14,692 research outputs found

    The role of route familiarity in traffic participants’ behaviour and transport psychology research:A systematic review

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    Studies of how transport behaviour (e.g., driving, cycling, and walking) is affected by practice and familiarity are not commonplace, in spite of the fact that much of our travel takes place on familiar, well-practiced routes. In other areas, it is well-established that repetition affects cognition, particularly memory and attention. The goals of the current systematic literature review were 1) to explore how researchers have described and examined the effects of people’s familiarity with routes and road types, and 2) to obtain a better insight into the cognitive processes, and behaviour that occur in familiar road environments. The systematic review was conducted based on the principles described in the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). Scopus’ database was searched systematically using predefined search combinations which involved (1) the transport modes of driving, cycling, and walking; (2) research methods that typically involve route- or situation-familiar participants (e.g., naturalistic studies, observational studies and field operational tests); and (3) various words associated with route familiarity (e.g., familiar, everyday, and commute). Ninety-four studies met all inclusion criteria. Results were analysed in terms of the cognitive and behavioural changes associated with familiarity, as reported in the studies. Route familiarity was typically reported to reduce the amount of cognitive control used to process the immediate environment and to increase mind wandering, compared to unfamiliar situations. Familiarity also increased recall accuracy and opportunities for self-regulatory behaviour, and decreased task difficulty. Familiarity appears to have large effects on how people attend to and process the environment. Given the proportion of time people spend travelling in familiar situations, this low attention, high familiarity state should be considered the default mode and as a more integral context for experimental, naturalistic and observational research in transport psychology

    Sürücülerin Risk Algısı Aşina Olunan ve Olunmayan Yollarda Araç Kullanırken Nasıl Değişir: Kadın ve Erkek Sürücülerin Karşılaştırması

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    Yol güvenliği, insan, araç ve çevre ile ilgili faktörler arasındaki etkileşimin bir sonucudur. Bu çalışmada, yol güvenliğinde çevre ile ilgili bir faktör olarak yol aşinalığı araştırılmıştır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, sürücülerin aşina oldukları ve olmadıkları yollardaki öznel risk algılarının incelenmesidir. Çalışmaya 279 erkek ve 201 kadın olmak üzere toplam 480 sürücü katılmıştır. Katılımcılar demografik bilgi formunu ve Risk Algısı Envanteri’ni doldurmuştur. Sonuçlar, sürücülerin aşina olmadıkları yollarda araç kullanmayı aşina oldukları yollara göre daha riskli algıladıklarını göstermiştir. Ayrıca, kadın sürücüler hem aşina oldukları hem de aşina olmadıkları yollarda erkek sürücülere göre daha yüksek risk algısı raporlamışlardır. Sonuç olarak, yola aşinalık, sürücülerin risk değerlendirmesinde önemli bir faktör olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar, ilgili literatür ışığında karayolu güvenliği üzerindeki etkileri ile tartışılmıştır

    Motivators and Preferences of Route Diversion During Roadway Incidents

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    When confronted with congestion and delay, drivers often divert their route. Depending on factors like purpose, urgency, destination, route alternatives, type of disruption, and mode options, common diversionary options can range from changing departure time, route, and mode to canceling a trip altogether. One of the foundational building blocks of travel forecasting is traffic assignment, which is used to distribute trips over a network using complex algorithms to aggregately represent the desire of drivers to minimize travel time. While these assignment models are backed by decades of research and observational experience, they are also limited by the fact that they do not account for the infinite number of factors and conditions that influence the routing of individual drivers. As the ability of transportation agencies to detect incidents and inform drivers of conditions has improved, there is increasing interest in knowing if drivers will divert and why. This thesis describes results of research using marketing-based survey techniques to evaluate driver diversionary behavior during roadway incidents. The survey was used to identify and assess diversionary choice-making based on a) travel behaviors and habits, b) under routine and adverse conditions, c) for different incidents and route options; and d) under varied guidance information available to them. Among the broad findings of the study that were consistent with prior research was the general preference of drivers to seek alternate routes around congestion and the importance they place on travel time as their primary motivator. Interestingly, younger males showed the lowest level of influence from guidance information, and route familiarity had a lower influence on diversionary routing among all groups, suggesting a higher level of trust and reliance in real-time mobile routing guidance than was originally anticipated in the beginning of the study. Another interesting finding, not seen in prior research, was the high importance placed on route safety and the time of day, particularly for female drivers. While the study was not able to address why, fundamentally such relationships exist, these findings can be used to improve the predictive accuracy of trip routing and assignment forecasts, particularly under disrupted network conditions

    Modeling Driver\u27s Route Choice Behavior Under the Influence of Advanced Traveler Information Systems (Vol. 2; Vol. 1: 96/10)

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    This research consisted of two parts; this report is volume 2 of 2 volumes; Volume 1 is Report No. FHWA/IN/JHRP-96/10. The first part developed a set of incident clearance time prediction models for the Borman Expressway. The second part consisted of modeling driver’s route choice behavior under the influence of advanced traveler information systems. Volume 2 of this report describes the modeling driver\u27s route choice behavior under the iinfluence of Advanced Traveler Information Systems. These models can help in understanding the behavior and response of travelers under the influeince of Advanced Traveler Information Systmes.r The products of this research project will be incorpored in the Advanced Traffic Managment System that is being implemented on the Morman Expressway, a 16-mile segment of *-80 n northwest Indiana

    Standardized on-road tests assessing fitness-to-drive in people with cognitive impairments: A systematic review.

