Encoding Lexicalized Tree Adjoining Grammars with a Nonmonotonic Inheritance Hierarchy

This paper shows how DATR, a widely used formal language for lexical knowledge representation, can be used to define an LTAG lexicon as an inheritance hierarchy with internal lexical rules. A bottom-up featural encoding is used for LTAG trees and this allows lexical rules to be implemented as covariation constraints within feature structures. Such an approach eliminates the considerable redundancy otherwise associated with an LTAG lexicon.Comment: Latex source, needs aclap.sty, 8 page

Juvenile rank acquisition is associated with fitness independent of adult rank

Social rank is a significant determinant of fitness in a variety of species. The importance of social rank suggests that the process by which juveniles come to establish their position in the social hierarchy is a critical component of development. Here, we use the highly predictable process of rank acquisition in spotted hyenas to study the consequences of variation in rank acquisition in early life. In spotted hyenas, rank is ‘inherited’ through a learning process called ‘maternal rank inheritance.’ This pattern is very consistent: approximately 80% of juveniles acquire the exact rank expected under the rules of maternal rank inheritance. The predictable nature of rank acquisition in these societies allows the process of rank acquisition to be studied independently from the ultimate rank that each juvenile attains. In this study, we use Elo-deviance scores, a novel application of the Elo-rating method, to calculate each juvenile’s deviation from the expected pattern of maternal rank inheritance during development. Despite variability in rank acquisition among juveniles, most of these juveniles come to attain the exact rank expected of them according to the rules of maternal rank inheritance. Nevertheless, we find that transient variation in rank acquisition in early life is associated with long-term fitness consequences for these individuals: juveniles ‘underperforming’ their expected ranks show reduced survival and lower lifetime reproductive success than better-performing peers, and this relationship is independent of both maternal rank and rank achieved in adulthood. We also find that multiple sources of early life adversity have cumulative, but not compounding, effects on fitness. Future work is needed to determine if variation in rank acquisition directly affects fitness, or if some other variable, such as maternal investment or juvenile condition, causes variation in both of these outcomes. (Includes Supplemental Materials and Reviewers\u27 Comments.

Set operations in semantic data models

Class creation by set operations has largely been ignored in the literature. Precise semantics of set operations on complex objects require a clear distinction between the dual notions of a set and a type, both of which are present in a class. Our paper fills this gap by presenting a framework for executing set-theoretic operations on the class construct. The proposed set operations determine both the type description of the derived class as well as its set membership. For the former, we develop inheritance rules for property characteristics such as single- versus multi-valued and required versus optional. For the later, we borrow the object identity concept from data modeling research. Our framework allows for property inheritance among classes that are not necessarily is-a related

Morphological Productivity in the Lexicon

In this paper we outline a lexical organization for Turkish that makes use of lexical rules for inflections, derivations, and lexical category changes to control the proliferation of lexical entries. Lexical rules handle changes in grammatical roles, enforce type constraints, and control the mapping of subcategorization frames in valency-changing operations. A lexical inheritance hierarchy facilitates the enforcement of type constraints. Semantic compositions in inflections and derivations are constrained by the properties of the terms and predicates. The design has been tested as part of a HPSG grammar for Turkish. In terms of performance, run-time execution of the rules seems to be a far better alternative than pre-compilation. The latter causes exponential growth in the lexicon due to intensive use of inflections and derivations in Turkish.Comment: 10 pages LaTeX, {lingmacros,avm,psfig}.sty, 1 figure, 1 bibtex fil

Sistem Pakar Pembagian Waris (Faro\u27idl) Studi Kasus Kepakaran Kyai Rochmadi

Faro\u27idl is the science of division of inheritance be based Islamic rules already stated in the Qur\u27an. Someexperts faro\u27idl has built and formulate rules the division of inheritance in the specific tables. So as toresolve the division of inheritance cases, an expert can solve it by following the rules set out in the table.Expert system is part of artificial intelligence that is built to resemble an expert way of thinking in solvingproblems. Inheritance division expert system is a system that represents expertise that had been developedby an expert division of inheritance. Kyai Rochmadi is a faroidl expert who lived between the early 20thcentury until the 1970s of Weleri Kendal regency of Central Java has posted faro\u27idl rules in the form oftables and algorithms dispute resolution division of inheritance.This research is a design system based onthe expertise built by Kyai Rochmadi. With the design and development of research methodology, thesesystems are built with the knowledge acquisition phase, the design and development of data tables andprogramming algorithms. The system can resolve the problem faro\u27idl prepared with optimally resemblanceto the expertise of the expert when testing.Expert System is built using PHP programming language andMySQL database, for this system to be used by the general public. The results of this study are web-basedsystems. Users can enter data such as the number of heirs to the input field, then the system will answersection obtained as heirs along with the arguments that support it. Keywords: expert system, faro\u27id (division of inheritance), a web-based syste

