DICOM for EIT

With EIT starting to be used in routine clinical practice [1], it important that the clinically relevant information is portable between hospital data management systems. DICOM formats are widely used clinically and cover many imaging modalities, though not specifically EIT. We describe how existing DICOM specifications, can be repurposed as an interim solution, and basis from which a consensus EIT DICOM ‘Supplement’ (an extension to the standard) can be writte

Detection of prostate cancer biomarker using molecularly imprinted polymers

Successful treatment of prostate cancer (PCa) depends on early diagnosis and screening, which currently relies on the measurement of serum prostate specific antigen (PSA) levels. The overarching aim of the project was to generate molecularly imprinted polymers for PCa biomarkers, with subsequent integration with a sensing platform to allow for rapid, point of care detection and monitoring. The initial work involved the use of simple PSA epitopes for epitope imprinting using conventional imprinting techniques. A four amino acid sequence from the Cterminus of PSA was imprinted with MAA, Aam and Urea monomers to obtain bulk imprinted polymers. Apparent Kd of 102 μM, 154 μM, 194 μM was obtained for MAA, AAm, Urea based bulk mini-MIPs respectively. Epitope imprinting was further developed using a surface imprinting approach, via electropolymersiation of dopamine to detect an epitopic sequence from pro-PSA. An improvement in Kd from bulk-imprinted polymers, with an apparent Kd of 2.9 μM was obtained with the surface electrochemical MIP sensor. However, both epitope imprinting technique lacked sensitivity to measure clinical relevant concentrations of PSA (nM range). As a consequence, a more sophisticated technique called hybrid imprinting was developed to build an electrochemical MIP sensor. Hybrid MIP imprinting utilised an aptamer with established affinity towards PSA to trap the aptamer-PSA complex into a surface grown electropolymer (polydopamine). The resulting aptamer lined polymer pockets exhibited high selectivity and affinity towards PSA (apparent Kd 0.3 nM). The apta-MIP sensor was also able to discriminate from a homologous protein (human Kallikrein 2) and was resilient to fouling from serum proteins. The apta-MIP sensor was further translated to a MOSFET device whereby successful detection of PSA at clinically relevant concentration was obtained in human plasma. Although good sensitivity and selectivity was obtained with the hybrid-MIP sensors, further research is required to understand the binding mechanism of the template to the MIP