807 research outputs found

    Immigrants and Billion Dollar Startups

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    Immigrants play a key role in creating new, fast-growing companies, as evidenced by the prevalence of foreignborn founders and key personnel in the nation's leading privately-held companies. Immigrants have started more than half (44 of 87) of America's startup companies valued at 1billiondollarsormoreandarekeymembersofmanagementorproductdevelopmentteamsinover70percent(62of87)ofthesecompanies.Theresearchfindsthatamongthebilliondollarstartupcompanies,immigrantfoundershavecreatedanaverageofapproximately760jobspercompanyintheUnitedStates.Thecollectivevalueofthe44immigrant−foundedcompaniesis1 billion dollars or more and are key members of management or product development teams in over 70 percent (62 of 87) of these companies. The research finds that among the billion dollar startup companies, immigrant founders have created an average of approximately 760 jobs per company in the United States. The collective value of the 44 immigrant-founded companies is 168 billion, which is close to half the value of the stock markets of Russia or Mexico.The research involved conducting interviews and gathering information on the 87 U.S. startup companies valued at over 1billion(asofJanuary1,2016)thathaveyettobecomepubliclytradedontheU.S.stockmarketandaretrackedbyTheWallStreetJournalandDowJonesVentureSource.Thecompanies,allprivately−heldandwiththepotentialtobecomepubliclytradedonthestockmarket,aretodayeachvaluedat1 billion (as of January 1, 2016) that have yet to become publicly traded on the U.S. stock market and are tracked by The Wall Street Journal and Dow Jones VentureSource. The companies, all privately-held and with the potential to become publicly traded on the stock market, are today each valued at 1 billion or more and have received venture capital (equity) financing

    "Shami" A Public Life Narrator

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    The public life of people in most cases are among forgotten parts of the Persian literature; in other words, most of the poets because of their too much attention to the kings and their actions and behaviors, followed by their disconnection with the inferior class of the society, have rarely composed poems on the public life of the people. The constitutional revolution to a great extent shifted this balance in favor of the public. In this paper, the anthology of the Kurdish blind poet “Shami” - which deals with the poor class of the society and the issues relating to it from a linguistic and thematic perspective - has been investigated and on the basis of the issues that embody most in the anthology, the poems relating to the public life have been categorized into four groups: 1. Life appliances and equipment, 2.Number of people, 3. Speech and 4. Customs and etiquette. This investigation showed that Shami is a poet that understands the pains and woes of the people and tries through an eloquent language to express pains and sufferings of his own class in a poetic form, offering it to the public. Hence, he can be called a social poet as suc

    Projections of Energy Use and Carbon Emissions for Bangkok, Thailand

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    Cities around the world have developed innovative plans and strategies to reduce rampant and uncontrolled energy use and CO2 emissions. It is not surprising that many cities have adopted long-term emission reduction goals. However, a detailed analysis of energy use and the resulting carbon emissions are rare in developing countries. This paper presents historical trends of energy demand and energy-related CO2 emissions for Bangkok, Thailand. The CO2 emissions account for the use of fossil fuels only. It also presents the projections of energy use and CO2 emissions from 2010 to 2050. Using a bottom-up energy model and scenario analysis, the paper employs a Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) system to simulate four sectors in Bangkok. The results identified by the BAU (business-as-usual) scenario indicate that total energy is expected to reach 54,560 kilotonne of oil equivalent (ktoe) with 191 million tonne CO2 (Mt-CO2) by 2050. Under the alternative scenario, if all policy interventions are implemented simultaneously, the potential for energy-savings and reduced CO2 emissions in 2050 are estimated to be 32,120 ktoe and 106.19 Mt-CO2. Other international cities may wish to apply the strategies and analytical approaches presented in this paper for developing appropriate policies and measures in their own jurisdictions

    Enhancing Federated Cloud Management with an Integrated Service Monitoring Approach

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    Cloud Computing enables the construction and the provisioning of virtualized service-based applications in a simple and cost effective outsourcing to dynamic service environments. Cloud Federations envisage a distributed, heterogeneous environment consisting of various cloud infrastructures by aggregating different IaaS provider capabilities coming from both the commercial and the academic area. In this paper, we introduce a federated cloud management solution that operates the federation through utilizing cloud-brokers for various IaaS providers. In order to enable an enhanced provider selection and inter-cloud service executions, an integrated monitoring approach is proposed which is capable of measuring the availability and reliability of the provisioned services in different providers. To this end, a minimal metric monitoring service has been designed and used together with a service monitoring solution to measure cloud performance. The transparent and cost effective operation on commercial clouds and the capability to simultaneously monitor both private and public clouds were the major design goals of this integrated cloud monitoring approach. Finally, the evaluation of our proposed solution is presented on different private IaaS systems participating in federations. © 2013 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

