Influence and Optimization of Packet Loss on the Internet-Based Geographically Distributed Test Platform for Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Powertrain Systems

In view of recent developments in fuel cell electric vehicle powertrain systems, Internet-based geographically distributed test platforms for fuel cell electric vehicle powertrain systems become a development and validation trend. Due to the involvement of remote connection and the Internet, simulation with connected models can suffer great uncertainty because of packet loss. Such a test platform, including packet loss characteristics, was built using MATLAB/Simulink for use in this paper. The simulation analysis results show that packet loss affects the stability of the whole test system. The impact on vehicle speed is mainly concentrated in the later stage of simulation. Aiming at reducing the effect of packet loss caused by Internet, a robust model predictive compensator was designed. Under this compensator, the stability of the system is greatly improved compared to the system without a compensator

Transparency of a geographically distributed test platform for fuel cell electric vehicle powertrain systems based on x-in-the-loop approach

X-in-the-loop is a new vehicle development and validation method for increasingly complex vehicle systems, which integrates the driver and the environment. In view of recent developments in fuel cell electric vehicle powertrain systems, Tongji University and Karlsruhe Institute of Technology have jointly developed a set of distributed test platforms based on the X-in-the-loop approach. This platform contains models and test equipment for a fuel cell electric vehicle powertrain system. Due to the involvement of remote connection and the Internet, test with connected test benches will suffer great uncertainty cause of signal transfer delay. To figure out this uncertainty, the concept of transparency is introduced. Four parameters were selected as transparency parameters in this distributed test platform. These include vehicle speed, fuel cell output power, battery output power, and electric motor torque under several different configuration settings. With the help of transparency theory and statistical methodology, especially Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), the transparency of these four parameters was established, vehicle speed, electric motor torque, battery power, and fuel cell power are affected by network state, the degree of influence is enhanced in turn. Using new defined parametric and non-parametric methods, this paper identifies the statistical significance and the transparency limitations caused by Internet under these several configurations. These methods will generate inputs for developer setting the distributed test configuration. These results will contribute to optimize the process of geographically distributed validation and joint development

Energy Management

Forecasts point to a huge increase in energy demand over the next 25 years, with a direct and immediate impact on the exhaustion of fossil fuels, the increase in pollution levels and the global warming that will have significant consequences for all sectors of society. Irrespective of the likelihood of these predictions or what researchers in different scientific disciplines may believe or publicly say about how critical the energy situation may be on a world level, it is without doubt one of the great debates that has stirred up public interest in modern times. We should probably already be thinking about the design of a worldwide strategic plan for energy management across the planet. It would include measures to raise awareness, educate the different actors involved, develop policies, provide resources, prioritise actions and establish contingency plans. This process is complex and depends on political, social, economic and technological factors that are hard to take into account simultaneously. Then, before such a plan is formulated, studies such as those described in this book can serve to illustrate what Information and Communication Technologies have to offer in this sphere and, with luck, to create a reference to encourage investigators in the pursuit of new and better solutions

Future Transportation

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with transportation activities account for approximately 20 percent of all carbon dioxide (co2) emissions globally, making the transportation sector a major contributor to the current global warming. This book focuses on the latest advances in technologies aiming at the sustainable future transportation of people and goods. A reduction in burning fossil fuel and technological transitions are the main approaches toward sustainable future transportation. Particular attention is given to automobile technological transitions, bike sharing systems, supply chain digitalization, and transport performance monitoring and optimization, among others

System identification of lithium-ion battery dynamics : from characterisation to application

To alleviate range anxiety among electric vehicle (EV) owners, the accuracy of lithium-ion battery (LIB) mathematical models in the low state of charge (SOC) range must be enhanced. A battery model that is easy to parameterise while maintaining accuracy over the entire SOC range is required in sophisticated battery management algorithms. This thesis addresses this knowledge gap via system identification methods of characterisation, identification, and application. The level of non-linearity over different SOCs is first studied by using random phase odd-multisine signals, and applied on the Doyle-Fuller-Newman (DFN) model and a three-electrode experimental set-up of a commercial 5Ah cylindrical 21700 LIB cell. The charge transfer coefficient is determined as the most sensitive parameter towards battery nonlinearity and with an asymmetrical Butler-Volmer kinetic the model nonlinear response provided good agreement against experimental data. The cathode even order nonlinearity is the main contributor towards the battery voltage nonlinearity while the anode starts to dominate at very low SOC. Utilising the newly proposed characterisation method, a non-linear equivalent circuit model with diffusion dynamics (NLECM-di↵), which phenomenologically describes the main electrochemical behaviours, such as ohmic, charge-transfer kinetics, and diffusion processes, is identified. Compared to the parameterisation challenge of electrochemical models, the NLECM-di↵ does not rely on geometrical parameter and all parameters are determined from the measured current and voltage signals. The NLECM-di↵ is around 50% more accurate than a conventional ECM and is comparable to the single particle model with electrolyte model (SPMe). When simulating driving cycles and long duration discharges, the dominant voltage loss changes from ohmic to the diffusion losses, and the characteristic of the negative electrode is determined as the primary reason for the low-SOC-error. The last part of this thesis presents three case studies of model application as part of the project ‘Virtually Connected Hybrid Vehicle (VCHV)’. The SPMe and the NLECM-di↵ models were demonstrated in Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) and therefore merit consideration for EV applications

New Perspectives on Modelling and Control for Next Generation Intelligent Transport Systems

