33,016 research outputs found
Ontologies on the semantic web
As an informational technology, the World Wide Web has enjoyed spectacular success. In just ten years it has transformed the way information is produced, stored, and shared in arenas as diverse as shopping, family photo albums, and high-level academic research. The âSemantic Webâ was touted by its developers as equally revolutionary but has not yet achieved anything like the Webâs exponential uptake. This 17 000 word survey article explores why this might be so, from a perspective that bridges both philosophy and IT
Multiplex Communities and the Emergence of International Conflict
Advances in community detection reveal new insights into multiplex and
multilayer networks. Less work, however, investigates the relationship between
these communities and outcomes in social systems. We leverage these advances to
shed light on the relationship between the cooperative mesostructure of the
international system and the onset of interstate conflict. We detect
communities based upon weaker signals of affinity expressed in United Nations
votes and speeches, as well as stronger signals observed across multiple layers
of bilateral cooperation. Communities of diplomatic affinity display an
expected negative relationship with conflict onset. Ties in communities based
upon observed cooperation, however, display no effect under a standard model
specification and a positive relationship with conflict under an alternative
specification. These results align with some extant hypotheses but also point
to a paucity in our understanding of the relationship between community
structure and behavioral outcomes in networks.Comment: arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1802.0039
The Semantic Web Revisited
The original Scientific American article on the Semantic Web appeared in 2001. It described the evolution of a Web that consisted largely of documents for humans to read to one that included data and information for computers to manipulate. The Semantic Web is a Web of actionable information--information derived from data through a semantic theory for interpreting the symbols.This simple idea, however, remains largely unrealized. Shopbots and auction bots abound on the Web, but these are essentially handcrafted for particular tasks; they have little ability to interact with heterogeneous data and information types. Because we haven't yet delivered large-scale, agent-based mediation, some commentators argue that the Semantic Web has failed to deliver. We argue that agents can only flourish when standards are well established and that the Web standards for expressing shared meaning have progressed steadily over the past five years. Furthermore, we see the use of ontologies in the e-science community presaging ultimate success for the Semantic Web--just as the use of HTTP within the CERN particle physics community led to the revolutionary success of the original Web. This article is part of a special issue on the Future of AI
Evaluating Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Capabilites of Ontology Specification Languages
The interchange of ontologies across the World Wide Web (WWW) and the cooperation among heterogeneous agents placed on it is the main reason for the development of a new set of ontology specification languages, based on new web standards such as XML or RDF. These languages (SHOE, XOL, RDF, OIL, etc) aim to represent the knowledge contained in an ontology in a simple and human-readable way, as well as allow for the interchange of ontologies across the web. In this paper, we establish a common framework to compare the expressiveness of "traditional" ontology languages (Ontolingua, OKBC, OCML, FLogic, LOOM) and "web-based" ontology languages. As a result of this study, we conclude that different needs in KR and reasoning may exist in the building of an ontology-based application, and these needs must be evaluated in order to choose the most suitable ontology language(s)
Unsupervised, Efficient and Semantic Expertise Retrieval
We introduce an unsupervised discriminative model for the task of retrieving
experts in online document collections. We exclusively employ textual evidence
and avoid explicit feature engineering by learning distributed word
representations in an unsupervised way. We compare our model to
state-of-the-art unsupervised statistical vector space and probabilistic
generative approaches. Our proposed log-linear model achieves the retrieval
performance levels of state-of-the-art document-centric methods with the low
inference cost of so-called profile-centric approaches. It yields a
statistically significant improved ranking over vector space and generative
models in most cases, matching the performance of supervised methods on various
benchmarks. That is, by using solely text we can do as well as methods that
work with external evidence and/or relevance feedback. A contrastive analysis
of rankings produced by discriminative and generative approaches shows that
they have complementary strengths due to the ability of the unsupervised
discriminative model to perform semantic matching.Comment: WWW2016, Proceedings of the 25th International Conference on World
Wide Web. 201
An Inquiry into the Practice of Proving in Low-Dimensional Topology
The aim of this article is to investigate speciïŹc aspects connected with visualization in the practice of a mathematical subïŹeld: low-dimensional topology. Through a case study, it will be established that visualization can play an epistemic role. The background assumption is that the consideration of the actual practice of mathematics is relevant to address epistemological issues. It will be shown that in low-dimensional topology, justiïŹcations can be based on sequences of pictures. Three theses will be defended. First, the representations used in the practice are an integral part of the mathematical reasoning. As a matter of fact, they convey in a material form the relevant transitions and thus allow experts to draw inferential connections. Second, in low-dimensional topology experts exploit a particular type of manipulative imagination which is connected to intuition of two- and three-dimensional space and motor agency. This imagination allows recognizing the transformations which connect diïŹerent pictures in an argument. Third, the epistemicâand inferentialâactions performed are permissible only within a speciïŹc practice: this form of reasoning is subject-matter dependent. Local criteria of validity are established to assure the soundness of representationally heterogeneous arguments in low-dimensional topology
Media justice: Madeleine McCann, intermediatization and "trial by media" in the British press
Three-year-old Madeleine McCann disappeared on 3 May 2007 from a holiday apartment in Portugal. Over five years and multiple investigations that failed to solve this abducted child case, Madeleine and her parents were subject to a process of relentless âintermediatizationâ. Across 24â7 news coverage, websites, documentaries, films, YouTube videos, books, magazines, music and artworks, Madeleine was a mediagenic image of innocence and a lucrative story. In contrast to Madeleineâs media sacralization, the representation of her parents, Kate and Gerry McCann, fluctuated between periods of vociferous support and prolonged and libellous âtrial by mediaâ. This article analyses how the global intermediatization of the âMaddie Mysteryâ fed into and fuelled the âtrial by mediaâ of Kate and Gerry McCann in the UK press. Our theorization of âtrial by mediaâ is developed and refined through considering its legal limitations in an era of âattack journalismâ and unprecedented official UK inquiries into press misconduct and criminality
Measuring measuring: Toward a theory of proficiency with the Constructing Measures framework
This paper is relevant to measurement educators who are interested in the variability of understanding and use of the four building blocks in the Constructing Measures framework (Wilson, 2005). It proposes a uni-dimensional structure for understanding Wilsonâs framework, and explores the evidence for and against this conceptualization. Constructed and fixed choice response items are utilized to collect responses from 72 participants who range in experience and expertise with constructing measures. The data was scored by two raters and was analyzed with the Rasch partial credit model using ConQuest (1998). Guided by the 1999 Testing Standards, analyses of validity and reliability evidence provide support for the construct theory and limited uses of the instrument pending item design modifications
- âŠ