Análisis y medidas de exposición electromagnética a servicios de radiofrecuencia

El objetivo final de este trabajo fin de grado, que se expone en este documento, trata sobre el análisis y medidas de exposición electromagnética. Por tanto, para este proyecto se realizará en primer lugar, un análisis cualitativo de algunos estudios sobre exposición humana a campos electromagnéticos a nivel mundial. Tras el análisis, se obtendrán los parámetros necesarios para el diseño de una base de datos que mantenga las medidas analizadas de manera unificada, con el objetivo de obtener conclusiones sobre la exposición a CEM a nivel global. Además, en este proyecto se realizará un caso práctico de medidas con el fin de aportar los resultados al conjunto de estudios, que cada vez son más numerosos debido a la creciente preocupación de la sociedad sobre la exposición a campos electromagnéticos.Dokumentu honetan aurkezten den gradu amaierako lanaren helburua, esposizio elektromagnetikoaren azterketa da. Horregatik, proiektu honetarako, mundu osoko eremu elektromagnetikoen giza esposizioari buruzko zenbait azterketa kualitatibo egin dira lehenik. Azterketaren ondoren, bat datozen neurriak modu bateratuan aztertutako neurriak mantentzen dituen datu-basea diseinatzeko beharrezko parametroak lortuko dira, EEMen esposizio buruzko ondorioak lortzeko mundu mailan. Horrez gain, proiektu honek ikerketa-multzoa lortzen lagunduko duten neurriak aztertuko ditu, gero eta ugariagoak direnak, EEMen gizartearen kezka gero eta handiagoa delako.The ultimate goal of the work that is presented in this document is about the analysis of electromagnetic exposure. Therefore, for this project, first a qualitative analysis of several studies on human exposure to electromagnetic fields worldwide will be carried out. After the analysis, the parameters needed for the design of a database that maintains the analyzed measurements in a unified way will be established, with the aim of obtaining conclusions on EMF exposure at a global level. In addition, in this Project a measurement campaign will be performed with the aim of contributing to the set of studies, which are becoming more numerous due to the growing public concern about EMF

Análisis y medidas de exposición electromagnética a servicios de radiofrecuencia

El objetivo final de este trabajo fin de grado, que se expone en este documento, trata sobre el análisis y medidas de exposición electromagnética. Por tanto, para este proyecto se realizará en primer lugar, un análisis cualitativo de algunos estudios sobre exposición humana a campos electromagnéticos a nivel mundial. Tras el análisis, se obtendrán los parámetros necesarios para el diseño de una base de datos que mantenga las medidas analizadas de manera unificada, con el objetivo de obtener conclusiones sobre la exposición a CEM a nivel global. Además, en este proyecto se realizará un caso práctico de medidas con el fin de aportar los resultados al conjunto de estudios, que cada vez son más numerosos debido a la creciente preocupación de la sociedad sobre la exposición a campos electromagnéticos.Dokumentu honetan aurkezten den gradu amaierako lanaren helburua, esposizio elektromagnetikoaren azterketa da. Horregatik, proiektu honetarako, mundu osoko eremu elektromagnetikoen giza esposizioari buruzko zenbait azterketa kualitatibo egin dira lehenik. Azterketaren ondoren, bat datozen neurriak modu bateratuan aztertutako neurriak mantentzen dituen datu-basea diseinatzeko beharrezko parametroak lortuko dira, EEMen esposizio buruzko ondorioak lortzeko mundu mailan. Horrez gain, proiektu honek ikerketa-multzoa lortzen lagunduko duten neurriak aztertuko ditu, gero eta ugariagoak direnak, EEMen gizartearen kezka gero eta handiagoa delako.The ultimate goal of the work that is presented in this document is about the analysis of electromagnetic exposure. Therefore, for this project, first a qualitative analysis of several studies on human exposure to electromagnetic fields worldwide will be carried out. After the analysis, the parameters needed for the design of a database that maintains the analyzed measurements in a unified way will be established, with the aim of obtaining conclusions on EMF exposure at a global level. In addition, in this Project a measurement campaign will be performed with the aim of contributing to the set of studies, which are becoming more numerous due to the growing public concern about EMF

