190 research outputs found
Towards Flexible Distribution Systems : Future Adaptive Management Schemes
During the ongoing evolution of energy systems toward increasingly flexible, resilient, and digitalized distribution systems, many issues need to be developed. In general, a holistic multi-level systemic view is required on the future enabling technologies, control and management methods, operation and planning principles, regulation as well as market and business models. Increasing integration of intermittent renewable generation and electric vehicles, as well as industry electrification during the evolution, requires a huge amount of flexibility services at multiple time scales and from different voltage levels, resources, and sectors. Active use of distribution network-connected flexible energy resources for flexibility services provision through new marketplaces will also be needed. Therefore, increased collaboration between system operators in operation and planning of the future power system will also become essential during the evolution. In addition, use of integrated cyber-secure, resilient, cost-efficient, and advanced communication technologies and solutions will be of key importance. This paper describes a potential three-stage evolution path toward fully flexible, resilient, and digitalized electricity distribution networks. A special focus of this paper is the evolution and development of adaptive control and management methods as well as compatible collaborative market schemes that can enable the improved provision of flexibility services by distribution network-connected flexible energy resources for local (distribution system operator) and system-wide (transmission system operator) needs.© 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).fi=vertaisarvioitu|en=peerReviewed
Blockchain in the Energy Sector for SDG Achievement
Blockchain technology finds application in multiple sectors, including renewable energy. Numerous blockchain-based applications aim to provide support in the production, management, distribution, and consumption of green energy. The benefits offered are not only technological but also social, environmental, and economic. The purpose of this study is to examine how the application of blockchain in the energy industry may affect the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This study is composed of two parts. The first part concerns the identification and analysis of the most relevant categories of blockchain applications in the energy sector and their ability to contribute to the achievement of the SDGs. A knowledge base, comprising scientific articles, gray literature, and real-world applications, has been created and analyzed. With a keyword-based approach, each application was associated with one or more SDGs. In the second part, the Sustainability Awareness Framework (SuSAF) was used to examine the findings of the first part of the study and discuss them in terms of five dimensions of sustainability. Finally, potential risks associated with the use of blockchain in the energy sector are also covered. Results reveal that tracking energy production and consumption and renewable energy communities are the applications that have the most beneficial effects, and that the benefits linked to blockchain adoption go beyond the energy sector to include the environment, the economy, industry, infrastructure, smart cities, and society
Blockchain, data protection and P2P energy trading. A review on legal and economic challenges
Blockchain technology (BCT) enables the automated execution of smart contracts in peerto-peer (P2P) energy trading. BCT-based P2P platforms allow the sharing, exchange and trade of energy among consumers or prosumers as peers, fostering the decarbonization, decentralization and digitalization of the energy industry. On the other hand, BCT-based P2P energy trading relies on the collection, storage and processing of a large amount of user data, posing interdisciplinary challenges, including user anonymity, privacy, the governance of BCT systems and the role of energy market players. First, this paper seeks to review the state of the art of European data protection law and regulations by focusing on BCT compliance with the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) of 2018. Second, it explores both the potentials and the challenges of BCT-based P2P energy trading from a legal–economic perspective. To do so, the paper adopts an interdisciplinary approach which intertwines both law and economics, by reviewing the recent literature on BCT and P2P energy trading. Findings have revealed that the deployment of BCT-based P2P energy trading is still in its pilot stage because of technology immaturity, data protection uncertainty, incomplete disintermediation and the lack of both user awareness and collaboration among market players. Drawing on the review, the paper also proposes a selection of solutions to foster the implementation
of BCT-based P2P energy trading
Peer-to-peer electricity trading and the sharing economy: social, markets and regulatory perspectives
Peer-to-peer (P2P) electricity trading is a new data-driven business model currently being trialed within the energy sector. Introducing P2P transactions to an essential service such as energy supply could have far-reaching implications for individuals and the grid. This paper raises considerations and questions from social, market design and regulatory points of view, which should be understood and addressed by societies and policymakers. It does this by considering under what circumstances it is reasonable to conceptualize P2P electricity trading as part of the sharing economy, and drawing parallels to the sharing economy experience in other sectors. In order to reap the full societal benefits, while avoiding considerable risks to infrastructure and individuals, a policy approach promoting dialogue and innovation is necessary. We suggest the regulatory sandbox is the most appropriate tool to achieve this and would help avoid the breakdown of trust between policymakers and platform companies observed in other sectors
State-of-the-art analysis and perspectives for peer-to-peer energy trading
As a promising solution to address the “energy trilemma” confronting human society, peer-to-peer (P2P) energy trading has emerged and rapidly developed in recent years. When carrying out P2P energy trading, customers with distributed energy resources (DERs) are able to directly trade and share energy with each other. This paper summarizes and analyzes the global development of P2P energy trading based on a comprehensive review of related academic papers, research projects, and industrial practice. Key aspects in P2P energy trading are identified and discussed, including market design, trading platforms, physical infrastructure and information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure, social science perspectives, and policy. For each key aspect, existing research and practice are critically reviewed and insights for future development are presented. Comprehensive concluding remarks are provided at the end, summarizing the major findings and perspectives of this paper. P2P energy trading is a growing field with great potential and opportunities for both academia and industry across the world
Trade-off among timeliness, messages and accuracy for large-Ssale information management
The increasing amount of data and the number of nodes in large-scale environments
require new techniques for information management. Examples of such environments
are the decentralized infrastructures of Computational Grid and Computational
Cloud applications. These large-scale applications need different kinds
of aggregated information such as resource monitoring, resource discovery or economic
information. The challenge of providing timely and accurate information
in large scale environments arise from the distribution of the information. Reasons
for delays in distributed information system are a long information transmission
time due to the distribution, churn and failures.
