13 research outputs found

    Metacarpal cortical bone loss and osteoporotic fractures in the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection

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    There has been considerable progress in recent years in our understanding of the patterns of cortical bone loss in the second metacarpal in archeological skeletal samples. Nevertheless, cortical data from reference skeletal collections are insufficient, and the possible connection of metacarpal cortical parameters with osteoporotic fractures has not been thoroughly addressed. As such, this article aims to identify and explain sex-specific and age-associated metacarpal cortical bone loss in a large sample (N = 302females: 154/males: 148) from the Coimbra Identified Skeletal Collection. Another objective is to evaluate the association of cortical and demographic features with osteoporotic fractures. Age-related endocortical bone loss is significant in women but not evident in men. Periosteal accretion of the bone is absent in both sexes. Overall, there is a net loss of the cortical bone in women, whereas cortical bone strength seems to be preserved in men. The prevalence of osteoporotic fractures is similar in both sexes, with age at death significantly influencing the probability of exhibiting a fracture. Metacarpal cortical index does not seem to be an independent risk factor for osteoporotic fractures in this sample.Fundacao para a Ciencia e a TecnologiaPortuguese Foundation for Science and Technology [SFRH/BPD/74015/2010

    Osteoporosis and paleopathology: a review

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    Osteoporosis is a complex and heterogeneous disorder, of multi-factor aetiology. It is the most frequent metabolic bone disorder, affecting an increasing number of post-menopausal women and aging individuals from both sexes. Although first recognized more than 250 years ago, the clinical and epidemiological knowledge about osteoporosis is largely limited to the last 70 years. Within the conceptual frames of paleopathology, disease is necessarily perceived in a space without depth (the skeleton) and of coincidence without development (the crucial moment of death) -but is also interpreted in a time interval which adds an historical gaze to its "biography". The study of osteoporosis in past populations (which faced sociocultural conditions utterly different from the genus vitae experienced by modern communities) supplements diachronic depth to the knowledge about bone modifications related to age, menopausal status or lifestyle. This article aims to provide a comprehensive record on the history of osteoporosis and fragility fractures as perceived by the biomedical, historical and, particularly, paleopathological sciences. As such, the main focus of this review is to present an exhaustive and historical-framed exposition of the studies of osteoporosis, bone loss and associated fractures within the field of paleopathology and, to a lesser extent, in the history of medicine. A biomedical-oriented synopsis of the main operational definitions, etiological agents and epidemiological features of osteoporosis and osteoporotic fractures is also provided

    Quantitative imaging techniques for the assessment of osteoporosis and sarcopenia

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    Bone and muscle are two deeply interconnected organs and a strong relationship between them exists in their development and maintenance. The peak of both bone and muscle mass is achieved in early adulthood, followed by a progressive decline after the age of 40. The increase in life expectancy in developed countries resulted in an increase of degenerative diseases affecting the musculoskeletal system. Osteoporosis and sarcopenia represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the elderly population and are associated with a significant increase in healthcare costs. Several imaging techniques are currently available for the non-invasive investigation of bone and muscle mass and quality. Conventional radiology, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound often play a complementary role in the study of osteoporosis and sarcopenia, depicting different aspects of the same pathology. This paper presents the different imaging modalities currently used for the investigation of bone and muscle mass and quality in osteoporosis and sarcopenia with special emphasis on the clinical applications and limitations of each technique and with the intent to provide interesting insights into recent advances in the field of conventional imaging, novel high-resolution techniques and fracture risk

