364,947 research outputs found
Stability of Extemporaneously Prepared Sodium Benzoate Oral Suspension
The stability of extemporaneously prepared sodium benzoate oral suspension in cherry syrup and Ora-Sweet was studied. Oral solutions of 250-mg/mL sodium benzoate were prepared in either cherry syrup or Ora-Sweet. To a beaker, 50 grams of Sodium Benzoate Powder USP was dissolved and filtered, the solution was divided equally into two parts, and each aliquot was added into two separate calibrated 100-mL amber vials. In the first vial, cherry syrup was added to make a final volume of 100 mL. In the second vial, Ora-Sweet was added to give a final volume of 100 mL. This process was repeated to prepare three solutions of each kind and all were stored at room temperature. A 250-µL sample was withdrawn immediately after preparation and again at 7, 14, 28, 60, and 90 days for each sample. At each time point, further dilution was made to an expected concentration of 0.25 mg/mL with sample diluent, and the samples were assayed in triplicate by stability-indicating high-performance liquid chromatography. Stability was defined as the retention of at least 90% of the initial concentration. At least 92% of the initial concentration of sodium benzoate in cherry syrup and at least 96% of the sodium benzoate in Ora-Sweet remained throughout the 90-day study period. There were no detectable changes in color and no visible microbial growth in any sample. Extemporaneously compounded suspensions of sodium benzoate in cherry syrup or Ora-Sweet were stable for at least 90 days when stored in a 4-oz amber plastic bottle at room temperature in reduced lighting
Quality of Medical Information Determine the Quality of Diagnosis Code
The accuracy of the diagnosis code has implications for future patient care planning, provision of health services and patient care costs. Therefore, this study has analyzed the influence of the quality of medical information on the quality of the diagnosis code which includes the accuracy, consistency, completeness and timeliness in coding the diagnosis of inpatients at Dr. Moewardi hospital.This was an observational analytic study with a sample of 250 medical records taken using stratified random sampling. Data were analyzed by chi square test. High quality of medical information has a better diagnosis code quality (73.80%) compared to poorly quality of medical information (36.00%). High quality of medical information has a log odds of 1.54 better in the quality of diagnosis code than poorly quality of medical information (b=1.54; 95% CI=0.81-2.27, p<0.001)
Paleontology: Outrunning Time
In this paper, I discuss several temporal aspects of paleontology from a
philosophical perspective. I begin by presenting the general problem of “taming”
deep time to make it comprehensible at a human scale, starting with the traditional
geologic time scale: an event-based, relative time scale consisting of a hierarchy of
chronological units. Not only does the relative timescale provide a basis for
reconstructing many of the general features of the history of life, but it is also
consonant with the cognitive processes humans use to think about time. Absolute
dating of rocks, fossils, and evolutionary events (such as branching events on the
tree of life) can be accomplished through the use of radiometric dating, chronological
signals extractable from fossil growth patterns, and the “molecular clock.”
Sometimes these different methods of absolute dating, which start from largely
independent assumptions and evidentiary bases, converge in their temporal estimates,
resulting in a consilience of inductions. At other times they fail to agree,
either because fossils and molecules are giving temporal information about different
aspects of nature and should not be expected to agree, or because of flawed
assumptions that give rise to an inaccurate estimate. I argue that in general, despite
the fact that it can be difficult to integrate disparate kinds of evidence, the principle
of total evidence should be applied to the dating of evolutionary events. As a
historical science, paleontology studies past events we cannot observe directly.
This raises questions of epistemic access, meaning that due to the fragmentary
nature of the fossil record we may find ourselves without access to the relevant
traces to adjudicate between rival hypotheses about the past. The problems and
prospects of epistemic access are explored through a case study of the reconstruction
of the colors of dinosaurs. The paper closes with a reflection on the Darwin-
Lyell metaphor of the fossil record as a highly fragmentary history book, and a call
for a reconsideration of the book metaphor in favor of a systems view of the
geologic and fossil records
Why certain systematic reviews reach uncertain conclusions
No abstract available
Impact of NICE guidance on laparoscopic surgery for inguinal hernias: analysis of interrupted time series
After the introduction of Bassini's procedure in the late 19th century, methods of repairing hernias changed little until the 1990s, when synthetic mesh and laparoscopic methods arrived. In contrast to the open mesh technique, laparoscopic surgery remains uncommon. In January 2001, the National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) issued guidance that stated, "For repair of primary inguinal hernia, open [mesh] should be the preferred surgical procedure." We describe patterns of surgical repair of inguinal hernias and assess the impact of NICE's guidance
Isolation and Characterization of Microsatellite Markers for Hypochaeris incana (Asteraceae) and Close Relatives
Premise of the study: We developed microsatellite markers to study clonal growth and interspecific hybridization in the Patagonian and subantarctic plant Hypochaeris incana (Asteraceae) and its closest relatives. Methods and Results: We developed primers for microsatellite loci from 454 sequence reads of genomic DNA of H. incana. We tested them on individuals of H. acaulis, H. hookeri, H. incana, H. palustris, and H. tenuifolia. We selected 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci, which delivered clearly scorable fragments in most or all species. With mean values between 0.7 and 0.8, the expected heterozygosity in populations of H. incana is high. Conclusions: Due to high levels of polymorphism, the developed markers make it possible to distinguish between genets and ramets in H. incana. In some markers, null alleles complicate the scoring of genotypes in tetraploids. All of the developed markers are suitable to study interspecific hybridization among this group of closely related species.Fil: Wang, Ping. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; AustriaFil: Tremetsberger, Karin. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; AustriaFil: Urtubey, Estrella. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones CientĂficas y TĂ©cnicas. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion. Academia Nacional de Ciencias Exactas, FĂsicas y Naturales. Instituto de Botánica Darwinion; ArgentinaFil: Bernhardt, Karl-Georg. University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences; Austri
FIRM’S FINANCING AND INDUSTRIAL STRUCTURE IN THE LESS DEVELOPED REGIONS OF THE SOUTH ITALY
The paper shows that there is a relationship between firm’s financial condition and the industrial specialization model of the Italian Mezzogiorno, that is the least developed area of the country. In order to analyze the financial status of the firms, the approach of the theory of the finance is adopted. The empirical model proposed by the Gibrat law literature is used to produce the estimates of the relationship between firms’ growth and cash flow. Then, the indices measuring the “financial dependence†on the internal finance or the “financial constraints†to the firm growth of the Mezzogiorno’s industries are compared to those of the other Italian regions. Finally, the analysis of the between the emerging financial condition of the firms and both the firm side distribution of the individual industries and the composition of the manufacturing of the South Italy is proposed. Our econometric analyses, carried out on a representative sample of manufacturing firms, confirm that there is a robust relationship between financial status of the firms and the specialisation model of manufacturing of the Italian Mezzogiorno.financial constraints, internal finance, growth-cash flow relationship
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