This PhD thesis contains 3 major application areas all within an Intelligent Transportation System context. The first problem we discuss considers models that make beneficial use of the large amounts of data generated in the context of traffic systems. We use a Markov chain model to do this, where important data can be taken into account in an aggregate form. The Markovian model is simple and allows for fast computation, even on low end computers, while at the same time allowing meaningful insight into a variety of traffic system related issues. This allows us to both model and enable the control of aggregate, macroscopic features of traffic networks. We then discuss three application areas for this model: the modelling of congestion, emissions, and the dissipation of energy in electric vehicles. The second problem we discuss is the control of pollution emissions in eets of hybrid vehicles. We consider parallel hybrids that have two power units, an internal combustion engine and an electric motor. We propose a scheme in which we can in uence the mix of the two engines in each car based on simple broadcast signals from a central infrastructure. The infrastructure monitors pollution levels and can thus make the vehicles react to its changes. This leads to a context aware system that can be used to avoid pollution peaks, yet does not restrict drivers unnecessarily. In this context we also discuss technical constraints that have to be taken into account in the design of traffic control algorithms that are of a microscopic nature, i.e. they affect the operation of individual vehicles. We also investigate ideas on decentralised trading of emissions. The goal here is to allocate the rights to pollute fairly among the eet's vehicles. Lastly we discuss the usage of decentralised stochastic assignment strategies in traffic applications. Systems are considered in which reservation schemes can not reliably be provided or enforced and there is a signifficant delay between decisions and their effect. In particular, our approach facilitates taking into account the feedback induced into traffic systems by providing forecasts to large groups of users. This feedback can invalidate the predictions if not modelled carefully. At the same time our proposed strategies are simple rules that are easy to follow, easy to accept, and significantly improve the performance of the systems under study. We apply this approach to three application areas, the assignment of electric vehicles to charging stations, the assignment of vehicles to parking facilities, and the assignment of customers to bike sharing stations. All discussed approaches are analysed using mathematical tools and validated through extensive simulations

Mobi-System: towards an information system to support sustainable mobility with electric vehicle integration

Tese de doutoramento do Programa Doutoral em Líderes para as Indústrias Tecnológicas (Programa MIT-Portugal - Área EDAM)The current Thesis proposes the conceptual aspects and the preliminary prototype of a mobile information system to support information integration and manipulation towards the Electric Vehicle (EV) introduction, and the support of mobility process in urban environments, giving recommendations to drivers about EV range autonomy, charging stations, electricity market, and also as route planner taking into account public transportation, car or bike sharing systems. The main work objective is the creation of an Information and Communication Technology (ICT) platform based on successful approaches developed in the Computer Science Area, recommender systems, cooperative systems and mobile devices, to help the driver of EV by giving real time information related with EV charging process, range autonomy, electricity market participation, and also smart mobility process in cities by giving guidance towards best route options, taking into account time travel and CO2 emissions. Based on the analysis of the problem a conceptual system and a prototype application were created under the designation “Mobi-System”, designed to mobile devices, with relevant information oriented to: (1) EV charging process; (2) EV range autonomy; (3) electricity market participation; and (4) mobility process in smart cities of the future. In this work it was developed an application to store data related with EV charging/discharging process, for further intelligent analysis and remote interaction with the charging system, determining a smart charging procedure, taking into account the distribution electrical system limitations, and the creation of communities with participation in the electricity market. A range estimation and representation process is introduced as part of the help process to assist EV drivers. An Aggregator system and a collaborative broker for distributed energy sources are proposed, taking into account the electricity market. A proposal for data integration of different transportation sources and a multimodal best route path are proposed based on CO2 emissions and time travel.O presente trabalho consiste na concepção e discussão do sistema Mobi-System, que disponibiliza informação relevante para condutores de veículos elétricos (VE), tendo em conta os problemas dos carregamentos dos VE, a gestão da ansiedade de autonomia (range anxiety) dos condutores, a participação no mercado de energia elétrica, a integração das fontes de energia renováveis, bem como a integração de informação de transportes públicos e a criação de sistemas para gerir o problema da mobilidade sustentável em cidades inteligentes (smart cities). O objectivo principal do trabalho é o uso apropriado de Tecnologia da Informação e Comunicação (TIC) baseada em abordagens bem-sucedidas desenvolvidas na área da informática, como os sistemas de recomendação, sistemas cooperativos e dispositivos móveis para ajudar o condutor de VE, dando informações relevantes em tempo real, orientando o condutor para os pontos de carregamento públicos, ou para o melhor caminho tendo em conta o tempo e as políticas ambientais, nomeadamente as emissões de CO2. Com base na análise do problema, um sistema conceitual e uma aplicação protótipo foram criadas sob a designação de Mobi-System, projetada para dispositivos móveis com informações relevantes orientadas a: (1) processo de carregamento do VE feito num local público com a orientação e a reserva de slots de carregamento, ou em casa com a programação do processo de carregamento lento, tendo em conta limitações de potência; (2) gestão assistida da autonomia dos VE; (3) participação no mercado de energia, pela criação de comunidades de condutores com capacidade de participar no mercado de energia, dado o VE poder atuar como um armazenador de energia; e (4) processo de mobilidade em cidades inteligentes do futuro, com a proposta de integração de dados de diferentes tipos de transporte, com indicação do trajeto de melhor rota multimodal, proposto com base nas emissões de CO2 e no tempo das viagens

Energy Efficiency and Sustainable Lighting

The lighting of both exteriors and interiors is a field within electrical and lighting engineering, where important technological changes have been taking place oriented towards environmental sustainability and energy efficiency. LED technology has been gradually gaining ground in the world of lighting over other technologies due to its high lighting and energy efficiency and savings. However, some problems related to overheating or associated regulation are emerging. This has prompted the search for new, more efficient, and sustainable forms of lighting. This book presents successful cases related to energy efficiency and lighting that may be of great interest to those trying to enter the world of scientific research