A problem of large applications such as peer-to-peer (P2P) systems is the increasing
retrieval time of the information due to the decentralization of the data
and the failure proneness. However, many applications need a timely information
provision. Another problem is an increasing network consumption when the application
scales to millions of users and data. Using approximation techniques allows
reducing the retrieval time and the network consumption. However, the usage of
approximation techniques decreases the accuracy of the results. Thus, the remaining
problem is to offer a trade-off in order to solve the conflicting requirements of
fast information retrieval, accurate results and low messaging cost.
Our goal is to reach a self-adaptive decision mechanism to offer a trade-off
among the retrieval time, the network consumption and the accuracy of the result.
Self-adaption enables distributed software to modify its behavior based on
changes in the operating environment. In large-scale information systems that use
hierarchical data aggregation, we apply self-adaptation to control the approximation
used for the information retrieval and reduces the network consumption and
the retrieval time. The hypothesis of the thesis is that approximation techniquescan reduce the retrieval time and the network consumption while guaranteeing an
accuracy of the results, while considering user’s defined priorities.
First, this presented research addresses the problem of a trade-off among a
timely information retrieval, accurate results and low messaging cost by proposing
a summarization algorithm for resource discovery in P2P-content networks.
After identifying how summarization can improve the discovery process, we propose
an algorithm which uses a precision-recall metric to compare the accuracy
and to offer a user-driven trade-off. Second, we propose an algorithm that applies
a self-adaptive decision making on each node. The decision is about the pruning
of the query and returning the result instead of continuing the query. The pruning
reduces the retrieval time and the network consumption at the cost of a lower accuracy
in contrast to continuing the query. The algorithm uses an analytic hierarchy
process to assess the user’s priorities and to propose a trade-off in order to satisfy
the accuracy requirements with a low message cost and a short delay.
A quantitative analysis evaluates our presented algorithms with a simulator,
which is fed with real data of a network topology and the nodes’ attributes. The
usage of a simulator instead of the prototype allows the evaluation in a large scale
of several thousands of nodes. The algorithm for content summarization is evaluated
with half a million of resources and with different query types. The selfadaptive
algorithm is evaluated with a simulator of several thousands of nodes
that are created from real data. A qualitative analysis addresses the integration
of the simulator’s components in existing market frameworks for Computational
Grid and Cloud applications.
The proposed content summarization algorithm reduces the information retrieval
time from a logarithmic increase to a constant factor. Furthermore, the
message size is reduced significantly by applying the summarization technique.
For the user, a precision-recall metric allows defining the relation between the retrieval
time and the accuracy. The self-adaptive algorithm reduces the number of
messages needed from an exponential increase to a constant factor. At the same
time, the retrieval time is reduced to a constant factor under an increasing number
of nodes. Finally, the algorithm delivers the data with the required accuracy
adjusting the depth of the query according to the network conditions.La gestió de la informació exigeix noves tècniques que tractin amb la creixent
quantitat de dades i nodes en entorns a gran escala. Alguns exemples d’aquests
entorns són les infraestructures descentralitzades de Computacional Grid i Cloud.
Les aplicacions a gran escala necessiten diferents classes d’informació agregada
com monitorització de recursos i informació econòmica. El desafiament de proporcionar
una provisió ràpida i acurada d’informació en ambients de grans escala
sorgeix de la distribució de la informació. Una raó és que el sistema d’informació
ha de tractar amb l’adaptabilitat i fracassos d’aquests ambients.
Un problema amb aplicacions molt grans com en sistemes peer-to-peer (P2P)
és el creixent temps de recuperació de l’informació a causa de la descentralització
de les dades i la facilitat al fracàs. No obstant això, moltes aplicacions necessiten
una provisió d’informació puntual. A més, alguns usuaris i aplicacions accepten
inexactituds dels resultats si la informació es reparteix a temps. A més i més, el
consum de xarxa creixent fa que sorgeixi un altre problema per l’escalabilitat del
sistema. La utilització de tècniques d’aproximació permet reduir el temps de recuperació
i el consum de xarxa. No obstant això, l’ús de tècniques d’aproximació
disminueix la precisió dels resultats. Així, el problema restant és oferir un compromís
per resoldre els requisits en conflicte d’extracció de la informació ràpida,
resultats acurats i cost d’enviament baix.