    A prevalence study of dental malocclusions in children with sleep disorders

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    Introduction : Les troubles respiratoires du sommeil (TRS) sont un continuum qui va du ronflement Ă  l’apnĂ©e du sommeil. Le ronflement est un bruit Ă  l’inspiration, causĂ© par la vibration des tissus mous des voies aĂ©riennes supĂ©rieures dĂ©tendus par le sommeil. Le syndrome d’apnĂ©e du sommeil est caractĂ©risĂ© par l’arrĂȘt partiel ou complet du flot respiratoire de façon rĂ©pĂ©titive et transitoire durant le sommeil. Alors que l’hypertrophie des adĂ©noĂŻdes/amygdales est le facteur primaire contribuant aux TRS pĂ©diatriques, il pourrait y avoir d’autres origines Ă  l’obstruction tel que les malformations craniofaciales. Le but de cette Ă©tude de prĂ©valence est de faire le compte du nombre de patients qui bĂ©nĂ©ficieraient d’une Ă©valuation dentaire et orthodontique parmi ceux qui ont des troubles respiratoires de sommeil vus au CHU Sainte-Justine. Notre hypothĂšse de recherche est que la prĂ©valence de malocclusions et d’anomalies dento-squelettiques serait diffĂ©rente entre les enfants apnĂ©iques et non-apnĂ©iques. MĂ©thodologie : Lors de cette Ă©tude prospective multicentrique, les patients qui vont complĂ©ter un enregistrement de sommeil pour diagnostiquer les troubles respiratoires du sommeil au laboratoire de sommeil du CHU Sainte Justine seront contactĂ©s pour participer Ă  cette Ă©tude de prĂ©valence (n=100). L’évaluation dentaire se fera durant le rendez-vous. Le questionnaire de dĂ©pistage de Gozal et les donnĂ©es polysomnographiques, orthodontiques et craniofaciales seront Ă©tudiĂ©es. RĂ©sultats : Un total de 100 patients a Ă©tĂ© recrutĂ© (58 M, 42F). L’ñge moyen des patients Ă©tait de 9.6 ± 4.05 (3-18 ans). Les patients Ă©taient divisĂ©s en groupes (n=57) IAH < 2, (n=43) IAH ≄ 2. Le groupe IAH < 2 avait une moyenne 0.79 ± 0.53. Le groupe IAH ≄ 2 avait une moyenne de 7.79 ± 8.03. Aucune diffĂ©rence n’a Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ© entre les groupes IAH et le IMC (p=0.303). Par contre, le score de Gozal Ă©tait significatif pour dĂ©pister des IAH plus sĂ©vĂšres (p=0.011) pour un score ≄ 2.72. Aucune diffĂ©rence significative n’a Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©e entre les amygdales hypertrophiques (score ≄3) et l’IAH (p=0.426). De plus, aucune diffĂ©rence significative n'a Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©e entre les groupes IAH pour les caractĂ©ristiques craniofaciales et dentaires. Les patients ayant des habitudes orales (morsures des ongles/joues/ lĂšvres, bruxisme, succion du pouce) avaient une tendance d’avoir un IAH <2 (p = 0.064). La rĂ©gression logistique a conclu que les garçons sont plus Ă  risque (OR=3.52, 95%CI 1.27-9.77), ceux avec des habitudes orales sont moins Ă  risque (OR=0.33, 95%CI 0.13-0.89) et que le risque d’avoir l’apnĂ©e augmente de 1.09 pour chaque unitĂ© d’accroissement d’IMC. Conclusions : La prĂ©valence des malocclusions dentaires chez les enfants a Ă©tĂ© jugĂ©e non significative entre les groupes de diffĂ©rentes sĂ©vĂ©ritĂ© d’IAH. Aucune corrĂ©lation significative n'a Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ©e entre la morphologie craniofaciale et dentaire et les donnĂ©es sur le sommeil. NĂ©anmoins, il