Overview of Sensitivity Analysis Methods Capabilities for Traction AC Machines in Electrified Vehicles

© 2021 The Author(s). This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. For more information, see https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.A robust design in electrified powertrains substantially helps to enhance the vehicle's overall efficiency. Robustness analyses come with complexity and computational costs at the vehicle level. The use of sensitivity analysis (SA) methods in the design phase has gained popularity in recent years to improve the performance of road vehicles while optimizing the resources, reducing the costs, and shortening the development time. Designers have started to utilize the SA methods to explore: i) how the component and vehicle level design options affect the main outputs i.e. energy efficiency and energy consumption; ii) observing sub-dependent parameters, which might be influenced by the variation of the targeted controllable (i.e. magnet thickness) and uncontrollable (i.e. magnet temperature) variables, in nonlinear dynamic systems; and iii) evaluating the interactions, of both dependent, and sub-dependent controllable/uncontrollable variables, under transient conditions. Hence the aim of this study is to succinctly review recent utilization of SA methods in the design of AC electric machines (EM)s used in vehicle powertrains, to evaluate and discuss the findings presented in recent research papers while summarizing the current state of knowledge. By systematically reviewing the literature on applied SAs in electrified powertrains, we offer a bibliometric analysis of the trends of application-oriented SA studies in the last and next decades. Finally, a numerical-based case study on a third-generation TOYOTA Prius EM will be given, to verify the SA-related findings of this article, alongside future works recommendations.Peer reviewe

Automated Design Optimization of Synchronous Machines: Development and Application of a Generic Fitness Evaluation Framework

A rotating synchronous electric machine design can be described to its entirety by a combination of 17 to 24 discrete and continuous parameters pertaining the geometry, material selection, and electrical loading. Determining the performance attributes of a design often involves numerical solutions to thermal and magnetic equations. Stochastic optimization methods have proven effective for solving specific design problems in literature. A major challenge to design automation, however, is whether the design tool is versatile enough to solve design problems with different types of objectives and requirements. This work proposes a black-box approach in an attempt to encompass a wide variety of synchronous machine design problems. This approach attempts to enlist all possible attributes of interest (AoIs) to the end-user so that the design optimization problem can be framed by combination of such attributes only. The number of ways the end-user can input requirements is now defined and limited. Design problems are classified based on which of the AoI’s are constraints, objectives or design parameters. It is observed that regardless of the optimization problem definition, the evaluation of any design is based on a common set of physical and analytical models and empirical data. Problem definitions are derived based on black-box approach and efficient fitness evaluation algorithms are tailored to meet requirements of each problem definition. The proposed framework is implemented in Matlab/C++ environment encompassing different aspects of motor design. The framework is employed for designing synchronous machines for three applications where designs based on conventional motor construction did not meet all design requirements. The first design problem is to develop a novel bar-conductor tooth-wound stator technology for 1.2 kW in-wheel direct drive motor for an electric/hybrid-electric two wheeler (including practical implementation). The second design problem deals with a novel outer-rotor buried ferrite magnet geometry for a 1.2 kW in-wheel geared motor drive used in an electric/hybrid-electric two wheeler (including practical implementation). The third application involves design of an ultra-cost-effective and ultra-light-weight 1 kW aluminum conductor motor. Thus, the efficacy of automated design is demonstrated by harnessing the framework and algorithms for exploring new technologies applicable for three distinct design problems originated from practical applications

Design, Optimization and Modelling of High Power Density Direct-Drive Wheel Motor for Light Hybrid Electric Vehicles

Throughout the last few years, permanent magnet synchronous motors have been proven suitable candidates for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Among them, the outer rotor topology with surface mounted magnets and concentrated windings seems to be very promising and has not been extensively investigated in literature. In this study, an overall optimization and modelling procedure is proposed for the design and operational assessment of high-power density direct-drive in-wheel motors, targeted towards a light HEV application. The analytical model of an HEV’s subsystems is then implemented for a more accurate evaluation of overall powertrain performance. Furthermore, a simple but effective cooling system configuration, which is taking into account the specific problem requirements, is also proposed

Performance Analysis of an Integrated Starter-Alternator- Booster for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