Current Advances in Internet of Underground Things

The latest developments in Internet of Underground Things are covered in this chapter. First, the IOUT Architecture is discussed followed by the explanation of the challenges being faced in this paradigm. Moreover, a comprehensive coverage of the different IOUT components is presented that includes communications, sensing, and system integration with the cloud. An in-depth coverage of the applications of the IOUT in various disciplines is also surveyed. These applications include areas such as decision agriculture, pipeline monitoring, border control, and oil wells

Decision Agriculture

In this chapter, the latest developments in the field of decision agriculture are discussed. The practice of management zones in digital agriculture is described for efficient and smart faming. Accordingly, the methodology for delineating management zones is presented. Modeling of decision support systems is explained along with discussion of the issues and challenges in this area. Moreover, the precision agriculture technology is also considered. Moreover, the chapter surveys the state of the decision agriculture technologies in the countries such as Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Israel, Malaysia, Pakistan, United Kingdom, Ukraine, and Sweden. Finally, different field factors such as GPS accuracy and crop growth are also analyzed

Interference Aware Cognitive Femtocell Networks

Femtocells Access Points (FAP) are low power, plug and play home base stations which are designed to extend the cellular radio range in indoor environments where macrocell coverage is generally poor. They offer significant increases in data rates over a short range, enabling high speed wireless and mobile broadband services, with the femtocell network overlaid onto the macrocell in a dual-tier arrangement. In contrast to conventional cellular systems which are well planned, FAP are arbitrarily installed by the end users and this can create harmful interference to both collocated femtocell and macrocell users. The interference becomes particularly serious in high FAP density scenarios and compromises the ensuing data rate. Consequently, effective management of both cross and co-tier interference is a major design challenge in dual-tier networks. Since traditional radio resource management techniques and architectures for single-tier systems are either not applicable or operate inefficiently, innovative dual-tier approaches to intelligently manage interference are required. This thesis presents a number of original contributions to fulfill this objective including, a new hybrid cross-tier spectrum sharing model which builds upon an existing fractional frequency reuse technique to ensure minimal impact on the macro-tier resource allocation. A new flexible and adaptive virtual clustering framework is then formulated to alleviate co-tier interference in high FAP densities situations and finally, an intelligent coverage extension algorithm is developed to mitigate excessive femto-macrocell handovers, while upholding the required quality of service provision. This thesis contends that to exploit the undoubted potential of dual-tier, macro-femtocell architectures an interference awareness solution is necessary. Rigorous evidence confirms that noteworthy performance improvements can be achieved in the quality of the received signal and throughput by applying cognitive methods to manage interference