El nostre objectiu és obtenir un mecanisme de decisió completament autoadaptatiu
per tal d’oferir el compromís entre temps de recuperació, consum de
xarxa i precisió del resultat. Autoadaptacío permet al programari distribuït modificar
el seu comportament en funció dels canvis a l’entorn d’operació. En sistemes
d’informació de gran escala que utilitzen agregació de dades jeràrquica,
l’auto-adaptació permet controlar l’aproximació utilitzada per a l’extracció de la informació i redueixen el consum de xarxa i el temps de recuperació. La hipòtesi
principal d’aquesta tesi és que els tècniques d’aproximació permeten reduir el
temps de recuperació i el consum de xarxa mentre es garanteix una precisió adequada
definida per l’usari.
La recerca que es presenta, introdueix un algoritme de sumarització de continguts
per a la descoberta de recursos a xarxes de contingut P2P. Després d’identificar
com sumarització pot millorar el procés de descoberta, proposem una mètrica que
s’utilitza per comparar la precisió i oferir un compromís definit per l’usuari. Després,
introduïm un algoritme nou que aplica l’auto-adaptació a un ordre per satisfer
els requisits de precisió amb un cost de missatge baix i un retard curt. Basat
en les prioritats d’usuari, l’algoritme troba automàticament un compromís.
L’anàlisi quantitativa avalua els algoritmes presentats amb un simulador per
permetre l’evacuació d’uns quants milers de nodes. El simulador s’alimenta amb
dades d’una topologia de xarxa i uns atributs dels nodes reals. L’algoritme de
sumarització de contingut s’avalua amb mig milió de recursos i amb diferents
tipus de sol·licituds. L’anàlisi qualitativa avalua la integració del components del
simulador en estructures de mercat existents per a aplicacions de Computacional
Grid i Cloud. Així, la funcionalitat implementada del simulador (com el procés
d’agregació i la query language) és comprovada per la integració de prototips.
L’algoritme de sumarització de contingut proposat redueix el temps d’extracció
de l’informació d’un augment logarítmic a un factor constant. A més, també permet
que la mida del missatge es redueix significativament. Per a l’usuari, una
precision-recall mètric permet definir la relació entre el nivell de precisió i el
temps d’extracció de la informació. Alhora, el temps de recuperació es redueix
a un factor constant sota un nombre creixent de nodes. Finalment, l’algoritme
reparteix les dades amb la precisió exigida i ajusta la profunditat de la sol·licitud
segons les condicions de xarxa. Els algoritmes introduïts són prometedors per ser
utilitzats per l’agregació d’informació en nous sistemes de gestió de la informació
de gran escala en el futur
Blockchain technology to secure data for digital twins throughout smart buildings’ life cycle in the context of the circular economy
Blockchain technology (BCT) can be leveraged for digital twins (DT) to enhance data security, collaboration, efficiency, and sustainability in the construction industry (CI) 4.0. This study aims to develop a novel technological framework and software architecture using BCT for DT throughout the lifecycle of smart building projects in the context of the circular economy (CE). The study identifies key challenges and technological factors affecting BCT adoption. It also identifies which project data types can benefit from BCT and the key factors and non-functional requirements (NFRs) necessary for the adoption of blockchain based digital twins (BCDT) in CI 4.0. The study finally proposes a software architecture and smart contract framework for BCDT decentralized applications (DApps) throughout the lifecycle of smart infrastructure projects. The study offers a technological framework – the decentralized digital twin cycle (DDTC) – with BCT to enhance trust, security, decentralization, efficiency, traceability, and transparency of information. The study found that the key data from the project lifecycle relevant for BCDTs relate to the BIM dimensions (3D, 4D, 5D, 6D, 7D, and 8D) and a novel contractual dimension (cD) is also proposed. Additionally, BCDT maturity Level 4 is proposed, leveraging BCT to enhance collaboration, process automation, and data sharing within a decentralized data value chain. The main NFRs for BCDTs are security, privacy, interoperability, data ownership, data integrity, and the decentralization and scalability of data storage. A five layered software architecture and a smart contracts framework using Non-Fungible Tokens (NFTs) are offered to address key industry use cases and their functional and non-functional requirements. The framework narrows the gaps identified around network governance, scalability, decentralization, interoperability, energy efficiency, computational requirements, and the integration of BCT with IoT, BIM, and DT. A cost analysis permitted developing criteria to evaluate the suitability of blockchain networks for BCDT applications in CI 4.0 based on key blockchain properties (security, decentralization, scalability, and interoperability). The study provides an industry-specific analysis and technological approach for BCDT adoption to address key challenges and improve sustainability for the CI 4.0. The findings provide key building blocks for industry practitioners to adopt and develop BCDT DApps further. The framework enables a paradigm shift towards decentralized ecosystems of united BCDTs where trust, collaboration, data sharing, information security, efficiency, and sustainability are improved throughout the lifecycle of smart infrastructure projects within a decentralized CE (DCE)
- …