    Measurement of bone mineral mass in clinical perspective

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    It has now became possible to measure the bone mineral content in the axial as well as the peripheral skeleton. Moreover, with the use of computed tomography a selective assessment can be made of cancellous (trabecular) versus cortical bone mineral density. These technical achievements have led to a better understanding of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and provided information on the effects of therapeutic interventions. Despite these sophisticated methods for bone mineral assessment the diagnosis of osteoporosis remains based on the occurrence of non-traumatic fractures and for that purpose an ordinary X-ray will be sufficient. For investigational use several non-invasive methods for measuring bone mineral mass have been developed, although only photonabsorptiometry (Single and Dual energy: SPA and DPA. respectively) and Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT) are operational in large scale clinical practice. The advantages of photonabsorptiometry and the more recently developed Dual Energy Xray Absorptiometry (DEXA) over QCT are the lower radiation exposure, lower costs, better accuracy and precision and easier operation. The great advantage of QCT is the unique possibility to measure cancellous and cortical bone separately. With these non-invasive methods of bone mineral assessment is has been shown that women will lose during their lifes about 35 percent of their cortical and about 50 percent of their cancellous bone. We studied this pattern of age-related bone loss cross-sectionally in 171 healthy Dutch women and observed an accelerated bone loss around the menopause at all measurement sites (see Chapter 5). Further analyses showed that the onset of cortical bone loss as measured by SPA occurs on the average at least a decade later than the onset of cancellous bone loss which already manifests itself before the menopause. This pattern of cancellous and cortical bone loss during aging shows a parrallelism with the observed patterns of incidence of age-related fractures. The incidence of Colles fractures in women rises soon after the menopause and a plateau is reached around the age of 65. This type of fracture (distal forearm) occurs at a site containing a relatively high proportion of cancellous bone. On the other hand, the incidence of hip fractures increases slowly with age, which rise accelerates late in life in both men and women. This type of fracture characteristically is one of cortical bone. Somewhere between these two types of fractures the vertebral compression fractures take position. They occur soon after the menopause and the incidence apppears to rise over the two decades after menopause. The vertebral body contains about equal amounts of cancellous and cortical bone

    The Human First Metatarsal in Bioarchaeological Research: New Insights into Human Variation and Bone Health Research from Kellis 2, Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt (50-450CE)

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    Objectives: This research tests the efficacy of using the human first metatarsal (MT1) in bioarchaeological research, specifically to investigate human variation (nonmetric traits and sexual dimorphism) and skeletal health (Osteo-Volumetric Density and ”CT analysis) in antiquity. To date, this bone has had limited applications in bioarchaeology. Materials and Methods: This study used human remains from the Kellis 2 (K2) cemetery, located in the Dakhleh Oasis, Egypt (50-450CE). Specifically, 377 MT1s, representing 212 individuals were used to investigate human variation and osteo-volumetric density (OVD) in the K2 skeletal population. Additionally, skeletal health was further assessed in a female sub-sample (n=44) of the population using ”CT analysis. ”CT imaging of the MT1s was conducted using eXplore speCZT scanner, and analyses were done in MicroView with the Advanced Bone Analysis Application software add-in (Version 2.1.2, GE Healthcare Biosciences, London, ON) Results: The intermetatarsal facet had a prevalence of 28% in the K2 skeletal population. Moreover, significant sexual dimorphism was observed for MT1 metrics, and logistic regression models could predict the sex of an individual from K2 between ~80-90% of the time. The novel OVD method was found reliable/reproducible through intra-/inter-observer statistical analyses. The OVD patterns differed significantly between males and females, as well as between age-cohorts. The inverse relationship between age and the estimated OVD in K2 females was much more pronounced than was seen in K2 males. Additionally, an inverse relationship between biological age and the standard measures associated with bone strength/architecture using ”CT analyses was observed for the female sub-population. The T-scores of individuals previously diagnosed with osteoporosis (based on age and fractures) were significantly below the mean of the “healthy” population using both OVD and ”CT analyses of the MT1. Conclusions: The first metatarsal is a suitable element for the study of human variation and skeletal health in antiquity. Although not an area normally associated with osteoporosis related fractures, this research shows that the MT1 is not spared from age-related bone loss, and may prove useful for investigating skeletal health when the more traditional elements are not available

    Physical science techniques for non-invasive, quantitative measurements within the living human body

