323,545 research outputs found
A Symposium on Restitution
The editors of the Vanderbilt Law Review deserve praise for arranging this symposium on the neglected subject of Restitution, a great and growing area of our private law whose literature is extra-ordinarily meager. Partly because of this neglect by legal scholars,the practicing profession as a whole remains unaware of the range and variety of restitutionary remedies and the possibilities they offer for solving problems that are otherwise intractable. The volume of restitution cases reported in current advance sheets shows that courts and lawyers are learning to make use of restitution remedies, but the subject still inspires hesitation and diffidence, for knowledge is diffused in fragments and an overview is difficult to acquire
The problem of moral luck: An argument against its epistemic reduction
Whom I call 'epistemic reductionists' in this article are critics of the notion of 'moral luck' that maintain that all supposed cases of moral luck are illusory; they are in fact cases of what I describe as a special form of epistemic luck, the only difference lying in what we get to know about someone, rather than in what (s)he deserves in terms of praise or blame. I argue that epistemic reductionists are mistaken. They implausibly separate judgements of character from judgements concerning acts, and they assume a conception of character that is untenable both from a common sense perspective and with a view to findings from social psychology. I use especially the example of Scobie, the protagonist of Graham Greene's novel The Heart of the Matter, to show that moral luck is real-that there are cases of moral luck that cannot be reduced to epistemic luck. The reality of moral luck, in this example at least, lies in its impact on character and personal and moral identity. © 2009 Springer Science Media B.V
A principles-based ethics assurance argument pattern for AI and autonomous systems
An assurance case is a structured argument, typically produced by safety engineers, to communicate confidence that a critical or complex system, such as an aircraft, will be acceptably safe within its intended context. Assurance cases often inform third party approval of a system. One emerging proposition within the trustworthy AI and autonomous systems (AI/AS) research community is to use assurance cases to instil justified confidence that specific AI/AS will be ethically acceptable when operational in well-defined contexts. This paper substantially develops the proposition and makes it concrete. It brings together the assurance case methodology with a set of ethical principles to structure a principles-based ethics assurance argument pattern. The principles are justice, beneficence, non-maleficence, and respect for human autonomy, with the principle of transparency playing a supporting role. The argument patternâshortened to the acronym PRAISEâis described. The objective of the proposed PRAISE argument pattern is to provide a reusable template for individual ethics assurance cases, by which engineers, developers, operators, or regulators could justify, communicate, or challenge a claim about the overall ethical acceptability of the use of a specific AI/AS in a given socio-technical context. We apply the pattern to the hypothetical use case of an autonomous ârobo-taxiâ service in a city centre
Implikatur Politik Ujaran Kebencian Terhadap Presiden Joko Widodo Pada Akun Sosial Twitter
Hate speech has become a tranding topic in various mass media. Hate speech
cases in Indonesia can be said in a state of alert, because many cases have
been found. One example of hate speech cases is Muhammad Arsyad who is
accused of uploading pictures with words insulting President Joko Widodo in
2014. The purpose of this study is to analyze the style of language used in
expressions of hatred towards Jokowi on Twitter social accounts, describing
the forms of political implicature utterance of hatred on social media twitter,
analyzing political implicature strategies for hate speech towards Jokowi on
Twitter social accounts, and describing the implementation of research results
with Indonesian language learning. Based on this, the method used in this
research is the method of padan and the method of agih. This research
attempts to examine the meaning contained in an utterance, ie hatred of Joko
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Widodo on social accounts Twitter. The result of this research is the use of
cynicism, sarcasm and irony; implicit forms of asking for a new president,
asking to be silent, collecting appointments and listening to the people; the
strategy used is directly and indirectly; and the implementation of this
research, which is in accordance with KD 4.8, expresses criticism, refutation,
or praise in the form of response texts verbally and / or written with regard to
structure and language
Intentional Action in Folk Psychology: An Experimental Investigation
Four experiments examined peopleâs folk-psychological concept of intentional action. The chief question was whether or not evaluative considerations â considerations of good and bad, right and wrong, praise and blame â played any role in that concept. The results indicated that the moral qualities of a behavior strongly influence peopleâs judgements as to whether or not that behavior should be considered âintentional.â After eliminating a number of alternative explanations, the author concludes that this effect is best explained by the hypothesis that evaluative considerations do play some role in peopleâs concept of intentional action
Equal Rights for Zombies?: Phenomenal Consciousness and Responsible Agency
Intuitively, moral responsibility requires conscious awareness of what one is doing, and why one is doing it, but what kind of awareness is at issue? Neil Levy argues that phenomenal consciousnessâthe qualitative feel of conscious sensationsâis entirely unnecessary for moral responsibility. He claims that only access consciousnessâthe state in which information (e.g., from perception or memory) is available to an array of mental systems (e.g., such that an agent can deliberate and act upon that information)âis relevant to moral responsibility. I argue that numerous ethical, epistemic, and neuroscientific considerations entail that the capacity for phenomenal consciousness is necessary for moral responsibility. I focus in particular on considerations inspired by P. F. Strawson, who puts a range of qualitative moral emotionsâthe reactive attitudesâfront and center in the analysis of moral responsibility
Accidental rightness
In this paper I argue that the disagreement between modern moral philosophers and (some) virtue ethicists about whether motive affects rightness is a result of conceptual disagreement, and that when they develop a theory of âright action,â the two parties respond to two very different questions. Whereas virtue ethicists tend to use ârightâ as interchangeable with âgoodâ or âvirtuousâ and as implying moral praise, modern moral philosophers use it as roughly equivalent to âin accordance with moral obligation.â One implication of this is that the possibility of an act being right by accident does not pose a problem for consequentialism or deontology. A further implication is that it reveals a shortcoming in virtue ethics, namely that it does notâyet needs toâpresent an account of moral obligation
Criminals or Patients? Towards a Tragic Conception of Moral and Legal Responsibility \ud
There is a gap between, on the one hand, the tragic character of human action and, on the other hand, our moral and legal conceptions of responsibility that focus on individual agency and absolute guilt. Drawing on Kierkegaardâs understanding of tragic action and engaging with contemporary discourse on moral luck, poetic justice, and relational responsibility, this paper argues for a reform of our legal practices based on a less âharshâ (Kierkegaard) conception of moral and legal responsibility and directed more at empathic understanding based on the emotional and imaginative appreciation of personal narratives. This may help our societies and communities to better cope with unacceptable deeds by individuals who are neither criminals nor patients, to make room for praise as well as blame and punishment, and to set up practices and institutions that do not rely on a conception of responsibility that is hard to bear for all of us. \u
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