100,434 research outputs found
Why Share in Peer-to-Peer Networks?
Prior theory and empirical work emphasize the enormous free-riding problem facing peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing networks. Nonetheless, many P2P networks thrive. We explore two possible explanations that do not rely on altruism or explicit mechanisms imposed on the network: direct and indirect private incentives for the provision of public goods. The direct incentive is a traffic redistribution effect that advantages the sharing peer. We din this incentive is likely insufficient to motivate equilibrium content sharing in large networks. We then approach P2P networks as a graph-theoretic problem and present sufficient conditions for sharing and free-riding to co-exist due to indirect incentives we call generalized reciprocity.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/60443/1/p2p_icec08.pd
Why Share in Peer-to-Peer Networks
Prior theory and empirical work emphasize the enormous free-riding problem facing peer-to-peer (P2P) sharing networks. Nonetheless, many P2P networks thrive. We explore two possible explanations: private provision of public goods and generalized reciprocity. We investigate a particular form of private incentives to share content: redistributing traffic in the network to the advantage of the sharing peer. Our preliminary model suggests that this incentive is likely insufficient to motivate equilibrium content sharing in large networks. We then approach P2P networks as a graph-theoretic problem and derive sufficient conditions for sharing and free-riding to co-exist in the absence of direct sharing benefits or an explicit incentive mechanism.http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/49504/1/NetEcon06-final.pd
A Game Theoretic Analysis of Incentives in Content Production and Sharing over Peer-to-Peer Networks
User-generated content can be distributed at a low cost using peer-to-peer
(P2P) networks, but the free-rider problem hinders the utilization of P2P
networks. In order to achieve an efficient use of P2P networks, we investigate
fundamental issues on incentives in content production and sharing using game
theory. We build a basic model to analyze non-cooperative outcomes without an
incentive scheme and then use different game formulations derived from the
basic model to examine five incentive schemes: cooperative, payment, repeated
interaction, intervention, and enforced full sharing. The results of this paper
show that 1) cooperative peers share all produced content while non-cooperative
peers do not share at all without an incentive scheme; 2) a cooperative scheme
allows peers to consume more content than non-cooperative outcomes do; 3) a
cooperative outcome can be achieved among non-cooperative peers by introducing
an incentive scheme based on payment, repeated interaction, or intervention;
and 4) enforced full sharing has ambiguous welfare effects on peers. In
addition to describing the solutions of different formulations, we discuss
enforcement and informational requirements to implement each solution, aiming
to offer a guideline for protocol designers when designing incentive schemes
for P2P networks.Comment: 31 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl
Interest-Based Self-Organizing Peer-to-Peer Networks: A Club Economics Approach
Improving the information retrieval (IR) performance of peer-to-peer
networks is an important and challenging problem. Recently, the computer
science literature has attempted to address this problem by improving IR
search algorithms. However, in peer-to-peer networks, IR performance is
determined by both technology and user behavior, and very little
attention has been paid in the literature to improving IR performance
through incentives to change user behavior. We address this gap by
combining the club goods economics literature and the IR literature to
propose a next generation file sharing architecture. Using the popular
Gnutella 0.6 architecture as context, we conceptualize a Gnutella
ultrapeer and its local network of leaf nodes as a "club" (in
economic terms). We specify an information retrieval-based utility model
for a peer to determine which clubs to join, for a club to manage its
membership, and for a club to determine to which other clubs they should
connect. We simulate the performance of our model using a unique
real-world dataset collected from the Gnutella 0.6 network. These
simulations show that our club model accomplishes both performance
goals. First, peers are self-organized into communities of interest - in
our club model peers are 85% more likely to be able to obtain content
from their local club than they are in the current Gnutella 0.6
architecture. Second, peers have increased incentives to share content -
our model shows that peers who share can increase their recall
performance by nearly five times over the performance offered to
free-riders. We also show that the benefits provided by our club model
outweigh the added protocol overhead imposed on the network for the most
valuable peers
Federating smart cluster energy grids for peer-to-peer energy sharing and trading
With the rapid growth in clean distributed energy resources involving micro-generation and flexible loads, users can actively manage their own energy and have the capability to enter in a market of energy services as prosumers while reducing their carbon footprint. The coordination between these distributed energy resources is essential in order to ensure fair trading and equality in resource sharing among a community of prosumers. Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks can provide the underlying mechanisms for supporting such coordination and offer incentives to prosumers to participate in the energy market. In particular, the federation of energy clusters with P2P networks has the potential to unlock access to energy resources and lead to the development of new energy services in a fast-growing sharing energy economy. In this paper, we present the formation and federation of smart energy clusters using P2P networks with a view to decentralise energy markets and enable access and use of clean energy resources. We implement a P2P framework to support the federation of energy clusters and study the interaction of consumers and producers in a market of energy resources and services. We demonstrate how energy exchanges and energy costs in a federation are influenced by the energy demand, the size of energy clusters and energy types. We conduct our modelling and analysis based on a real fish industry case study in Milford Haven, South Wales, as part of the EU H2020 INTERREG piSCES project
Incentives in peer-to-peer and grid networking
Today, most peer-to-peer networks are based on the assumptionthat the participating nodes are cooperative. Thisworks if the nodes are indifferent or ignorant about the resourcesthey offer, but limits the usability of peer-to-peernetworks to very few scenarios. It specifically excludes theirusage in any non-cooperative peer-to-peer environment, beit Grid networks or mobile ad-hoc networks. By introducingsoft incentives to offer resources to other nodes, we seean overall performance gain in traditional file-sharing networks.We also see soft incentives promoting the convergenceof peer-to-peer and Grid networks, as they increasethe predictability of the participating nodes, and thereforethe reliability of the services provided by the system as awhole. Reliability is what is required by Grid networks, butmissing in peer-to-peer networks
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