Steady state load models for power system analysis

The last full review of load models used for power system studies occurred in the 1980s. Since then, new types of loads have been introduced and system load mix has changed considerably. The examples of newly introduced loads include drive-controlled motors, low energy consumption light sources and other modern power electronic loads. Their numbers have been steadily increasing in recent years, a trend which is expected to escalate. Accordingly, the majority of load models used in traditional power system studies are becoming outdated, as they are unable to accurately represent power demand characteristics of existing and future loads. Therefore, in order to accurately predict both active and non-active power demand characteristics of aggregated modern power system loads in different load sectors (e.g. residential, commercial or industrial), existing load models should be updated and new models developed. This thesis aims to fill this gap by developing individual, generic and aggregated steady state models of the most common loads in use today, as well as of those expected to show significant growth in the future. The component-based approach is adopted for load modelling, where individual load models are obtained in detailed simulations of physical devices. Whenever possible, the developed individual load models are validated by measurements. These detailed individual load models are then simplified and expressed as equivalent circuit and analytical models, which allowed the establishment of generic load models that can be easily aggregated. It should be noted that since all non-active power characteristics are correctly represented, the developed aggregated load models allow for a full harmonic analysis, which is not the case with the standard steady state load models. Therefore, the proposed load models form an extensive library of comprehensive load models that are suitable for use in multiple areas of power system research. Based on the results of research related to typical domestic/residential sector load mix, the newly developed load models are aggregated and then applied to a typical UK/Scotland distribution network. Considerable differences are seen between network characteristics of newly proposed and previously developed models. The voltage distortion of a typical distribution system bus is investigated, and it is shown that distortion of the system voltage is likely to increase significantly in the future. The results of the presented research also suggest that neglecting the harmonic characteristics from the set of general load attributes may introduce errors in standard load flow studies

Reatores eletrônicos dimerizáveis para lâmpadas fluorescentes com elevavdo fator de potência

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Tecnológico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia ElétricaO trabalho trata do estudo de reatores eletrônicos dimerizáveis com alto fator de potência para lâmpadas fluorescentes. Inicialmente é feito um estudo sobre as características das lâmpadas obtendo-se um modelo para a simulação e para o estudo analítico dos métodos de controle de luminosidade. São também apresentadas as técnicas de dimerização difundidas na literatura e as tecnologias de gerenciamento dos sistemas de iluminação. A seguir é apresentada a análise do conversor boost operando no modo de condução crítica utilizado como estágio PFC, resultando em uma estrutura com reduzida taxa de distorção harmônica na corrente de entrada, elevado fator de potência e que atende as restrições impostas pela norma que regulamenta o setor. Finalizando o estudo, as análises teóricas, as simulações e as metodologias de projeto são apresentadas e protótipos de laboratório são implementados com o intuito de verificar a validade de cada estrutura proposta. Ao final é apresentada uma conclusão sobre as características das estruturas e algumas sugestões para o prosseguimento da pesquisa nesta área

A History of Materials and Technologies Development

The purpose of the book is to provide the students with the text that presents an introductory knowledge about the development of materials and technologies and includes the most commonly available information on human development. The idea of the publication has been generated referring to the materials taken from the organic and non-organic evolution of nature. The suggested texts might be found a purposeful tool for the University students proceeding with studying engineering due to the fact that all subjects in this particular field more or less have to cover the history and development of the studied object. It is expected that studying different materials and technologies will help the students with a better understanding of driving forces, positive and negative consequences of technological development, etc

Advances in Plasma Processes for Polymers

Polymerized nanoparticles and nanofibers can be prepared using various processes, such as chemical synthesis, the electrochemical method, electrospinning, ultrasonic irradiation, hard and soft templates, seeding polymerization, interfacial polymerization, and plasma polymerization. Among these processes, plasma polymerization and aerosol-through-plasma (A-T-P) processes have versatile advantages, especially due to them being “dry", for the deposition of plasma polymer films and carbon-based materials with functional properties suitable for a wide range of applications, such as electronic and optical devices, protective coatings, and biomedical materials. Furthermore, it is well known that plasma polymers are highly cross-linked, pinhole free, branched, insoluble, and adhere well to most substrates. In order to synthesize the polymer films using the plasma processes, therefore, it is very important to increase the density and electron temperature of plasma during plasma polymerization

Proceedings of the 6th International Conference EEDAL'11 Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting

This book contains the papers presented at the sixth international conference on Energy Efficiency in Domestic Appliances and Lighting. EEDAL'11 was organised in Copenhagen, Denmark in May 2011. This major international conference, which was previously been staged in Florence 1997, Naples 2000, Turin 2003, London 2006, Berlin 200h9a s been very successful in attracting an international community of stakeholders dealing with residential appliances, equipment, metering liagnhdti ng (including manufacturers, retailers, consumers, governments, international organisations aangde ncies, academia and experts) to discuss the progress achieved in technologies, behavioural aspects and poliacineds , the strategies that need to be implemented to further progress this important work. Potential readers who may benefit from this book include researchers, engineers, policymakers, and all those who can influence the design, selection, application, and operation of electrical appliances and lighting.JRC.F.7-Renewable Energ

Handbook of Marine Model Organisms in Experimental Biology

"The importance of molecular approaches for comparative biology and the rapid development of new molecular tools is unprecedented. The extraordinary molecular progress belies the need for understanding the development and basic biology of whole organisms. Vigorous international efforts to train the next-generation of experimental biologists must combine both levels – next generation molecular approaches and traditional organismal biology. This book provides cutting-edge chapters regarding the growing list of marine model organisms. Access to and practical advice on these model organisms have become aconditio sine qua non for a modern education of advanced undergraduate students, graduate students and postdocs working on marine model systems. Model organisms are not only tools they are also bridges between fields – from behavior, development and physiology to functional genomics. Key Features Offers deep insights into cutting-edge model system science Provides in-depth overviews of all prominent marine model organisms Illustrates challenging experimental approaches to model system research Serves as a reference book also for next-generation functional genomics applications Fills an urgent need for students Related Titles Jarret, R. L. & K. McCluskey, eds. The Biological Resources of Model Organisms (ISBN 978-1-1382-9461-5) Kim, S.-K. Healthcare Using Marine Organisms (ISBN 978-1-1382-9538-4) Mudher, A. & T. Newman, eds. Drosophila: A Toolbox for the Study of Neurodegenerative Disease (ISBN 978-0-4154-1185-1) Green, S. L. The Laboratory Xenopus sp. (ISBN 978-1-4200-9109-0)