Aspects of Critical Communications in Disturbance Scenarios

Infrastructures are the foundations of modern societies. The most important ones are the so-called critical infrastructures: mobile networks and electricity networks. If these networks are damaged or otherwise unavailable, the functionality of the whole society is at risk and can result even in public safety hazards. Furthermore, people expect all the time ubiquitous access to internet through mobile networks as many services rely on these wireless networks. The dependence is growing all the time as the number of worldwide subscriptions has already exceeded the world population and the amount of internet of things (IoT) and other connected devices continues to increase exponentially.This thesis focuses on the critical communications aspects of mobile networks during disturbance scenarios. These are defined as situations where, e.g. there is a power blackout in the electricity network, which affects the functionality of the mobile network.The contributions of this thesis can be divided into three main themes. The first one is the actual functionality of mobile networks during disturbance scenarios. This includes finding out how the behavior of subscribers changes when there is an uncommon disturbance scenario in the mobile network and how to prolong the disturbance time functionality of the existing networks. The results show that subscribers utilize mobile networks more than usual already before the power blackout starts when they try to find out information about the status of an upcoming storm. Immediately after the disturbance scenario starts, the subscribers within the blackout area are more active as the statistics show 73 % increase in the number of new calls and 84 % in the amount of short message service (SMS) messages. The results show also that the majority of mobile network availability is lost after 3–4 hours from the start of the incident. In order to prolong this availability time, simulations are performed to find out how utilizing only a portion of the available base station (BS) sites affects the service coverage. The results show that around 20 % of BS sites would be enough to cover 75 % of the original service coverage. Therefore, the operational time of the so-called mobile network backup coverage could be increased several times given that core network (CN) and backhaul network are also operational.The second main theme in this thesis presents a new developed situation awareness system (SAS) that combines the outage information of both mobile and electricity networks. This is an important tool for monitoring the networks and performing disaster and disturbance management. The user interface of the developed SAS is a map view showing the outage information, i.e. the faults, in both networks. It utilizes operational data from both networks such as the coverage outage areas of the mobile network and the outages of transformers in the electricity network in near real-time. The developed SAS helps to prioritize maintenance and repair work to the most critical areas as well as help to form a better overall situation awareness that fire and rescue services and authorities could utilize for improving public safety actions.The last main theme in the thesis considers innovative solutions in order to find out methods to improve the performance, i.e., to mitigate the outage of mobile networks in disturbance scenarios. The three different approaches presented are the indirect guidance of subscribers, the concept of a temporary low altitude platform (LAP) network with the help of drones, and the concept of a macro sensor network (MSN). First, the energy and capacity aspects of mobile networks can be improved when the subscribers are indirectly guided to self-optimize their location in the serving cell area. This can result in serving more user equipment (UEs) within a cell or to decrease the amount of energy needed for transmissions. Next, the coverage aspects of a LAP system are studied in order to find out the suitability of forming a temporary emergency coverage with a wireless local area network (WLAN) equipped drones. The results show that this kind of approach could provide a suitable emergency coverage for a limited area with a reasonable number of drones. Finally, a framework for MSN is studied to investigate the possibility of bringing wireless sensor network (WSN) functionalities into mobile networks. The results show that the concept of MSN could remarkably improve the resilience of mobile networks in situations where the backhaul connection is broken. However, implementing and further developing this kind of functionality will require changes in the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specifications and self-organizing network (SON) features within the network.Overall, this thesis provides insight on how to develop the current and future mobile networks toward more resilient infrastructures. It highlights the importance of critical communications as a fundamental part of modern societies. Thus, securing the functionality and performance of mobile networks in all situations is crucial. As a result, the contributions in this thesis can be utilized as a starting point in the future research to develop new functionalities for mobile networks. One of such approaches can be a safety mode, which would improve the mobile network resiliency during disasters and disturbance scenarios

Cooperative Radio Communications for Green Smart Environments

The demand for mobile connectivity is continuously increasing, and by 2020 Mobile and Wireless Communications will serve not only very dense populations of mobile phones and nomadic computers, but also the expected multiplicity of devices and sensors located in machines, vehicles, health systems and city infrastructures. Future Mobile Networks are then faced with many new scenarios and use cases, which will load the networks with different data traffic patterns, in new or shared spectrum bands, creating new specific requirements. This book addresses both the techniques to model, analyse and optimise the radio links and transmission systems in such scenarios, together with the most advanced radio access, resource management and mobile networking technologies. This text summarises the work performed by more than 500 researchers from more than 120 institutions in Europe, America and Asia, from both academia and industries, within the framework of the COST IC1004 Action on "Cooperative Radio Communications for Green and Smart Environments". The book will have appeal to graduates and researchers in the Radio Communications area, and also to engineers working in the Wireless industry. Topics discussed in this book include: • Radio waves propagation phenomena in diverse urban, indoor, vehicular and body environments• Measurements, characterization, and modelling of radio channels beyond 4G networks• Key issues in Vehicle (V2X) communication• Wireless Body Area Networks, including specific Radio Channel Models for WBANs• Energy efficiency and resource management enhancements in Radio Access Networks• Definitions and models for the virtualised and cloud RAN architectures• Advances on feasible indoor localization and tracking techniques• Recent findings and innovations in antenna systems for communications• Physical Layer Network Coding for next generation wireless systems• Methods and techniques for MIMO Over the Air (OTA) testin