The chapter aims to investigate the reduction of the fuel consumption of conventional vehicles using mild-hybridization and considering the New European Driving Cycle (NEDC), using two topologies of electrical machines dedicated to integrated starter-alternator-booster (ISAB) applications: directly connected to the crankshaft (called ‘normal ISAB’) and indirectly through the belt system (called BSAB), respectively. The behaviour of ISAB and BSAB of a hybrid electric vehicle has been investigated with a multi-domain simulation software developed in Advanced Modelling Environment for performing Simulation (AMESim)

SRM drives for electric traction

"GAECE" -- PortadaDescripció del recurs: 11 maig 2020GAECE (Grup d’accionaments elèctrics amb commutació electrònica). The group of electronically commutated electrical drives is a research team of Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC BARCELONATECH), which conducts investigation in four areas: electrical drives, power electronics, mechanics and energy and sustainability. Regarding electrical drives, research focuses on the development of new reluctance, permanent magnet and hybrid electrical drives. The main goal of those electrical drives is the integration of the power converter/controller and the mechanical transmission, being specially intended for the traction of light electric vehicles. That research is carried out by using the analysis of finite elements, taking into account eco-design criteria, considering new materials and new control strategies.First editio

Field weakening and sensorless control solutions for synchronous machines applied to electric vehicles.

184 p.La polución es uno de los mayores problemas en los países industrializados. Por ello, la electrificación del transporte por carretera está en pleno auge, favoreciendo la investigación y el desarrollo industrial. El desarrollo de sistemas de propulsión eficientes, fiables, compactos y económicos juega un papel fundamental para la introducción del vehículo eléctrico en el mercado.Las máquinas síncronas de imanes permanentes son, a día de hoy la tecnología más empleada en vehículos eléctricos e híbridos por sus características. Sin embargo, al depender del uso de tierras raras, se están investigando alternativas a este tipo de máquina, tales como las máquinas de reluctancia síncrona asistidas por imanes. Para este tipo de máquinas síncronas es necesario desarrollar estrategias de control eficientes y robustas. Las desviaciones de parámetros son comunes en estas máquinas debido a la saturación magnética y a otra serie de factores, tales como tolerancias de fabricación, dependencias en función de la temperatura de operación o envejecimiento. Las técnicas de control convencionales, especialmente las estrategias de debilitamiento de campo dependen, en general, del conocimiento previo de dichos parámetros. Si no son lo suficientemente robustos, pueden producir problemas de control en las regiones de debilitamiento de campo y debilitamiento de campo profundo. En este sentido, esta tesis presenta dos nuevas estrategias de control de debilitamiento de campo híbridas basadas en LUTs y reguladores VCT.Por otro lado, otro requisito indispensable para la industria de la automoción es la detección de faltas y la tolerancia a fallos. En este sentido, se presenta una nueva estrategia de control sensorless basada en una estructura PLL/HFI híbrida que permite al vehículo continuar operando de forma pseudo-óptima ante roturas en el sensor de posición y velocidad de la máquina eléctrica. En esta tesis, ambas propuestas se validan experimentalmente en un sistema de propulsión real para vehículo eléctrico que cuenta con una máquina de reluctancia síncrona asistidas por imanes de 51 kW

Next generation electric drives for HEV/EV propulsion systems: Technology, trends and challenges

In recent decades, several factors such as environmental protection, fossil fuel scarcity, climate change and pollution have driven the research and development of a more clean and sustainable transport. In this context, several agencies and associations, such as the European Union H2020, the United States Council for Automotive Research (USCAR) and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia (UN ESCAP) have defined a set of quantitative and qualitative goals in terms of efficiency, reliability, power losses, power density and economical costs to be met by next generation hybrid and full electric vehicle (HEV/EV) drive systems. As a consequence, the automotive electric drives (which consists of the electric machine, power converter and their cooling systems) of future vehicles have to overcome a number of technological challenges in order to comply with the aforementioned technical objectives. In this context, this paper presents, for each component of the electric drive, a comprehensive review of the state of the art, current technologies, future trends and enabling technologies that will make possible next generation HEV/EVs.This work has been partially supported by the Department of Education, Linguistic Policy and Culture of the Basque Government within the fund for research groups of the Basque university system IT978-16, by the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain within the project DPI2014-53685-C2-2-R and FEDER funds and by the Government of the Basque Country within the research program ELKARTEK as the project KT4TRANS (KK-2015/00047 and KK-2016/00061), as well as by the program to support the specialization of Ph.D researchers at UPV/EHU ESPDOC16/25