s'agit d'une analyse prĂ©liminaire. L'objectif de cette Ă©tude multicentrique est de recruter jusqu'Ă  400 enfants et une analyse plus approfondie sera effectuĂ©e. D'autres Ă©tudes sont recommandĂ©es pour tirer de meilleures conclusions et amĂ©liorer le pouvoir statistique dans le rĂŽle de la morphologie craniofaciale et dentaire chez les enfants avec des troubles respiratoires du sommeil.Introduction: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is a continuum that ranges from snoring to sleep apnea. SDB occurs in children of all ages, from neonates to adolescents, and it is characterized by repeated events of snoring, and either partial (i.e. hypopnea) or complete (i.e. apnea) upper airway obstruction during sleep. While hypertrophy of the adenoids / tonsils is the primary factor contributing to pediatric SDB, there may be other origins to obstruction such as craniofacial malformations. The purpose of this prevalence study is to count the number of patients who would benefit from a dental and orthodontic assessment among those with sleeping breathing problems seen at the CHU Sainte-Justine. Our research hypothesis is that the prevalence of malocclusions and dento-skeletal abnormalities would be different between apneic and non-apneic children. Methods: In this prospective multicenter study, patients who will complete type 1 polysomnography to diagnose sleep disorders at the CHU Sainte Justine will be contacted to participate in this prevalence study (n=100). Dental and orthodontic evaluation will be done during the appointment. Gozal screening questionnaire, polysomnographic, orthodontic and craniofacial data will be studied. RESULTS: A total of 100 patients were recruited (58 M, 42 F). The mean age of the patients was 9.6 ± 4.05 (3-18 years). Patients were divided into groups (n = 57) AHI <2, (n = 43) AHI ≄ 2. The AHI <2 group had a mean AHI of 0.79 ± 0.53. The AHI ≄ 2 group had a mean AHI of 7.79 ± 8.03. No difference was found between AHI groups and BMI (p = 0.303). On the other hand, Gozal score was significant for detecting more severe AHI’s (p = 0.011) for a severity score ≄ 2.72. No significant difference was found between hypertrophic tonsils (score ≄3) and AHI (p = 0.426). In addition, no significant difference was found between AHI groups for craniofacial and dental characteristics. Patients with oral habits (nail/cheek/lip biting, bruxism, thumb sucking) tended to have an AHI <2 (p = 0.064). Logistic regression calculations concluded that boys are at higher risk (OR = 3.52, 95% CI 1.27-9.77), those with oral habits are less at risk (OR = 0.33, 95% CI 0.13-0.89) and that odds of having apnea increases by 1.09 for each unit of BMI increase. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of dental malocclusions in children was found to be insignificant among groups of different AHI severity. No significant correlation was found between craniofacial and dental morphology and sleep data. Nevertheless, this is a preliminary analysis. The objective of this multi-center study is to recruit up to 400 children and further analysis will be carried out. Further studies are recommended to draw better conclusions and improve statistical power in the role of craniofacial and dental morphology in children with sleep disorders