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    The research in this thesis focuses on the use of a range of physical science techniques to perform quantitative measurements within the living human body in a non-invasive manner, for the purpose of understanding disease processes, diagnosing abnormality or monitoring therapeutic responses. The research publications cover work which has been undertaken over the last thirty years in the Universities of Edinburgh, London and Leeds. The research has not concentrated on one aspect of the physical sciences but has taken advantage of scientific and technological developments, encompassing neutron, X and y ionising radiation, laser and THz non-ionising radiation, magnetism, radio-waves and a range of mathematical and computing techniques. Clinical applications have encompassed a wide range of diseases and conditions and include osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases, cardiac disease, vascular disease, rheumatoid arthritis and cancer.PUBLICATIONS ‱ ‱ BONE MEASUREMENT ‱ 1. Development of apparatus to measure calcium changes in the forearm and spine by neutron activation analysis using Cf-252 (*PhD) MA Smith and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 24, 319-329, 1979 2. Measurement of spinal calcium by in vivo neutron activation analysis in osteoporosis (*PhD) MA Smith, R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, LG Mcintosh, JD Simpson, JA Strong and P Tothill Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 2, 45-48, 1981 3. Long term effect of dialysate calcuim and 1a -OHD3 on bone calcium in haemodialysis patients as measured by neutron activation analysis of the forearm (*PhD) MA Smith, RJ Winney, JA Strong and P Tothill Nephron 28, 213-217, 1981 4. Total body neutron activation analysis of calcium: calibration and normalisation NSJ Kennedy, R Eastell, CM Ferrington, JD Simpson, MA Smith, JA Strong and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 27, 697-708, 1982 5. The crossover correction in dual photon absorptiometry with Gd-153 MA Smith and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 27, 1515-1521, 1982 6. Bone demineralisation in patients with Turner's syndrome MA Smith, J Wilson and WH Price Journal of Medical Genetics 19, 100-103, 1982 7. Total body calcium in rheumatoid arthritis: effects of disease activity and corticosteroid treatment DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki British Medical Journal 285, 330-332 1982 8. Comparison between Gd-153 and Am-241, Cs-137 for dual photon absorptiometry of the spine MA Smith, D Sutton and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 709-721, 1983 9. Intra-laboratory variations using dual photon absorptiometry MA Smith and P Tothill Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 748-751, 1983 10. Dual photon absorptiometry of the spine with a low activity source of gadolinium 153 P Tothill, MA Smith and D Sutton British Journal of Radiology 56, 829-835, 1983 11. Normal levels of total body sodium and chlorine by neutron activation analysis NSJ Kennedy, R Eastell, P Tothill and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 28, 215-222, 1983 12. The assessment of postmenopausal osteoporosis by total body neutron activation analysis R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, JD Simpson, JA Strong and P Tothill Metabolic Bone Disease and Related Research 5, 65-67, 1983 13. Bone mass in nodal primary generalised osteoarthritis DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 43, 240-242, 1984 14. Changes in total body calcium after renal transplantation effect of low-dose steroid regime R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and JL Anderton Nephron 40, 139-142, 1985 15. The seasonal variation of total body calcium P Tothill, NSJ Kennedy, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, DM Reid and G Nuki Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 7, 361-367, 1986 16. Bone mass in ankylosing spondylitis DM Reid, JJ Nicoll, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki Journal of Rheumatology 13, 932-935, 1986 17. Corticosteroids and bone mass in asthma: comparisons with rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica DM Reid, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, B Higgins, P Tothill and G Nuki British Medical Journal 293, 1463-1466, 1986 18. Total and peripheral bone mass in patients with psoriatic arthritis and rheumatoid arthritis DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, P Tothill and G Nuki Clinical Rheumatology 5, No 3, 372-278, 1986 19. Changes in total body calcium following surgery for primary hyperparathyroidism R Eastell, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, P Tothill and CRW Edwards