastućim trendovima kao što su ISO 9001: 2015, ISO 14001: 2015, ISO / IEC 27001: 2013, ISO 45001: 2018 i ISO 22000: 2018, a u cilju omogućavanja organizacijama da upravljaju svojim poslovanjem i rizicima koji se pojavljuju, na način koji smanjuje upotrebu raspoloživih resursa i poboljšava ukupne performanse. Novi integrisani model upravljanja rizikom u standardizovanim sistemima upravljanja ima tri nivoa - korespondenciju, koordinaciju i integraciju i uspostavlja jasan i strukturiran pristup upravljanju organizacionim rizicima. Predloženi model je empirijski proveren za primenu bez kontekstualne zavisnosti predloženog modela primenom Mann-Whitney U* testa i dokazano je da model nije zavisan od konteksta, tj. primenljiv je u kompanijama iz različitih sektora, kako u proizvodnim, tako i u uslužnim delatnostima.Till now a framework to define a common and unified standard model for integrated risk management systems, which is suitable to be used in all contingency factors settings, has not been found. For this reason, as the main objective of applying the standards of management systems in the organizations is to determine the risk that affects the ability of the organization to achieve its goals and desired results in addition to organizing and coordinating all operations and the optimal use of resources, the purpose is to develop an integrated risk management model for standardized management systems with growing trends such as ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, ISO/IEC 27001:2013, ISO 45001:2018 and ISO 22000:2018 with the aim to allow organizations to manage their operations and risks appearing in a manner that reduces the use of available resources and improves the overall performance. Novel risk management integrated model in standardized management systems has three levels - correspondence, coordination and integration and putting in place a clear and structured approach to control of organizational risk. Proposed model has been checked empirically to survey contextual independence of proposed model using Mann-Whitney U*test and it has been proved that the model is context free and applicable to companies from different sectors - both in production and service companies

Novel risk management integrated model implementation: Comparison between manufacturing and service companies

Do sada nije pronađen okvir za definisanje zajedničkog i objedinjenog modela zasnovanog na riziku za integrisane menadžment sisteme koji je pogodan za upotrebu u svim vrstama konteksta. Budući da je glavni cilj primene standarda sistema menadžmenta u organizacijama utvrđivanje rizika koji utiču na sposobnost organizacije da postigne svoje ciljeve i željene rezultate, pored organizovanja i koordinacije svih operacija i optimalnog korišćenja resursa, ciljevi ovog rada su razvoj i provera integrisanog modela upravljanja rizikom za standardizovane sisteme upravljanja sa rastućim trendovima kao što su ISO 9001: 2015, ISO 14001: 2015, ISO / IEC 27001: 2013, ISO 45001: 2018 i ISO 22000: 2018, a u cilju omogućavanja organizacijama da upravljaju svojim poslovanjem i rizicima koji se pojavljuju, na način koji smanjuje upotrebu raspoloživih resursa i poboljšava ukupne performanse. Novi integrisani model upravljanja rizikom u standardizovanim sistemima upravljanja ima tri nivoa - korespondenciju, koordinaciju i integraciju i uspostavlja jasan i strukturiran pristup upravljanju organizacionim rizicima. Predloženi model je empirijski proveren za primenu bez kontekstualne zavisnosti predloženog modela primenom Mann-Whitney U* testa i dokazano je da model nije zavisan od konteksta, tj. primenljiv je u kompanijama iz različitih sektora, kako u proizvodnim, tako i u uslužnim delatnostima.Till now a framework to define a common and unified standard model for integrated risk management systems, which is suitable to be used in all contingency factors settings, has not been found. For this reason, as the main objective of applying the standards of management systems in the organizations is to determine the risk that affects the ability of the organization to achieve its goals and desired results in addition to organizing and coordinating all operations and the optimal use of resources, the purpose is to develop an integrated risk management model for standardized management systems with growing trends such as ISO 9001:2015, ISO 14001:2015, ISO/IEC 27001:2013, ISO 45001:2018 and ISO 22000:2018 with the aim to allow organizations to manage their operations and risks appearing in a manner that reduces the use of available resources and improves the overall performance. Novel risk management integrated model in standardized management systems has three levels - correspondence, coordination and integration and putting in place a clear and structured approach to control of organizational risk. Proposed model has been checked empirically to survey contextual independence of proposed model using Mann-Whitney U*test and it has been proved that the model is context free and applicable to companies from different sectors - both in production and service companies