Comparative Study of PMSM and SRM Capabilities

International audienceThis paper is a synthesis of various research work performed on innovative structures for electrical machines (EM) responding to new performance requirements and applications. A presentation of the various statistical applications of EM will be made with various criteria. It will establish an initial comparison between the possibilities of both types of machines, namely the permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) and switched reluctance machine (SRM), since more competing by conventional machines such as induction machines. It will be completed by a performance comparison study using a torque density criterion. Finally, an analytical-numerical method for PMSM and SRM structures design will be proposed

The works of Naṣā’iḥ al-‘Ibād by Nawawi al-Bantani and Sirāj al-Ṭālibīn by Ihsan Muhammad Dahlan al-Jampasi al-Kediri: a comparative research on the methods of writing the hadith

Kitab Naṣā’iḥ al-‘Ibād oleh Nawawi al-Bantani dan Sirāj al-Ṭālibīn oleh Ihsan al-Jampasi merupakan antara beberapa kitab utama yang dirujuk di Nusantara dalam ilmu Islam berkaitan nasihat-nasihat agama dan tasawuf. Dalam kedua-dua kitab tersebut memuatkan banyak hadithhadith. Walau bagaimana pun, tidak dinyatakan tentang kedudukan hadith tersebut. Oleh kerana itu, kajian ini bertujuan melihat metodologi penulisan hadith oleh Nawawi al-Bantani dan Ihsan al-Jampasi dalam kitab Naṣā’iḥ al-‘Ibād dan Sirāj al-Ṭālibīn. Selain itu, kajian ini juga menganalisis perbandingan metode kedua-dua kitab tersebut bagi mengetahui titik persamaan dan perbezaan di antara metode-metode tersebut. Metodologi kajian ini adalah kualitatif melalui kaedah kepustakaan dan reka bentuk analisis kandungan kitab Naṣā’iḥ al-‘Ibād dan Sirāj al-Ṭālibīn. Kajian ini mendapati bahawa wujudnya persamaan metode penulisan hadith dalam kitab Naṣā’iḥ al-‘Ibād dan Sirāj al- Ṭālibīn iaitu penulisan hadith tanpa sanad dan hanya menyatakan mukhrīj hadith sahaja. Selain itu, keduanya menggunakan lafaz (sighat) qāla pada awal permulaan hadith. Manakala perbezaanya pula ialah Nawawi al- Bantani menulis hadith tanpa sanad dengan menambah rāwī a‘lā di peringkat tabi’in dan sahabat. Beliau turut menggunakan metode riwayat bi al-lafẓi. Pendekatan Ihsan al-Jampasi pula menggunakan pelbagai sighat (format) untuk menyampaikan hadith, menyatakan sumber hadith dan kadang-kadang menggunakan metode riwayat bi al-ma‘nā

Critical Aspects of Electric Motor Drive Controllers and Mitigation of Torque Ripple - Review

Electric vehicles (EVs) are playing a vital role in sustainable transportation. It is estimated that by 2030, Battery EVs will become mainstream for passenger car transportation. Even though EVs are gaining interest in sustainable transportation, the future of EV power transmission is facing vital concerns and open research challenges. Considering the case of torque ripple mitigation and improved reliability control techniques in motors, many motor drive control algorithms fail to provide efficient control. To efficiently address this issue, control techniques such as Field Orientation Control (FOC), Direct Torque Control (DTC), Model Predictive Control (MPC), Sliding Mode Control (SMC), and Intelligent Control (IC) techniques are used in the motor drive control algorithms. This literature survey exclusively compares the various advanced control techniques for conventionally used EV motors such as Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM), Brushless Direct Current Motor (BLDC), Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM), and Induction Motors (IM). Furthermore, this paper discusses the EV-motors history, types of EVmotors, EV-motor drives powertrain mathematical modelling, and design procedure of EV-motors. The hardware results have also been compared with different control techniques for BLDC and SRM hub motors. Future direction towards the design of EV by critical selection of motors and their control techniques to minimize the torque ripple and other research opportunities to enhance the performance of EVs are also presented.publishedVersio