Bone 7, 269-272 1986 20. Bone loss in rheumatoid arthritis and primary generalized osteoarthrosis: effects of corticosteroids, suppressive antirheumatic drugs drugs and calcium supplements DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy, MA Smith, JJ Nicoll, N Brown, P Tothill and G Nuki British Journal of Rheumatology 25, 253-259, 1986 21. Measurement of hand bone mineral content using single-photon absorptiometry JJ Nicoll, MA Smith, DM Reid, E Law, N Brown, P Tothill and G Nuki Physics in Medicine and Biology 32, 697-706, 1987 22. In-vivo precision of total body calcium and sodium measurements by neutron activation analysis JJ Nicoll, P Tothill, MA Smith, DM Reid, NSJ Kennedy and G Nuki Physics in Medicine and Biology 32, 243-246, 1987 23. Prediction of fracture healing in the tibia by quantitative radionuclide imaging MA Smith, E Jones, R Strachan, P Tothill, JJK Best and SPF Hughes Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery 69-B, 441-448, 1987 24. Premenopausal bone loss in the lumbar spine and neck of femur: a study of 225 Caucasian women A Rodin, B Murby, MA Smith, M Caleffi, I Fentiman, MG Chapman and I Fogelman Bone 11, 1-5, 1990 25. Bone ultrasound attenuation in women: reproducibility, normal variation and comparison woth photon absorptiometry JG Truscott, M Simpson, SP Stewart, R Milner, CF Westmacott, B Oldroyd, JA Evans, A Horsman, CM Langton and MA Smith Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 13, 29-36, 1992 26. The use of a radiation sensitive CCD camera system to measure bone mineral content in the neonatal forearm: a feasibility study JG Truscott, R Milner, S Metcalfe and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 37, 1391-1397, 1992 27. Primary Generalised Osteoarthritis and Bone Mass LD Hordon, SP Stewart, PR Troughton, V Wright, A Horsman and MA Smith British Journal of Rheumatology 32, 1059-1061, 1993 28. Variation in lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral measured by dual energy X-ray absorption: a study of 329 normal women JG Truscott, B Oldroyd, M Simpson, SP Stewart, CF Westmacott, R Milner, A Horsman and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 66, 514-521, 1993 29. A phantom for quantitative ultrasound of trabecular bone AJ Clarke, JA Evans, JG Truscott, R Milner and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 39, 1677-1687, 1994 30. Comparison of changes in bone mineral in idiopathic and secondary osteoporosis following therapy with cyclical disodium etidronate and high dose calcium supplementation SM Orme, M Simpson, SP Stewart, B Oldroyd, CF Westmacott, MA Smith and PE Belchetz Clinical Endocrinology 41(2), 245-50, 1994 31. A portable system for measuring bone mineral density in the pre-term neonatal forearm JG Truscott, R Milner, PC Holland, C Wood and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 69, 532-8, 1996 32. Assessment of renal osteodystrophy in dialysis patients: use of bone alkaline phosphatase, bone mineral density and parathyroid ultrasound in comparison with bone histology S Fletcher, RG Jones, HC Rayner, P Harnden, LD Hordon, JE Aaron, B Oldroyd, AM Brownjohn, JH Turney and MA Smith Nephron 75(4), 412-9, 1997 33. Regional bone mineral density after orthotopic liver transplantation SH Hussaini, B Oldroyd, SP Stewart, F Roman, MA Smith, S Pollard, P Lodge, JG O'Grady and MS Losowsky European Journal of Gastroenterology Hepatology 11(2), 157-63, 1999 ‱ PATENTS (COPIES NOT INCLUDED) ‱ 34. Material to mimic bone and its interaction with ultrasound J Clarke, JA Evans, R Milner and MA Smith 1994 35. Anthropomorphic spinal phantom R Milner, E Berry and MA Smith 1999 ‱ STATISTICS ‱ 36. The comparison of neutron activation analysis and photon absorptiometry at the same part body site MA Smith, RA Elton and P Tothill Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 2, 1-7, 1981 37. Survival after peptic ulcer surgery AH McLean Ross, J Anderson, WP Small and MA Smith British Medical Journal 282, 1472, 1981 38. Late mortality after surgery for peptic ulcer AH McLean Ross, MA Smith, JR Anderson and WP Small New England Journal of Medicine 307, 519-522, 1982 39. Survival after surgery WP Small, MA Smith and AH MacLean-Ross British Medical Journal 289, 108-109, 1984 40. Metabolism of sodium pentosan polysulphate in man-catabolism of iodinated derivatives IR MacGregor, J Davies, L Paton, DS Pepper, CV Prowse and MA Smith Thrombosis and Haemostasis 51, 321-325, 1984 41. Correction factors for gravimetric measurement of peritumoural oedema in man BA Bell, MA Smith, JL Tocher and JD Miller British Journal of Neurosurgery 1, 435-440, 1987 42. Inter-individual differences in the pituitary-thyroid axis influence the interpretation of thyroid function tests CA Meier, MN Maisey, A Lowry, J Muller and MA Smith Clinical Endocrinology 39, 101-107, 1993 ‱ MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING ‱ 43. The installation of a commercial resistive NMR imager MA Smith, JJK Best, RHB Douglas and DM Kean British Journal of Radiology 57, 1145-1158, 1984 44. Brain water in chronic alcoholic patients measured by magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith, J Chick, DM Kean, RHB Douglas, A Singer, RE Kendell and JJK Best Lancet i, 1273-1274, 1985 45. Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy M Been, DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas, JJK Best, and AL Muir British Heart Journal 54, 48-52, 1985 46. Two examples of CNS lipomas demonstrated by CT and low field MRI DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas, CN Martyn and JJK Best Journal of Computer Assisted Tomography 9(3), 494-496, 1985 47. Characterisation of acute myocardial infarction by gated magnetic resonance imaging M Been, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, JWE Brydon, RHB Douglas, DM Kean, JJK Best and AL Muir Lancet ii, 348-350, 1985 48. Brain water measured in volunteers after alcohol and vasopressin AJ Mander, MA Smith, DM Kean, J Chick, RHB Douglas, AU Rehman, GJ Weppner and JJK Best Lancet, ii, 1075, 1985 49. ECG gated T1 images of the heart MA Smith, JP Ridgway, JWE Brydon, M Been, RHB Douglas, DM Kean, JJK Best and AL Muir Physics in Medicine and Biology 31, 771-778, 1986 50. The absence of tissue specificity in MRI using in-vivo T1 or T2 determination - true biological variation or technical artefact? MA Smith and DG Taylor British Journal of Radiology 59, 82-83, 1986 51. A description of a low field resistive magnetic resonance imaging system and its application in imaging midline central nervous system pathology DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas and JJK Best Clinical Radiology, 37, 211-217, 1986 52. A technique for velocity imaging using magnetic resonance imaging JP Ridgway and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 59, 603-607, 1986 53. Correlation of human NMR T1 values measured in vivo and brain water content HL MacDonald, BA Bell, MA Smith, DM Kean, JL Tocher, RHB Douglas, JD Miller and JJK Best British Journal of Radiology 59, 355-357, 1986 54. A surface coil design for a vertical field MRI system and its application in imaging the breast MA Smith and DW Pye Magnetic Resonance Imaging 4, 455-560 1986 55. Cardiac gating in nuclear magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith Journal of Medical Engineering and Technology 10(6), 325-328, 1986 56. Brain water measured by magnetic resonance imaging: correlation with direct estimation and changes after mannitol and dexamethasone BA Bell, MA Smith, DM Kean, CNJ McGhee, HL MacDonald, JD Miller, GH Barnett, JL Tocher, RHB Douglas, JJK Best The Lancet (i), 66-69, 1987 57. Demonstration of pulsatile cerebrospinal-fluid using magnetic resonance phase imaging JP Ridgway, LW Turnbull and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 60, 423-427, 1987 58. Magnetic resonance flow imaging: a possible method for distinguishing communicating syringomyelia from cystic intraspinal lesions LW Turnbull, JP Ridgway, MA Smith and JJK Best British Journal of Radiology 60, 517-518, 1987 59. Cerebral and brain stem changes after ECT revealed by nuclear magnetic resonance imaging AJ Mander, A Whitfield, DM Kean, MA Smith, RHB Douglas and RE Kendell British Journal of Psychiatry 151, 69-71, 1987 60. Serial changes in the T1 magnetic relaxation parameter after myocardial infarction in man M Been, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, RHB Douglas, DP De Bono, JJK Best and AL Muir British Heart Journal 59, 1-8, 1988 61. Myocardial involvement in systemic lupus erythematosus detected by magnetic resonance imaging M Been, BJ Thompson, MA Smith, JP Ridgway, RHB Douglas, JJK Best and AL Muir European Heart Journal 9 1250-1256, 1988 62. Brain hydration during alcohol withdrawal in alcoholics measured by magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith, JD Chick, HM Engelman, DM Kean, AJ Mander, RHB Douglas and JJK Best Drug and Alcohol Dependence 21, 25, 1988 63. Magnetic resonance spectroscopy in-vivo DA Porter, MA Smith Journal of Biomedical Engineering 10, 562-567, 1988 64. Blood flow imaging by magnetic resonance DJ West, M Tarnawski, MJ Graves, MG Taylor, S Padayachee, VT Ayton and MA Smith Medicamundi 33, 101-111, 1988 65. Magnetic resonance imaging of the infant heart at 15T MA Smith, EJ Baker, VT Ayton, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans and MN Maisey British Journal of Radiology 62, 367-370, 1989 66. High field strength magnetic resonance imaging of ventricular septal defects in infants EJ Baker, VT Ayton, MA Smith, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans, RH Anderson, M Tynan and NLK Fagg British Heart Journal 62, 305-310, 1989 67. Magnetic resonance imaging of coarctation of the aorta in infants: use of high field strength EJ Baker, VT Ayton, MA Smith, JM Parsons, EJ Ladusans, RH Anderson, M Tynan, AK Yates and PB Deverall British Heart Journal 62, 97-101, 1989 68. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain in alcoholics: cerebral atrophy, lifetime alcohol consumption and cognitive defects JD Chick, MA Smith, HM Engleman, DM Kean, AJ Mander, RHB Douglas and JJK Best Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 13, 512-517, 1989 69. Phospholipids are visible in P-31 NMR spectra of human breast tumours M Lowry, DA Porter, CJJ Twelves, PE Heasley, PB Garlick, MA Smith, RD Rubens, MN Maiseyand MA Richards Biochemical Society Transactions 17, 1053-1054, 1989 70. The measurement and visualisation of vessel blood flow by magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 11,2, 101-123, 1990 71. A method for characterising localisation techniques in volume selected nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy SF Keevil, DA Porter and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 35(7), 821-834, 1990 72. The measurement of time-averaged flow by magnetic resonance imaging using continuous acquisition in the carotid arteries and its comparison with Doppler ultrasound M Tarnawski, S Padayachee, DJ West, MJ Graves, V Ayton, MG Taylor and MA Smith Clinical Physics and Physiological Measurement 11(1), 27-36, 1990 73. Measurement of time-averaged flow in the middle cerebral artery by magnetic resonance imaging M Tarnawski, S Padayachee, MJ Graves, V Ayton, MG Taylor and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 64, 178-181, 1991 74. Visibility of phosholopids in 31P NMR spectra of human breast tumours in-vivo M Lowry, DA Porter, CJ Twelves, PE Heasley, MA Smith and MA Richards NMR in Biomedicine 5, 37-42, 1992 75. Experimental characterisation of the ISIS Technique for volume selected NMR spectroscopy SF Keevil, DA Porter and MA Smith NMR in Biomedicine 5, 200-208, 1992 76. Rapid dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the liver and portal vein J Ward, D Martinez, AG Chalmers, J Ridgway, P Robinson and MA Smith British Journal of Radiology 66, 214-222, 1993 77. Phosphorus-31 metabolism of human breast - an in-vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy study at 1,5T CJ Twelves, M Lowry, DA Porter, NA Dobbs, PE Graves, MA Smith and MA Richards British Journal of Radiology 67, 36-45, 1994 78. Phosphorus-31 metabolism of post-menopausal breast cancer studied in vivo by magnetic resonance CJ Twelves, DA Porter, M Lowry, NA Dobbs, PE Graves, MA Smith, Rubens RD and MA Richards British Journal of Cancer 69(6), 1151-6, 1994 79. Stepping-table gadolinium-enhanced digital subtraction MR angiography of the aorta and lower extremity arteries: preliminary experience JF Meaney, JP Ridgway, S Chakraverty, I Robertson, D Kessel, A Radjenovic, M Kouwenhoven, A Kassner and MA Smith Radiology 211(1), 59-67, 1999 80. Quantitative comparison of intrabrain diffusion in adults and preterm and term neonates and infants SF Tanner, LA Ramenghi, JP Ridgway, E Berry, MA Saysell, D Martinez, RJ Arthur, MA Smith and Ml Levene American Journal of Roentgenology 174(6), 1643-9, 2000 81. A systematic review of the precision and accuracy of dose measurements in photon radiotherapy using polymer and Fricke MRI gel dosimetry ND MacDougall, WG Pitchford and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 47, 107-121, 2002 Response to comments: Physics in Medicine and Biology 48, L19 - 22, 2003 82. Cerebral perfusion in infants and neonates: preliminary results obtained using dynamic susceptibility contrast enhanced MRI SF Tanner, LG Cornette, LA Ramenghi, LS Miall, JP Ridgway, MA Smith and Ml Levene Archives for Disease in Childhood 88(6), F525-530, 2003 83. Evaluation of the dosimetric performance of BANG3 polymer gels ND MacDougall, ME Miquel, DJ Wilson, SF Keevil and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 50, 1717 - 1726, 2005 84. T1 measurement using a short acquisition period for quantitative cardiac applications DM Higgins, JP Ridgway, A Radjenovic, UM Sivananthan, and MA Smith Medical Physics 32, 1738-1746, 2005 85. A method for pharmacokinetic modeling of dynamic contrast enhanced MRI studies of rapidly enhancing lesions acquired in a clinical setting A Radjenovic, JP Ridgway and MA Smith Physics in Medicine and Biology 51, N187-N197, 2006 ‱ PATENTS (COPIES NOT INCLUDED) ‱ 86. Surface coils for magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith 1986 87. Sympathetic resonance in magnetic resonance imaging MA Smith 198