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    The on-road assessment is the gold standard because of its ecological validity. Yet existing instruments are heterogeneous and little is known about their psychometric properties. This study identified existing on-road assessment instruments and extracted data on psychometric properties and usability in clinical settings. A systematic review identified studies evaluating standardized on-road evaluation instruments adapted for people with cognitive impairment. Published articles were searched on PubMed, CINHAL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect. Study quality and the level of evidence were assessed using the COSMIN checklist. The collected data were synthetized using a narrative approach. Usability was subjectively assessed for each instrument by extracting information on acceptability, access, cost, and training. The review identified 18 published studies between 1994 and 2016 that investigated 12 different on-road evaluation instruments: the Performance-Based Driving Evaluation, the Washington University Road Test, the New Haven, the Test Ride for Practical Fitness to Drive, the Rhode Island Road Test, the Sum of Manoeuvres Score, the Performance Analysis of Driving Ability, the Composite Driving Assessment Scale, the Nottingham Neurological Driving Assessment, the Driving Observation Schedule, the Record of Driving Errors, and the Western University's On-road Assessment. Participants were mainly male (64%), between 48 and 80 years old, and had a broad variety of cognitive disorders. Most instruments showed reasonable psychometric values for internal consistency, criterion validity, and reliability. However, the level of evidence was poor to support any of the instruments given the low number of studies for each. Despite the social and health consequences of decisions taken using these instruments, little is known about the value of a single evaluation and the ability of instruments to identify expected changes. None of the identified on-road evaluation instruments seem currently adapted for clinical settings targeting rehabilitation and occupational priorities rather than road security alone. PROSPERO registration number CRD42018103276

    Modelling drivers' car parking behaviour using data from a travel choice simulator

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    This paper reports on models developed from data collected using the PARKIT parking choice simulator. PARKIT provided an experimental environment in which drivers’ choice of car parks, and of the routes chosen to reach them, could be observed and the influence of different levels of parking-stock knowledge (derived from experience or from information provided via roadside message signs) monitored. Separate models were estimated for the drivers’ initial choice of car park and for their revision of that choice as their journey progresses and they learn about actual conditions. The importance of price, walking time and driving distance is confirmed but the addition of variables describing the drivers’ choices on previous days, their expectations and their immediately preceding route-choice, greatly improved the models’ explanatory power. It is noted that variables such as these are not generally considered because they are rarely available to the modeller. Different discrete choice model structures were found to be appropriate for different decisions. Route choice was represented as an exit-choice model (whereby each journey is treated as a sequence of decisions – one at each intersection encountered). The paper discusses the incorporation of these choice models into a network assignment model and concludes that much of the power of the choice models is lost if the network model is not able to support use of information about travellers’ socio-economic characteristics and knowledge of the network and about the detailed network topology

    Would those who need ISA, use it? Investigating the relationship between drivers' speed choice and their use of a voluntary ISA system

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    Intelligent Speed Adaptation (ISA) is one of the most promising new technologies for reducing the prevalence and severity of speed-related accidents. Such a system could be implemented in a number of ways, representing various "levels of control" over the driver. An ISA system could be purely advisory or could actually control the maximum speed of a vehicle. A compromise would be to introduce a system that allows a driver to choose when to engage ISA, thus creating a “voluntary” system. Whilst these voluntary systems are considered more acceptable by drivers, they will not offer safety benefits if they are not used by the driver. Two studies were carried out that examined the relationship between drivers’ reported and actual speeding behaviour, their propensity to engage a voluntary ISA system and their attitudes towards such a system. These studies were carried out in a driving simulator and in an instrumented vehicle. In both the studies, drivers’ propensity to exceed the speed limit was lowered when ISA was available but this effect was confined to the lower speed limits. In general, drivers engaged ISA for approximately half of their driving time, depending on the speed limit of the road and indeed, on the nature of the road and the surrounding traffic. This was particularly true in the field study where drivers were more inclined to “keep up with” the surrounding traffic. The results from the on-road study indicated that those drivers who considered ISA to be both a useful and pleasant system, were overall more likely to engage it. However, those drivers who confessed to enjoying exceeding the speed limit were less likely to use ISA. This is an important finding when considering the mechanisms for implementing ISA: those drivers who would benefit most would be less likely to use a voluntary system

    Distracted by familiarity:Implications of ‘autopilot’ as a default cognitive mode

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    Most trips are made, and most travel is done on roads and paths well-known. To provide insight in the cognitive processes involved in visual information processing of familiar traffic environments this paper considers a series of four consecutive empirical studies. The aim of this paper is 1) to discuss the implications of these insights on research methodologies used to measure driver attention and distraction and 2) to provide recommendations for policymaking, road design and vehicle design. This line of work consists of three studies on car driver behaviour (two driving simulator studies and a video-based study) and an observational study on pedestrian behaviour. The recurring theme in the results of these studies is that the progressive exposure to the same traffic environment enables participants to automatise their behavioural performance in traffic up to the point that it could be executed at skill-based level. As a result, attention is easily diverted away from traffic participation, while participating in traffic. Participants could act without thinking about it, so they didn't always even remember what they had done. People get used to familiar traffic environments so much that they don't have to think about walking or driving with much conscious focus. Hence, when studying road user behaviour and particularly driver distraction, it is crucial to mimic these natural circumstances as closely as possible. It is therefore proposed that within driver distraction research, route familiarity should be regarded as a context that enables distraction. What is more, is that the results point in the direction of a familiarity paradox: deviating from what is very familiar likely results in involuntary distraction, but being very familiar may lead to underload resulting in (voluntarily) diverting attention elsewhere.</p
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