Family structure and the education gender gap: Evidence from Italian Provinces

We investigate the determinants of the education gender gap in Italy in historical perspective with a focus on the influence of family structure. We capture the latter with two indicators: residential habits (nuclear vs. complex families) and inheritance rules (partition vs. primogeniture). After controlling for economic, institutional, religious, and cultural factors, we find that over the 1861-1901 period family structure is a driver of the education gender gap, with a higher female to male enrollment rate ratio in upper primary schools being associated with nuclear residential habits and equal partition of inheritance. We also find that only the effect of inheritance rules persists over the 1971-2001 period

Testation and the Mind

This Article explores the panoply of state-of-mind rules in inheritance law. In areas of law concerned with wrongdoing, consideration of mental states achieves specific deterrence and moral justice. By comparison, in the inheritance realm, I argue that consideration of mental states can serve to economize on decision costs. The Article looks at state-of-mind rules through this prism and also analyzes the public policy of these rules from the perspective of modern research into psychology. Finally, the Article examines state-of-mind rules comparatively, identifying inconsistencies between them that require justification. The Article closes by observing potential expansions of the model and applications in other areas of law

FILSAFAT KEADILAN DALAM HUKUM WARIS ISLAM

the implementation of Islamic inheritance law begins with the death of a person or what is known in western civil law as ab intestine and does not recognize inheritance based on a will made by a living person which is known as testamentally inheritance. This principle is closely related to the principle of ijbari, that is, a person should not just decide the use of his property after his death. In Islam, a person can determine the use of his property after death through a will with certain limitations. Wasiat rules are separate from the rules of inheritance law in Islam, because in Islam justice is not only measured by the amount obtained when receiving inheritance rights, but also related to uses and needs or rights and obligations. Even the distribution of inheritance related to the amount can be done with the formua 1: 1 or as agreed. As long as the heirs give up and compromise if there is a part of them that must be released. If the heir maintains his rights, then he cannot be forced and he is given his right from the share of the inheritanc

Politics and Inheritance Law. Endeavours to Keep Classical Rules of Inheritance Law in the Polish Civil Code

After the Second World War the Polish authorities used the inheritance law as a political instrument to shape and consolidate the socialist system. The influence of ideology and politics on Polish inheritance law was especially visible during the works on codification of civil law in the period from 1947 to 1964. Firstly, article presents a brief look at the evolution of inheritance law in Bolshevik Russia and the USSR. The author depicts attempts at implementation of the Soviet model to the Polish inheritance law in three areas: the group of statutory heirs, freedom of testation and in the reserve system. In all those areas endeavours to keep classical rules of civil law were undertaken. Most representatives of the doctrine were able to bypass the political conditions in order to keep a high legal standard. The author strives to show how the scholars tried to preserve the classical inheritance law institutions by manipulating the political doctrine. By ideological justifications of the proposed legal solutions, in fact they enabled to keep in the Civil Code of 1964 most of the basic inheritance law rules of former regulation from 1946. Further remarks are devoted to the changes in inheritance of farms. Determination of authorities in conducting the new agricultural policy caused submission of inheritance regulations to the aim of increasing agricultural production

Implementasi Konsep Ahli Waris Patah Titi Di Mahkamah Syar’iyah Bireuen, Aceh, Indonesia

Legal pluralism in Indonesia has formed a different inheritance law system, namely institutions patah titi is an heir who dies earlier than the heir, and then his position can be replaced by a grandchild, which is set in Kompilasi Hukum Islam (KHI). This article wants to discuss the practice of judges' legal considerations at the Syar'iyah Court Bireuen in implementing the terms of patah titi, as stipulated in article 185 paragraph (1) and (2) KHI. This article uses legal research methods empirical legal research, namely research conducted on data in the form of cases of inheritance patah titi in the Syar'iyah Bireuen Court. The results of the author's research on judges' considerations in implementing the case patah titi in the Syar'iyah Bireuen Court, namely, the Panel of Judges of the Syar'iyah Bireuen Court in deciding inheritance cases patah titi refers to the Syafi'iyah fiqh system for inheritance cases that occurred before the existence of the KHI rules. However, in some cases that occurred after the KHI, some were decided based on the KHI rules, and others did not follow the KHI rules based on particular considerations for the benefit of the heirs