    Traitement combinĂ© d’orthodontie et de chirurgie orthognatique avec InvisalignÂź : revue de la durĂ©e de traitement et des rĂ©sultats obtenus

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    INTRODUCTION Il existe actuellement de nombreuses options esthĂ©tiques de traitement pour corriger orthodontiquement les malocclusions dentaires. Le standard de traitement en chirurgie orthognatique est d’utiliser des boĂźtiers conventionnels fixes. RĂ©cemment, une nouvelle technique gagne en popularitĂ© en pratique privĂ©e : l’utilisation de coquilles d’alignement transparentes comme alternative esthĂ©tique. La littĂ©rature actuelle sur ce sujet consiste exclusivement de rapports de cas. Ainsi, il semble raisonnable d’affirmer que davantage de recherche est nĂ©cessaire sur ce sujet. OBJECTIFS L’objectif principal de cette Ă©tude rĂ©trospective est d’évaluer la qualitĂ© des rĂ©sultats obtenus Ă  la suite de traitements combinĂ©s d’orthodontie et de chirurgie orthognatique en utilisant le systĂšme InvisalignÂź, en comparaison avec les boĂźtiers orthodontiques traditionnels. L’objectif secondaire de comparer la durĂ©e de traitement entre les deux systĂšmes. MATÉRIEL/MÉTHODES Quarante-neuf patients ont Ă©tĂ© recrutĂ©s en provenance de deux pratiques orthodontiques privĂ©es (24 InvisalignÂź / 25 contrĂŽles de boĂźtiers fixes). Les deux groupes Ă©taient initialement similaires, tel que mesurĂ© par le Discrepancy Index de l’American Board of Orthodontics. Les rĂ©sultats finaux ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©s en utilisant l’outil Phase III (Model Grading System) de l’American Board of Orthodontics. RÉSULTATS Les scores moyens de chaque catĂ©gorie du Model Grading System Ă©taient supĂ©rieurs pour le groupe InvisalignÂź et une diffĂ©rence significative existait entre les groupes pour les catĂ©gories d’alignement, de contacts occlusaux, d’angulation des racines et de score total. Les durĂ©es de la prĂ©paration prĂ©-chirurgicale et du traitement total se sont rĂ©vĂ©lĂ©es plus courtes pour le groupe InvisalignÂź (p ≀ 0.05). CONCLUSION InvisalignÂź a produit des traitements combinĂ©s d’orthodontie et de chirurgie orthognatique plus courts que les boĂźtiers traditionnels. Par contre, des scores du Model Grading System supĂ©rieurs ont Ă©tĂ© rĂ©pertoriĂ©s lorsque comparĂ©s avec les boĂźtiers conventionnels, signifiant la production de rĂ©sultats de qualitĂ© infĂ©rieure Ă  la technique traditionnelle fixe.INTRODUCTION Numerous esthetic orthodontic treatment options currently exist to correct dental malocclusions. The gold standard in orthognathic surgery is to use bonded orthodontic brackets. Recently, clear aligners have been proposed as an alternative. The current available literature on this topic consists exclusively of case reports. Therefore, it seems reasonable to assume that further research is needed on this topic. OBJECTIVE The primary objective of this retrospective study aims to evaluate the quality of the outcomes of combined orthodontic and surgical treatments with InvisalignÂź when compared with conventional orthodontic treatments. The secondary objective is to compare the duration of treatment between InvisalignÂź and conventional brackets. MATERIAL/METHODS Forty-nine patients were recruited from two orthodontic private practices (24 InvisalignÂź / 25 bracket controls). Both groups were initially similar, as per the ABO Discrepancy Index. The results were assessed using the ABO Phase III method (MGS). RESULTS The MGS mean scores were consistently higher for InvisalignÂź and there was a significant difference between the groups regarding alignment, occlusal contacts, root angulations and total score. The duration of pre-surgical preparation and the total treatment time were shorter for the InvisalignÂź group (p ≀ 0.05). CONCLUSION InvisalignÂź provided faster combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgery treatment, yet demonstrated inferior quality of results when compared to conventional brackets using the MGS

    Towards an expanded concept of form: Gottfried Semper on ancient projectiles

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    Il contributo prende spunto dal saggio di Bernhard Cache "Digital Semper" del 2000 per elaborare una riflessione sul concetto relazionale di forma, sviluppato da Semper nel suo testo del 1859 "Ueber die bleiernen Schleudergeschosse der Alten und ušber zweckmĂ€ssige Gestaltung der Wurfkörper im Allgemeinen". Viene affrontato criticamente il tentativo da parte di Cache di ampliare il sistema categorie-materiale in Semper e le rispettive tecniche originarie di artigianato verso un processo di tecnologie dell’informazione. AnzichĂ© utilizzare questo sistema di Semper come fondamento teorico per le tecnologie dell’informazione progettuale coadiuvata dal computer, viene proposta una correlazione tra la creazione formale sulla base di fattori variabili, analizzati da Semper nel suo lavoro sui proiettili greci, e il processo di disegno digitale

    The Method and Role of Comparative Law

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    Part II will lay out the methodology of comparative law. My proposal for comparative methodology consists of these steps: Step 1 calls for acquiring the skills of a comparativist. These skills require immersion in the culture under review, linguistic knowledge, and the application of neutral, objective evaluative skills. Step 2 requires the application of these comparative skills to evaluate the external law, which consists of the law as written or stated. Here we must do a close assessment of the similarities and differences of the laws of different countries under review. Step 3 involves applying that same methodology to the internal law, a level of law that lies beneath external law yet has important influences on the formation of law. Finally, in Step 4 the results of comparative investigation are assembled in order to determine what we can learn from the foreign legal system and how that insight might reflect on our own legal system. Part III will then turn to describing and outlining the mission of comparative law. Here the focus will be on employing comparative law methodology to help gain insight into the laws of non- Western countries and solve pressing public policy questions
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