    Reduction in mesenchymal stem cell numbers in premature aging DNA repair deficient TTD mice

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    Background: Mice carrying mutations in DNA repair genes often show signs of accelerated ageing and therefore can be used as a model system to study age related diseases like osteoporosis. It has been shown that TTD mice, carrying a mutation in the nucleotide excision repair gene XPD (xeroderma pigmentosa group D), display features of ageing related osteoporosis as well as adipose tissue hypoplasia. Since both cell types involved, osteoblasts as well as adipocytes, arise from the same mesenchymal stem cell population, the aim of the current project was to study the number, proliferation and differentiation potential of these cells in TTD compared to wild type (WT) mice. This might provide us with useful information concerning the mechanism behind age-related osteoporosis and the loss of adipose tissue.Methods: Bone marrow from old TTD and WT mice was cultured under osteogenic or adipogenic conditions and analysed for alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP), mineralisation (osteoblast) and lipid deposition (adipocyte).Results: Under osteogenic conditions the number of ALP-positive colonies after 9 and 14 days of culture was significantly decreased (p=0.02) in TTD compared to WT mice. The rate at which new ALP-positive colonies are formed between day 9 and day 14 of culture has not changed between TTD and WT mice, indicating that the decrease in colony number is not due to a delay in differentiation. Mineralisation of ALP-positive colonies did not seem to be affected, with a borderline significant decrease on day 14 at the onset of mineralisation but no significant changes on day 21 of culture. Lipid deposition was strongly reduced in TTD compared to WT mice (p=0.01) after 35 days of culture.Conclusions: The observed reduction in osteoblast and adipocyte differentiation indicates a reduction of mesenchymal stem cell numbers in TTD mice. This reduction in mesenchymal stem cell numbers and the corresponding decline in osteoblast differentiation could explain the premature osteoporotic features observed in TTD mice. In line with this, the reduction of mesenchymal stem cells and adipocyte differentiation may underlie the adipose tissue hypoplasia observed in TTD mice
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